> THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. tE. CAPPS, fh.d., ll.d. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A. POST, m.a. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc. DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY VI •1; '.J DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY EARNEST CARY, Ph.D. ON THE BASIS OF THE VERSION OF HERBERT BALDWIN FOSTER, Ph.D. IN NINE VOLUMES VI LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS ^ MCMLV \ i m ii i i ii up ; mn t, ? M I M! /J AO First Printed J 9 17 , Reprinted 1055 Printed in Great Britain JUL 2 6 1957 CONTENTS PAOE BOOK LI 2 BOOK LII 78 BOOK LII I 192 BOOK LIV 280 BOOK LV 376 INDEX 485 V DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY BOOK LI TaS* eveariv iv t<$ irtvrTiKoarQ irpwry rwv Alwvos 'PwfiaXKwv a. 'Hs Kaiaap yiK^aas irepl "Aktiov ra trap6ura oUOtro. fi. U€p\ 'Avruviov Kal KXeoirdrpas Kal wv titpa\av yarh. t))v ■firrav. y. 'Hs *Avra>vios ijrryjdels *v Alyvirry kavrbv aircKreivev, 5. 'Us Kaiaap AXyvirrov ix*ip<*>oaro. e. 'fls Kaiaap 4s 'Pwjutjv ^\de Kal to iirivtKia fjyaycv. £. 'Us rb fSov\evri\piov rb *\qv\iov tcaOiepwdri. 17. 'fir Mvala ed\u>. Xp6vov tr\ridos ra \011ra rrjs Kaiaapos rb y Kal M. OvaXeplov Kopovivov MeaaaXov irnareias Kal &\\a errj ovo iv aits dpxovrts oi api8fiovjj.€Voi oYS€ tyevovro Kaiaap rb 5' „ M. Ainivvtos M. vl. Kpdaaos 1 Kaiaap rb € „ 8 Se^Tos 'AirovXcios 2 2e£rou vl. Toiavrrj Tf9 vavp,ayia avToav rjj hevrepq rov %€7TT€/jL/3pLOV ij€V€TO. TOVTO 8k OVK aWo)? 61TTOV (ov&e yap etcoda avro iroielv) a\V on Tore TTpwrov 6 Kaiaap to rcparos irav novo? eo")(ev t 2 ware teal tt)v airapiOfirjcnv to>v t?}? p,ovapyia<i 1 Kpdaaos supplied by H. Steph. 2 'Atrov\€ios Cary, airovX^ios M, arcovt\ios V» 2 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY BOOK LI The following is contained in the Fifty -first of Dio's Rome : — How Caesar after his victory at Actiuin settled matters of immediate concern (chaps. 1-4). Concerning Antony and Cleopatra and their movements after their defeat (chaps. 5-8). How Antony, defeated in Egypt, killed himself (chaps. 9-10). How Caesar subdued Egypt (chaps. 15-18). How Caesar came to Rome and celebrated his triumph (chap. 21). How the Curia Iulia was dedicated (chap. 22). How Moesia was conquered (chaps. 23-27). Duration of time, the remainder of the consulship of Caesar (III) and M. Valerius Corvinus Messalla, together with two additional years, in which there were the magis- trates (consuls) here enumerated : — B.C. 30 Caesar (IV), M. Licinius M. F. Crassus. 29 Caesar (V), Sextus Apuleius Sexti F. Such was the naval battle in which they engaged b.c. si on the second of September. I do not mention this date without a particular reason, nor am I, in fact, accustomed to do so ; but Caesar now for the first time held all the power alone, and consequently 8 for. supplied by Bs. 3 DICTS ROMAN HISTORY avrov ircov air eteeivT)<; tt)<; rjnepas a/cpi/SovaOaL. teal eV avrfj tw re 'AiroXXcovi tg3 'A/ct/o) rpL^ptj re teal Terprjpr), rd re dXXa rd e£?}? p>£%P L & €K1 7~ povs, etc tcov alx/xaXcoTcov vethv dvedrjtee, teal vabv fiet^co wteoSofirjaev, dycovd t€ Tiva teal yvfi- vitebv teal fjiovo-itei]^ lirTTohpofxia^ T6 TrevTerrjpitebv lepov (ovrct) yap tov$ ttjv <tLtt}giv e^ovra^ dpop,d- %ov<Ti) feareSei^ev, "Ateria avrov irpoaayopevo-a^. 3 ttoXlv t€ riva ev t& tou aTparoTreSov tottm, tou? jxev avvayeipa^ toi>9 S' dvaarrfaa^ t&v 7rXr)crto~ %(opcov, <7vvcptei<T6> NikottoXiv ovo/xa airy 8ov$. to re ytopiov ev g5 iaK7]vr]a€ t Xi6ot<; t€ rerpairiSoL^ e/c/57/7r/Sft)c7€ teal Tofc dXovaiv e/uftoXoa iteoo-pLTj- aev, eSo? ri ev aira> rov ' AttoXXcopos viraLOpiov iSpvadfievo?. 4 Tavra fiep varepov eyevero, tots 8e p,epo$ fiev 1 Tl TWV V€COV €9 BiCJ^LV TOV T€ ' 'AvTCQVLOV teal T?}? KXeoirdrpas eareiXe* teal eteeivoi eTreBicogav fiev airovs, eirel 8' obte ev teaTaXrjyfrei 2 e^aivovro, dve^copTjaav rah Be Xonrals to rdfypevpLa avrcov, fiTjSevb? evavriovfievov Be oXtyoTTjra, eXafie, teal fieTci ravja teal rov Xolttov crrparbv e? Ma/ce- Boviav aTTLovra tearaXaftcov dfxa^eX irapeo-T7]GaTO. 5 7]Br] Be teal Bce<f>vyov dXXoi re teal tcov Trpcorcov ol fMev 'Yayfialoi Ttpbs rov ' ' Avtwviov^ oi S' erepot ol avfLfAaxv<ravT€<; avrco oXteaBe, ov p,evroi ye teal dvT€7roXefJL7jcrav ovroi ye en tw Katcrapc, 1 M «VBk., iv VM. 2 iv KaraA^ei R. Steph., iyKaraKytyet VM, 4 BOOK LI the years of his reign are properly reckoned from b o. 8i that day. 1 In honour of the day he dedicated to Apollo of Actium from the total number of the cap- tured vessels a trireme, a quadrireme, and the other ships in order up to one of ten banks of oars ; and he built a larger temple. He also instituted a quad- rennial musical and gymnastic contest, including horse-racing, — a " sacred " festival, as they call those in connexion with which there is a distribu- tion of food, — and entitled it Actia. Furthermore, he founded a city on the site of his camp by gather- ing together some of the neighbouring peoples and dispossessing others, and he named it Nicopolis. 2 On the spot where he had had his tent, he laid a foundation of square stones, adorned it with the captured beaks, and erected on it, open to the sky, a shrine of Apollo. But these things were done later. At the time he sent a part of the fleet in pursuit of Antony and Cleopatra ; these ships, accordingly, followed after the fugitives, but when it became clear that they were not going to overtake them, they returned. With his remaining vessels he captured the enemy's entrenchments, meeting with no opposition because of their small numbers, and then overtook and with- out a battle won over the rest of the army, which was retreating into Macedonia. There were various important contingents that had already escaped ; of these the Romans fled to Antony and the allies to their homes. The latter, however, no longer fought 1 Dio is very careful to date each emperor's reign pre- cisely. Cf. Preface to vol. i. p. xiii. 2 i.e. "City of Victory." The same name had been given by Pompey to a town founded after his defeat of Mithri- dates. See xxxvi. 50. 5 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY dXXa icad* rjav^lav Kal iiceivoi Kal oi Sij/noi TTavres, oaot real irporepov eppcojxdi^ov, oi fiev 2 ev9v$ ol Be /cal jnera tov6* a>p,oXoyi]o~av. Kal 09 t<z? fiev 7roXet9 'XpritiaToav re ecrirpd^et Kal r% \onrr}<; e? tov<z TroXiras cr<j)cov ev rats ifCKXrjcriais iSjovaia? irapaipecrei fierrj\6e t rot'? Be Brj Bwdcrra^; tov$ re fiaaiXea? to, /iep yjapia, oaa irapa tov ' Avtcovlov elXrjfyecrav, iravra^ irXrjv rov re ' Ajllvv- 2 rov /cal tov *Ap%eXdov dcfietXero, <PiXo7rdropa Be rov Tap/covBi/jLorov /cal Av/co/ATjBrjv ev fiepei rov KaTnraBo/cc/cov Uovtov ftaaiXevovTa tov t€ y AXel~avBpov tov tov 'lapiftXixpv dBeX<f)bv /cal to)v BwacTTeicov eiravae* Kal tovtov, otc fiicrObv avTrjv eKeivov KaTyyopcas elXrjcftei, Kal e? tcl 3 eirtvLKta irapayaycov direKTeive. ty)v Be tov Avko- /a)']Bov<; MrjBela) Tivl eBcoKev, otl tov$ T6 Mv&ov$ tovs 1 ev ttj ' Aala dirb tov y AvTCov[ov rrpb t?}? vavfia^La^ direcrTrjcre, Kal pueT avTcov to£? iv ttj p,epiBi avTOv ovaiv €7roXeftr)cre. KvBooviaTas 2 tc Kal Aaparaiov^ eXev&epov? d(pt)Kev, otc tlvcl avTw crvvrjpavTO* Kal to£? ye AapLTraiois Kal ttjv ttoXiv 4 dvecrTcocrav crvyKaTcpKicre. toov tc fiovXevrcov Kal tcov iirueuiv tcov t€ aXXwv tcov Kopvcfraicov tcov o-vpLTrpa%dvT(t)v tl tw 'AvTwvLtp ttoXXovs /lev XprjpLacriv e£?7/uto<re, ttoXXovs Be Kal i<f)6vevcre, Kal tivcov Kal efyeicraTO. Kal ev p,ev tovtocs o re 2o<7070? i7ri(f)avr)<; eyeveTO (iroXXaKi? tc yap dvT itt oXepLrj eras avTW Kal Tore (frvywv Kal KaTa- Kpvcpdek, XP° V< P T€ VGTepov evpeOeis, icrcodrj) 5 Kal MdpKo? tc<z ^Kavpov dBeXcf>6<i re yap tov Xe^Tov 6pLopi7]Tpco<: tov Kal OavaTCdOrjvat KeXevaOels 1 rovs supplied by St. 2 KvSwiaTas Bk., tcvScovedras VM. BOOK LI against Caesar, but both they and all the peoples b.c, 31 which had long been subject to Rome remained quiet and made terms, some at once and others later. Caesar now punished the cities by levying money and taking away the remnant of authority over their citizens that their assemblies still possessed. He deprived all the princes and kings except Amyntas and Archelaus of the lands which they had received from Antony, and he also deposed from their thrones Philopator, the son of Tarcondimotus, Lycomedes, the king of a part of Cappadocian Pontus, and Alexander, the brother of lamblichus. The last-named, because he had secured his realm as a reward for accusing Caesar, he led in his triumphal procession and after- wards put to death. He gave the kingdom of Lyco- medes to one Medeius, because the latter had de- tached the Mysians in Asia 1 from Antony before the naval battle and with them had waged war upon those who were on Antony's side. He gave the people of Cydonia and Lampe 2 their liberty, because they had rendered him some assistance ; and in the case of the Lampaeans he helped them to found anew their city, which had been destroyed. As for the senators and knights and the other leaders who had aided Antony in any way, he imposed fines upon many of them, slew many others, and some he actually spared. In this last class Sosius was a conspicuous example; for though he had often fought against Caesar and was now hiding in exile and was not found until later, nevertheless he was saved. Like- wise one Marcus Scaurus, a half-brother of Sextus on his mother's side, had been condemned to death, 1 Cf. note on xlix. 36. 2 Usually called Lappa. 7 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY elra Bid ttjv firjTepa ttjv Movtei'av d<f>eiOrj, rcov Be ko\ci<t0€Vtcov *Akv\iol re <&\a)poi teal Kovplcov ovofia flakier ecrypv, ovtos fiev otl rov Kovplcovos €K€LVOV TOV 7TOT€ T(p KaiaapL T(p 1TpOT€p(p 7ToXXa 6 avvapafievov f/09 r)v, 01 Be Br) <P\cbpoi otl top erepov rbv Xa^ovra teeXevaavTO? aurov acfrayfjvai dp^orepoi Bie^Odprjaav. rj&av fiev yap irarrjp T€ teal ttclW «9 S' ovro? rrplv Xayelv avrb<; eavTov tw a(f>ayei etewv TrapeBcotee, TrepirjXyrjo-e re iteeivo<; teal avToyeipia avTw eiraireOavev. 3 Ovtol fiev ovv outo)? dirriXXa^av, 6 S' ofiiXos twv y AvTGtvieiwv o-TpaTicorwv €9 ta tov Kaiaapos arparoTreSa fcarerdydT], teal eireiTa roi><; fiev TToXlTa^ TOV^ €%G) TT}^ rjXlteiaS d^ dfl(f)OT€p(OV s prjBev prjBevl Bovs, €9 rrjv ^lrdkiav d f ire7refjb'^re i 2 tou9 Be Bt] Xolttovs Biecmeipev eireiBr) yap ev tt) ^LiteeXta (poffepoi oi fiera ttjv vlktjv eyevovro, eBeiae fir) teal avOis 0opv/3rj<rtt>(Ti, real Bed tout eenrevae, irplv teal otlovv vTToteivrjOrjvai^ tov<; fiev iravTeXo)*; etc rebv ottXwv direXdcrai, tcov Be to 3 7t\y}8o<; Biacnrdaai. tou9 t€ efjeXevOepovs Bi biro^'ia? ere teal totc eycov tt)v TeTaprrjv avTols icrcfropdv defrrjteev, r)v etc tcov it poaTayO evTwv a$io~i XprffiaTcov eTToxfyeikov. teal ovtol pev ov% otl iareprjVTo tlvwv ifivrjo-i/edteovv eTi s aXX' a>9 teal 4 Xa/36vTe<; oo~a fir) avveorrjveyteav eyaipov* 01 re ev T(p T€T ay fievw eTi 1 teal totc 6We9, to fiev tl 777909 twv aTpaTiapxcov teaTeyofievoi, to Be Br) irXelcrTov 1 cti Leuncl., crei VM. 8 BOOK LI but was later released for the sake of his mother b.c. 31 Mucia. Of those who were punished, the Aquilii Flori and Curio were most talked about, the latter because he was a son of that Curio who had once been of great assistance to the former Caesar, and the Flori because, when Octavius commanded that the one of them who should draw the lot should be slain, they both perished. They were father and son, and when the son, without waiting for the lot, volun- tarily offered himself to the executioner, the father was exceedingly distressed and died upon his son's body by his own hand. These men, then, fared in the manner described. The mass of Antony's soldiers was incorporated in Caesar's legions, and he later sent back to Italy the citizens of both forces who were over the military age, without giving them anything, and scattered the rest. For they had caused him to fear them in Sicily after his victory there, and he was afraid they might create a disturbance again ; hence he made haste, before they gave the least sign of an uprising, to discharge some entirely from the service and to scatter the majority of the others. As he was still at this time suspicious of the freedmen, he remitted to them the fourth payment which they still owed of the money levied upon them. 1 So they no longer bore him any grudge because of what had been taken from them, but rejoiced as if they had actually received the amount they had been relieved from contributing. The men still left in the rank and file also made no trouble, partly because they were held in check by their commanders, but chiefly because of their hopes 1 i.e. one-quarter of the tax of 12£ per cent, levied upon them a little earlier. See 1. 10. 4. 9 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rfj rod AlyvTTTLov irXovrov i\7ri8i, ovhev eveo%- fMdcrav oi he hi) o-vvviKijaavres avrfp Kal rr)s arparetas d<j>e6evres rja-^aWov are firjhev yepas evpopuevoi, Kal araaid^etv ovk is fJuaKpav tfpjjavro. 5 kclltoi 1 6 Kalaap viroroirrjaas re airovs, Kal (fyoft^Oels fir) rod IS/laiKrjvov, cS Kal rbre r) re 'Fco/jltj Kal r) \onrr) 'IraXia irpoaereraKro, Kara<ppovt]- crcocriv ore iirrrevs rjv, rbv 1 A.<yp'nnrav a>? Kal Kar d\\o tl €9 rr)v J lra\lav errefitye. Kal roaavrrjv y iirl rrdvra Kal iKeivw kol ra> MaiKrjva i^qvalav ehcoKev co are a<f)ds Kal ras imcFroXds, a 9 rjj re /3ov\jj Kal rols aWots eypa<f>e, rrpoavayiyvwcrKeiv, kclk rovrov Kal fieraypd^etv oaa ij3ov\ovro, 6 Kal hid rovro Kal haKrvkiov eXafiov Trap avrov, iv erncrfypayl^ecrOai auras e^ooac. htirXrjv yap hrj o-cfrpayiha, fj fidXiara rore exprjro, irreTToL'qro, o-(j)lyya iv eKarepa ofiolav eKrvncoaas, varepov yap rrjv eiKova rrjv eavrov iyyXvyfras eKelvrj rd 7 rrdvra earjfiaLvero. Kal avrjj Kal 01 fiera ravra avr ok par opes, rrXrjv TdX/3ov, ixprjcravro* ovros yap rrpoyoviKG) nvi crcfypayta/Aari, Kvva Ik irpcppas vecos rrpoKvirrovra e%ovri f 2 ivofitvev. eireareXXe he Kal eKelvois Kal rois aXXots rots irdvv <f>iXois, oiTore ri heoiro hi drropprjrcov &<})Lgi hrjXayaai, rb hevrepov del vroiyelov rov tc5 prjpxiri rrpocrrj- Kovros dvr eKeivov dvreyypdcpcov, 4 Kal 6 fxevy a>9 oihevbs ere heivov rvapa rcov earparevfjbevcov icrofievov, rd re iv rjj 'EXXahi hiG)Kr)o-e Kal rebv rolv 8eolv pivcrrrjpiwv fiereXafiev, 69 re rrjv ' Kaiav Ko/xtcOels Kal iKelva rrpoaKadl- 1 KaiToi M, Kairoi Kal V. 2 exoffi Xiph., (X ovra VM. IO BOOK LI of gaining the wealth of Egypt, The men, however, b.c. 31 who had helped Caesar to gain his victory and had been dismissed from the service were irritated at having obtained no reward, and not much later they began to mutiny. But Caesar was suspicious of them and, since he feared that Maecenas, to whom on this occasion also Rome and the rest of Italy had been entrusted, would be despised by them inasmuch as he was only a knight, he sent Agrippa to Italy, ostensibly on some other mission. He also gave to Agrippa and to Maecenas so great authority in all matters that they might even read beforehand the letters- which he wrote to the senate and to others and then change whatever they wished in them. « To this end they also received from him a ring, so that they might be able to seal the letters again. For he had caused to be made in duplicate the seal which he used most at that time, the design being a sphinx, the same on each copy ; since it was upon his seal and sealed everything with that. It w r as this latter that the emperors who succeeded him employed, except Galba, who adopted a seal which his ancestors had used, its device being a dog looking out of a ship's prow. It was the custom of Caesar in writing to these two ministers and to his other intimate friends, whenever there was need of giving them secret information, to substitute in each case for the appropriate letter in a word the letter next in order after it. Now Caesar, believing there would be no further danger from the veterans, administered affairs in Greece and took part in the Mysteries of the two goddesses. 1 He then went over into Asia and own likeness engraved 1 Demeter and Kor& ii DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 2 araro, rd re rov ' Avrcovvov dfia eKapaBoKer ov yap Tree o~a<f>e$ ri oirrj Bieirefyevyei eireirvaro, Kal TTap€(TK€vd^€TO ft)? KaX €TT CLVTOV OpfiqCTGOV, OV Tl dfcpifidbo-r}. 6 opv firmer dvrtov S' avrcov iv rovrco cpavepcbs are Kal irokv dirb acpcov diraprcovro^; avrov, efyoftrjOr) puff n kclkov irpocrrdrov rivb$ 3 \a/36fievoi BpdcrcocTi, /cal Bid rovr % Avrwviov puev aWow ava^rjrrjcrai irpoa eraser, auTo? Be e? rrjv y lra\iav rjirei^Q^ fiecrovvros rov j(eLpcovo<; iv co to reraprov fxerd 1 Mdp/cov Kpdcrcrov r)p%ev ovro? yap, Kalirep rd re rod ^egrov KaX rd rov 'Ai>t<w- viov TTpd%a<$, Tore firjBe crrparrjyrjcra^ cvvvird- revaev avrco. ekOcov Be €? rb Hpevrecriov ovKeri 4 nepairepco rrpovyj&priGev. errel yap tj re yepovaia TrvOofievrj rbv rr pocrirXovv avrov rraaa eKelae, ifkrjv rcov re BrjpLap^cov /cal err part]ycov Bvo /card Boypa KarafieiPaPTCOv, aTnjvrrjcre, /cal 77 iinrd^ rov re BrjfjLOV rb irXetov /cal erepoi, oi fiev /card rrpecrfBeias oi Be eOeXovrai, iroXkol crvvrjkOov, 5 ov/cer ovBev vtt ovBevb? 77-/009 re rrjv dcpt^iv avrov Kal 7rpo9 rr]V rcov ifXeiovcov crTrovBrjv iveo^codr). /cal yap i/celvoi, oi fiev cpoftco, oi Be eXiricnv, oi Be Kal pLerdirepLirroLy 7rpbs 2 rb Bpevreatov d^iKovro* Kal avrcov 6 Kaicrap rots jxev aXkois ^prjfxara eBcoxe, to?? Be Bed iravrb<; avrco avcrr parevcracri 6 Kal yrjv irpoa KareveijMe? tou? yap Brjfxov^ tou? 1 ficra M, /LttTO rov V. 2 7rpbs M, is V. 3 ■npo(TKar€V€iix€ M, trpoffKar^fxave V. 12 BOOK LI settled matters there also, keeping watch meanwhile b.c. 31 upon Antony's movements ; for he had not yet learned anything definite regarding the refuge to which the other had fled, and so he was making pre- parations to proceed against him in case he should receive any precise information. But meanwhile the veterans made an open demonstration now that he was gone so far away from them, and he began to fear that if they found a leader they would cause some mis- chief. Consequently he assigned to others the task of seeking Antony, and hurried to Italy himself, in the middle of the winter of the year in which he was holding office for the fourth time, along with Marcus b.c. 30 Crassus. For Crassus, in spite of having sided with Sextus and with Antony, was then his fellow-consul even though he had not held the praetorship. Caesar, then, came to Brundisium, but proceeded no farther. For when the senate ascertained that his ship was nearing Italy, its members went there to meet him, all except the tribunes and two praetors, who remained in Rome in pursuance of a decree ; and the equestrian order as well as the greater part of the populace and still others, some as envoys and some of their own accord, came together there in large numbers, with the result that there was no further act of rebellion on the part of any one in view of his arrival and of the enthusiasm of the majority. For the veterans, too, had come to Brundisium, some of them induced by fear, some by hopes, and still others in response to a summons ; and Caesar gave money to some of them, while to those who had served with him throughout his campaigns he also made an additional assignment of land. For by turning out of their homes the *3 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iv rfj 'IraXia tou9 ra rov 1 Kvrwvlov fypovrjcravras igoiKLaas toZ? fiev a r par mot cu? Ta? re rroXeis kol ra ywpia avrcjv i^aplo aro, efceivwv he St) tols fiev irXeloai to re Avppd^iov teal tovs <&i- Xlttttovs aXXa re iiroiKeLV dvreScoKe, rot? Se Xot- 7rot9 dpyvpiov dvrl rrjs ywpas to piv eveipue rb 7 8' vrtkayero. o~vyya pcev yap /cal etc rrj<; vLkti<; itcrrjcraro, 7roXXa) he ere rrXelfo avrfKiafee. teal hid tovto KaX rrpoeypa^rev iv rep Trparrjpl(p ra re eavrov fcrrjfiara teal ra ro)v iraipcov, iva av re irplaadav ri avrcov av re KaX dvriXafielv rt<$ 8 iOeXrjarj, tovto rroLijar]. KaX errpadt) pkv oi)Zev t ov?> dvrehodr) ovhev tl$ yap av teal iroXpurjaev orrorepovovv avrcov irpd^ai; rr)<> Be hrj iirayyeXias 1 dvaftoXrjv Ik tovtov evTrperrrj Xafitov varepov avrrjv eV rebv Alyvirricov Xa<pvpcov arrrjXXa^e. 5 Tavrd re ovv Kal ra aXXa rd iiretyovra hioi- KrjcraSi to?? re riva aheiav Xafiovai Kal iv rfj *lraXia hiaiTao~Oai (ov yap igrjv) Sow, Kal rbv hrjpiov rbv iv rfj 'Vcopirj viroXei^Oevra irapepievos ort pit} 7T/JO? airbv fjX0ev, e? re rrjv 'EXXdha avOis rpiaKocrrfj pier a rrjv a<f)i!*iv f)P>epq dirrjpe, 2 Kal Sid rov ladpiov rov t?)? UeXoTTOVvrjcrov Ta? i»a£? vtto rov %e£/i<wi>09 vrrepeveyKcov ovr<o Ta%ea)? e? rrjv y Kaiav dveKOpiiaOrj &are Kal rbv 1 Avtcovcov rrjv re KXeoTrdrpav eKarepov dpua, Kal ore dtfxap- 3 prjOrj Kal on iiravrjXde, p,a6elv. c!>? yap rore i/e rrjs vavpayias ecftvyov, p>expi pev rrjs HeXoirov- 1 iirayyehlas Xyl., aitayychfas VM. 14 BOOK LI communities in Italy which had sided with Antony b.c. 30 he was able to grant to his soldiers their cities and their farms. To most of those who were dispossessed he made compensation by permitting them to settle in Dyrrachium, Philippi, and elsewhere, while to the remainder he either granted money for their land or else promised to do so ; for though he had acquired great sums by his victory, yet he was spending still more by far. For this reason he advertised at auction both his own possessions and those of his companions, in order that any one who desired to purchase any of them, or to take any of them in exchange for something else, might do so. And although nothing was purchased, and nothing taken in exchange, either — for who, pray, would ever have dared follow either course ? — yet he secured by this means a plausible excuse for delay in carrying out his promise, and later he discharged the debt out of the spoils of Egypt. After settling this and the other business that pressed, giving to those who had received a grant of amnesty the right also to live in Italy, not before permitted them, and forgiving the populace which had remained behind in Rome for not having gone to meet him, he set out once more for Greece on the thirtieth day after his arrival. Then, because it was winter, he carried his ships across the isthmus of the Peloponnesus 1 and got back to Asia so quickly that Antony and Cleopatra learned at one and the same time both of his departure and of his return. They, it appears, when they had made their escape from the naval battle at Actium, had gone as far as the 1 In order to avoid the dangerous passage around Cape Malea. is DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY vr}<rov ofxov a<f>l/covTO, iprevOep he toop ctvpoptcop Tivas, oaovs v7r(O7TT€V0v, aTTOTTe^avre^ (iroXXol he. Kal aKovrcop avroyv drreyjiapr^aap) KXeoirdrpa fxev e? tt]V Atyvrrrop, fir) ri Tr)9 crvfifyopas acjxop 4 7rp07rU&6/jL€VOL V€(dT€pL(T(d(TlV, TJireL^drj , KOL 07TO)? 76 zeal tcw it poarrXovp da<f>aXrj Troitfarjrai, Ta<? Te Trpu>pas a>9 /cat KeKparrjKvla Kareare^re Kal rJSa? rivas IitlvlkLov^ vtt avXrjrwp yhep' eirel he iv tgj da<j>aXe2 iyepero, ttoXXov? fxev rcov 7rpa>rcop, are Kal del 01 1 d^Oofxevcov Kal tots eirl rfj avfX(f>opa 5 avrrjs eTrrjpjjLev(t>v 1 i(f)6pevae, ttoXvp he Kal rrXovrop €K T€ TCOV eKeiVCOV KTTjpdrCDP KOI €K TCOP aXXoJP Kal oalcav Kal ffeicop, fir}$evo<; /jLrjhe rcov irdpv d/3drcop iepcov fyeiBofievT), rjdpoL^e t 8vvd/jL€i<t re igrjprvero Kal av pLpua^La^ irepieaKoireL, top re ^Apfxepiop drroKreipaaa ttjp KecjyaXrjp avrov ra> M^Sft), o><; Kal eir LKovpTjcovTi acfrcai hid rovr\ 6 €7re fiyfrep. 'Aptwpios he errXevae fxep e? rrjp Al/3v7]P T6 UlPaplOP ^KapTTOP Kal TTpO^ TO arpdrev/ia to jxer avrov eVt rfj rfjs Aiyvirrov <f>v\aKj) ipravda TrpoavpeiXeyfiepop' eirel h* ovre 7rpoaBe^eaBai airbp e<pr] t 2 Kal irpoaeri Kal rovs 7rpo7refi(f>0€PTa<; vtt avrov ea-(j>a^e f rcop re arpa- ricorcjp &p r)PX €V dyapaKr^aaprd^ ripa? eirl rovro) htefydeipep, ovrco hrj Kal ai/ro? €? rrjp 1 AXe^dphpeLap firjhep irepdpa? eKOfiiadrj, 6 Kal rd re dXXa &><? errl rayei TroXe/xay irape- crKevd^opro, Kal rovs vlels, KXeoirdrpa fiep KacaapLcopa 'Aptwpios he v AptvXXop, op £k rfjs QovXovla? yepprjdepra 01 etyep, €? i<fiijf3ov<; eVe- 1 ot M, om. V. 2 i(pt\ supplied by Leuncl. 16 BOOK LI Peloponnesus together ; from there, after they had b.c. so first dismissed a number of their associates whom they suspected, — many, too, withdrew against their wishes, — Cleopatra had hastened to Egypt, for fear that her subjects would begin a revolt if they heard of the disaster before her arrival. And in order to make her approach, too, safe she crowned her prows with garlands as if she had actually won a victory, and had songs of triumph chanted to the accompaniment of flute-players. But as soon as she had reached safety, she slew many of the foremost men, inasmuch as they had always been displeased with her and were now elated over her disaster ; and she proceeded to gather vast wealth from their estates and from various other sources both profane and sacred, sparing not even the most holy shrines, and also to fit out her forces and to look about for allies. She put to death the Armenian king and sent his head to the Mede, who might be induced thereby, she thought, to aid them. Antony, for his part, had sailed to Pinarius Scarpus in Africa and to the army under Scarpus* command previously assembled there for the protection of Egypt. But when this general not only refused to receive him but furthermore slew the men sent ahead by Antony, besides executing some of the soldiers under his command who showed displeasure at this act, then Antony, too, pro- ceeded to Alexandria without having accomplished anything. Now among the other preparations they made for speedy warfare, they enrolled among the youths of military age, Cleopatra her son Caesarion and Antony his son Antyllus, who had been born to him by Fulvia and was then with him. Their purpose was 17 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ypayfrap, tv ol re KiyvTTTioi 009 Kal avhpos rivos r)hrj f3a<TCkevovTQ<i <r(f)cov 7rpo0vp,r}0coo-i, Kal ol dXXov Trpoardra^ i/ceivovs, dp yi ti heivov o-<piari 2 crvfi/3f}, e%oi>Te? fcapreprjacoai. /ecu to?9 fiev fieipatcLois Kal tovto oXtiop tov oXWpov eyepero' ovherepov yap avrcov 6 K.alcrap, a>9 Kal dvSpwv optcop real tt pocrxrj/Lid ti TTpoaracrLas i^ovrcop, i(f)€L(TaTO' €K€LPOL OVP 7Tap€<TK€vd%OPTO ft€P Ct>9 Kal ip rfj AlyvTTTO) Kal paval xal 7re£&) TroXe/JU]- 3 (Topres, Kal €7rl tovtqs Kal rd e0prj rd o/no^copa tov? T€ /3aai\€a<; tou9 <I>iXlov<? a<j>Lai Trpocnrape- kuXovp, TfTOLfid^oPTO S' ovSep t)ttop o>9 Kal €9 ttjp 'lfirjplap, dp ti KareTreL^r], TrXevaovfiepoi Kal rd €K6L aXXcos T6 Kal TO) TrXrjdei rcop xprjjjLaTayp aTroGTrjO'oPTes, r) Kal 7T/)09 tt)p ipv0pdp 6dXaaraap 4 /jL€TacrTT]ar6/jL€P0i. Kal 07ra)9 ye iirl irXetarop ftovXevofJiepoi Tavra SiaXdOcoaip, rj ko\ i^airarr)- acoari tttj top Kaicrapa rj Kal SoXocfropr/acoaLp, €<TT€iXdp Tipa<$ €K€tPoy fxkp Xoyov? virep elptfprjs Tofc Se Sr) gvpovgip avTw xptj/xara <j>epoPTa<;. 5 Kav tovto) Kal r) K.Xeo7raTpa o~KrprTpop T€ ti 1 ^pvaovp Kal ari(f)apop xpvaovp top t€ &L(f>pop top ftaoriXiKOP, Kpv(f>a tov 'Aptcdpiov, o>9 Kal tt)p dpyrjp ol 81 aircop 2 SiSovcra eireix^ep, tV av Kal 6 4k€lpop £x@*}PV> aX^" avTr)P ye iXerjarj. 6 Se Ta fxep Bcopa eXaffep olcopop 7rot,ov/A€Po<;, direKplpaTO Be t&) fiev 'Aptcoplg) ovhep, tjj Se KXeoiraTpa (frapepws pep dXXa re direCXr^TiKa Kal oti, dp tcop T€ ottXcop Kal t?)9 /3ao~t,Xeia<; dirocTf), /3ovXevo~€Tai 1 Ti M, om. V. a ai/ruv M, ainhv V. 18 BOOK LI to arouse the enthusiasm of the Egyptians, who b.c. 30 would feel that they had at last a man for their king, and to cause the rest to continue the struggle with these boys as their leaders, in case anything untoward should happen to the parents. Now as for the lads, this proved one of the causes of their undoing ; for Caesar spared neither of them, claiming that they were men and were clothed with a sort of leadership. But to return to Antony and Cleopatra, they were indeed making their preparations with a view to waging war in Egypt both on sea and on land, and to this end they were calling to their aid the neighbouring tribes and the kings who were friendly to them ; but they were also making ready, none the less, to sail to Spain if need should arise, and to stir up a revolt there by their vast resources of money and by other means, or even to change the base of their operations to the Red Sea. And in order that while engaged in these plans they might escape observation for the longest possible time or even deceive Caesar in some way or actually slay him by treachery, they despatched emissaries who carried peace proposals to him and bribes of money to his followers. Meanwhile Cleopatra, on her part, unknown to Antony, sent to him a golden sceptre and a golden crown together with the royal throne, signifying that through them she offered him the kingdom as well ; for she hoped that even if he did hate Antony, he would yet take pity on her at least. Caesar accepted her gifts as a good omen, but made no answer to Antony ; to Cleopatra, how- ever, although he publicly sent threatening messages, including the announcement that, if she would give up her armed forces and renounce her sovereignty, 19 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TTepl avrrj? ocra xprj irpa^ai, \d6pa Be on, idv tov * kvTwviov aTTOKTeivrj, /cal ttjv aBeiav avrrj /cal Tvjv apyjiv d/cepaiov Bcocrei. 7 'E^ c5 Be ravra eylyveTO, ra? re vavs t«9 iv roS 'Apa/3i/cq> Ko\7T(p irpos tov 69 1 ttjv ipvOpdv OdXaaaav ifkovv vavTrrjyrjOeLaas oi ' Apdftioi, 7reiadevTes vtto KuiWov AiBLov tov T/79 l^vpias ap^ovTO*;, KareTrprfaav, ical tcls eTri/covpias /cal oi 2 Srjjjioi /ecu oi hvvdarat iravres dirrjpv^aavTO. /cat jioi Oavfidaai eirepyeTai ore aWoi fiev &v%voi t /ca'nrep iroWa Trap avrcop el\rj (pores, ey/caTe\nrov crfyas, oi he iirl rats oifKojia^Lais ev rofc dripo- rara Tpe(f>6fievoc TrpoOvfila re €9 avrov? 7r\eio-rrj 3 e^prjcravTO /cal dvBpeioTara rjycovLaavTO. ovtov yap ev Kf $/cfc> 777)09 7-01)9 eirtvLKlovs dyebvas, 0&9 eVl Y^cdaapi d^eiv ffKiri^ov, do~/covp,evoi, Tore e7reiSrj Tdyiara tcov yeyovorcov rjoSovTO, Sipfirjcrav 4 €9 rrjv AXyviTTOV a>9 /cal ftoydtfo-ovTes avTols, /cal iroWd j±ev tov y K\xvvTav ev rf} FaXarla iroWd Be /cal Tot>9 tov Tap/covBifiorov iralBas ev rfj Ki\i/cia, <f>i\ov<; jiev a<j)icnv 69 tcl fid\io~Ta yevofAevovs, tot€ irpos ra irapovra fieraaTavTas, izoWa Be /cai tov AiBiov /ccoXvovrd a(f>as 7779 BioBov eBpaaav. 5 oi) fievTOL /cal Biarrecreiv 6*9 ttjv KXyvirTOv rjBvvjj- 07}o-av, dW* i7T€iBr] iravrayoOev Trepiearo^i- aOrjaav, \6yov jxev ovB* &9 ovBeva, icaiTOi tov AlBlov av%vd acpiaiv v7rtcr^vovfievov, irpocreBe- 1 is M, vphs V. 20 BOOK LI he would consider what ought to be done in her B .c. so case, he secretly sent word that, if she would kill Antony, he would grant her pardon and leave her realm inviolate. While these negotiations were proceeding, the Arabians, instigated by Quintus Didius, the governor of Syria, burned the ships in the Arabian Gulf which had been built for the voyage to the Red Sea, 1 and the peoples and princes without exception refused their assistance to Antony. Indeed, I cannot but marvel that, while a great many others, though they had received numerous gifts from Antony and Cleopatra, now left them in the lurch, yet the men who were being kept for gladiatorial combats, who were among the most despised, showed the utmost zeal in their behalf and fought most bravely. These men, I should explain, were training in Cyzicus for the triumphal games which they were expecting to hold in celebration of Caesar's over- throw, and as soon as they became aware of what had taken place, they set out for Egypt to bear aid to their rulers. Many were their exploits against Amyntas in Galatia and many against the sons of Tarcondimotus in Cilicia, who had been their strongest friends but now in view of the changed circumstances had gone over to the other side ; many also were their exploits against Didius, who undertook to prevent their passing through Syria ; nevertheless, they were unable to force their way through to Egypt. Yet even when they were sur- rounded on all sides, not even then would they accept any terms of surrender, though Didius made 1 The '* Red Sea " of the ancients is the Persian Gulf of to-day, their "Arabian Gulf" the modern Red Sea. 2 I DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY %avro, rov Be 'Avrcovtov (JLeraTrefi'^ravre^ a>9 Kal iv rfj Xvpia dfieivov fier avrov 7ro\efitfcrovT€<;, 6 eireir' irreiBrj ixeLvo? jJirjr airbs rj\6e fjurfr dy- yeXiav rivd avrol<; eirepi^eVy ovrco Brj voplaavres avrbv aTToXoikevcu Kal aKovres wfioXoyrjaav iirl tw fi^Beirore fiovofJb(i')(fiaai i Kal rrjv ye Ad<j>vr]v irapa rov AcBtov, rb ra>v ^Avrio^ecdv irpodcrreiov, ivoifceiv fiixpi? &v ra> Kaiaapi ravra BrjXcoOfj eXaftov* 7 Kat ol jjuev vtto rov MecrcrdXov varepov aTTarrf- Qevre? iire/uLcpdrjaav a\\o9 aXXoae a>? Kal eV rd arparoireBa KaraXe^(Qr]Gd}Jievoiy Kal ek rpoirov Br) 8 rivos €7riTi}BeLov ityOaprjaav 'Avrcovio? Be Kal K.Xeo7rdrpa aKovaavres rcov Trpeaftecov rd irapd rov Kalaapos cnfriaiv eiriaraXevra, eirefji^av ai/6i$, r) fiev y^p^fiara atrrcG iroXXd Boxretv vttio-- XvovfievT), 6 Be rrj$ re <f>iXia$ Kal rf)<z avyyeveias avrbv dvapiifiv^crKoyv, Kal irpoaeri Kal irepl 7*779 cvvovaias rr}$ 77-/909 rrjv Alyvirrlav diroXoyov- p,€vo$, oaa re avvrjpdadrjadv rrore Kal oca 2 avveveavcevaavro dXXijXois i^apid/jLovfievos* Kal reXos TiovirXiov TovpovXXtov ftovXevrrjv re ovra Kal o~(f)ayea rov Kalcrapos yeyovora rore re (piXiKws ol avvovra i^eBcoKev avrQ>, Kal iavrov> dv ye Kal Bid rovO^ fj KXeoirdrpa acodj], Kara- 3 Xpr^Geadai iTrrjyyelXaro. Kalaap Be rov fiev TovpovXXcov direKreive (/cat erv^e yap eK ri}9 iv Kw rov 'Ao-kXijttlov vXrj? gvXa €9 vavriKOv kcko- c£>a>9, Blktjv rivd Kal tw dew, on eKei iBiKaccbdr), Bovvai eBo^e), t&> 3* 'Avrtovla ovBev ovBe rore 4 d-neKpLvaro. rptTtjv re ovv irpeaftelav eareiXe, 22 BOOK LI them many promises. Instead, they sent for Antony, b.c. so feeling that they would fight better even in Syria if he were with them ; and then, when he neither came himself nor sent them any message, they at last decided that he had perished and reluctantly made terms, on condition that they were never to fight as gladiators. And they received from Didius Daphne, the suburb of Antioch, to dwell in until the matter should be brought to Caesar's attention. These men were later deceived by Messalla and sent to various places under the pretext that they were to be enlisted in the legions, and were then put out of the way in some convenient manner. Antony and Cleopatra, for their part, upon hearing from the envoys the demands which Caesar made of them, sent to him again. Cleopatra promised to give him large amounts of money, and Antony reminded him of their friendship and kinship, made a defence also of his connexion with the Egyptian woman, and recounted all the amorous adventures and youthful pranks which they had shared together. Finally, he surrendered to him Publius Turullius, who was a senator and one of the assassins of Caesar and was then living with Antony as a friend ; and he offered to take his own life, if in that way Cleopatra might be saved. Caesar put Turullius to death (it chanced that this man had cut wood for the fleet from the grove of Aesculapius in Cos, and since he was executed in Cos, he was thought to be making amends to the god as well as to Caesar), but this time also he gave no answer to Antony, So Antony despatched a 23 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY teal top vlov top * AvtvXXov fierd %pv<Ttov 7roXXov avrw eirefji^rev* 6 Se rd fxev ^prjfiaTa eXafiev, itceivov Se Sid feevrjs avTaireareCKe, fjLrjSefiiav airoKpiaiv Sou?, rfj pevToi KXeoirdrpa iroXXd, GHJirep to irpcorov, ovtco Kal to BevTepov to Te 6 rpiTov teal iirrjireiX-ifaG Kal virea-^ero. <f>o07}0eU S' ovv fcal 0)? p,rj 7T&J9 diroyvovTe? avyyvco/iT]? Trap avrov Tev^eaOai ScaKapTeprfacocri, Kal yjtoi icai icad* eavTovs TreptyevayvTai, r) Kal e? rrjv 'Iftrjpiav tt)V re TaXartav dirdptoatv, rj /ecu ra %pi]/j,aTa t 6 a irafiifXrjOrj rjKovev elvai, cfrBeipcoaiv (J) yap KXeoirdrpa irdvTa re avra e? to fjLvrjfJLelov, b iv T(p (3ao-iXeL(p KaTeaKeva^ev, rjOpoiKei, zeal irdvra, dv ye tivos /cat iXa^crrov SiafidpTrj, /caTa/eav<r€iv fjLe8* eavrrjs rjireiXei), ®vpaov e^eXevOepov eavTOV eircfi^frev aXXa T€ 7roXXa Kal <f)iXdv8pG)7ra avrrj 7 ipovvra f Kal oti Kal ipcov avrrj<; Tvy%dveL, el irons €K ye tovtov, ola d^iovaa irpbs TvdvTWv dvOpco- 7rcov epdcrOai, rov re 'Avtcopiov dvaxpwaiTo Kal eavTTjv Ta Te xprj/MXTa aKepaia TTjpijaeie. Kal 9 Tlplv Se Stj 1 ravra ylyveo~6ai, fia6wv 6 'AvTcbvios on KopvrjXio? TdXXo? to t€ tou ^Kapirov GTpdrevfAa irapelX^e Kal /xer avrcov to UapaiTOViov il;aL<pvr]$ irapeXOwv KaTeo"X7]Kev, c? fiev TTjV Xvpiav, KaiTOi fiovXrjdeU KaTa ttjv tcov fjLovofJid'Xwv fjLeTdirejJi^Lv opfirjaai, ovk eVo- 2 pevOr), inl Se €K€?vov ex^prjaev a)? fidXiara fxev ukovltI T0t>9 crTpaTKOTas 7rpoa07ja6fievo<; (rjaav yap evvotdv Tiva avTov £k ttjs crv<TTpaTeLa<z 6^oj/t6?), el he fir), $Lcl ye %eipoiGopevo<i aTe Kal 1 5)> Leuncl., *\lt\ VM. 24 BOOK LI third embassy, sending him his son Antyllus with b.c. 30 much gold. Caesar accepted the money, but sent the boy back empty-handed, giving him no answer. To Cleopatra, however, as in the first instance, so again on the second and third occasions, he sent many threats and promises alike. Yet he was afraid, even so, that they might perhaps despair of obtaining pardon from him and so hold out, and either prove superior by their own efforts, or set sail for Spain and Gaul, or else might destroy their wealth, which he kept hearing was of vast extent ; for Cleopatra had collected it all in her tomb which she was construct- ing in the royal grounds, and she threatened to burn it all up with her in case she should fail of even the slightest of her demands. So he sent Thyrsus, a freedman of his, to say many kind things to her and in particular to tell her that he was in love with her. He hoped that by this means at least, since she thought it her due to be loved by all mankind, she would make away with Antony and keep herself and her money unharmed. And so it proved. But before this happened, Antony learned that Cornelius Gallus had taken over Scarpus* army and had suddenly marched with these troops upon Paraetonium and occupied it. Hence, although he wished to set out for Syria in response to the summons of the gladiators, he did not go thither, but proceeded against Gallus, in the hope of winning over the troops without a struggle, if possible, inas- much as they had been with him on campaigns and were fairly well disposed toward him, but otherwise of subduing them by force, since he was leading 25 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Svvajuv ttoXXtjv teal vavri/crjv teal Trefyv iirayo- 3 fievos. ov /xevTOi ovBe 1 SiaXe^rjvai ri avrots 7}hvvri8Y} t Kaiirep 717)09 re to ret^o? 7rpocr€X0(op teal yeyoavbv ftorjaw o yap TdXXo? toi;? aaX- TTifCTa? 2 awq^elv teeXevaa? ovBev ovBevl icra/covadi iirerpeyfre. teal irpoaeTL teal i7retehpofifj alfyvi&icp eTrraiae, teal fiera tovto teal Tat? vavenv ia^akrj, 4 dXvaeis yap Tivas vcpvBpou? vvtcrasp Sta tov <tto- /xaTo? tov \i/jl€vo<; 6 TdXXos hiareiva<; ovSefitav avTOV <f)avepav <j>vXaterjv iiroirjaaTO, dXXa real irdvv aSeco? eiaco fiera tcara<l>povrj/jLaTO<; ecr- irXeovTas cr<pa<; irepteiSev eVel fxevrot evSov iyevovTO, Ta? T€ dXvaets pjr)yaval^ dveaTraae, koX jravra^oOev dfia ra<; vav<s avrcov etc re Tr/9 7% zeal ite tcjv oltutov W79 t€ 0aXdo~GV}<i Trepia-^oov 5 Ta? fiev fcar€7rpr}cr6 t<Z9 Se KareTrovTcocre. tcdv tovto) teal to HrjXovcridv 6 Kalcrap, Xoyro fiev naTCL to la^vpbv epyq> Se 7rpoSo0ev virb tt}? KXeoiraTpas, eXafSev. iteeivr/ yap a>9 ovtc t£9 ifiorjdrjai g§ig~i teal tov JZaiaapa dvavTaycovi- gtov ovTa 7]cr0€TOt to t€ fieyicrTov dteovcraaa tov$ Sia tov ®vpaov 7T€/jb(j)0€VTa<; ol X6yov$> eTrivTevaev 6Vr&)9 lpaa0ai i irp&Tov fiev oti teal i/3ovXeTO, eiretTa Se oti teal tov iraTepa avTov top t€ 6 5 AvTcoviov 6fioL(o<i iBeSovXcoTo. Kate tovtov 07r&)9 tt]V Te dZetav teal ttjv tcov AlyvTTTLcov j3a- a-iXelaVj dXXa teal to tcov r P<ofial<ov tepaT0<; e^etv irpocreSoterjcre, to t€ HrjXovcriov ev0v<; avTG) irporj^ teaTO, teal fieTa tovto TrpocreXavvovTi irpos ttjv ttoXiv itedoXvae tol>9 AXe^avSpea? Xd0pa €7re£e\- 1 ou5e Bk., otfre VM. 2 <ra\iriKras M, <ra\ir iy Krhs V. 26 BOOK LI against them a large force both of ships and of b.c. so infantry. Nevertheless, he was unable even to talk with them, although he approached their ramparts and raised a mighty shout ; for Gallus ordered his trumpeters to sound their instruments all together and gave no one a chance to hear a word. More- over, Antony also failed in a sudden assault and later suffered a reverse with his ships as well. Gallus, it seems, caused chains to be stretched at night across the mouth of the harbour under water, and then took no measures openly to guard against his opponents but contemptuously allowed them to sail in with perfect immunity. When they were inside, however, he drew up the chains by means of machines, and encompassing their ships on all sides — from the land, from the houses, and from the sea — he burned some and sank others. In the meantime Caesar took Pelusium, ostensibly by storm, but really because it was betrayed by Cleopatra. For she saw that no one came to their aid and perceived that Caesar was not to be withstood; and, most important of all, she listened to the message sent her through Thyrsus, and believed that she was really beloved, in the first place, because she wished to be, and, in the second place, because she had in the same manner enslaved Caesar's father and Antony. Consequently she expected to gain not only forgiveness and the sovereignty over the Egyptians, but the empire of the Romans as well. So she yielded Pelusium to him at once ; and later, when he marched against the city, she prevented the Alexandrians from making a sortie. She accomplished this secretly, of course, VOL. VI. 27 B DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY OeiVy iirel oaov ye airo /3o*;9 teal irdvv a<f)d<; TrpoerpiyjraTO tovto iroirfaai, 10 *0 S' OVV 'AvTGOVlOS €K TOV UapCClTOVLOV 7T009 tt)v irepl tov FLeXovaiov ttxhttiv inaveXdcov irpo- airrjVTricre irpb t^9 J KXe^avBpeLas t<5> Kaiaapi f Kal avTov KeKfiTjKOTa Ik tt)<; iropelas V7ro\af3(*)v tois 2 iinTevaiv ivt/crjaev. dvaOapatfaas re eK re tovtov zeal otl ftiftXia e'9 to (rrparoTreSov avrov TO%ev- fjuaaiv i<T€7r€/jLyjre irevTaKoaias afylcri teal %iXta<; Bpaxfid*; VTruT^vovfAevosy crvvefiaXe Kal tw ire^(p 3 Kal 7)1-77)0 f]* 6 yap Kalaap airo? tcl /3if3Xia edeXovTT)? to?9 <tt pandora is dveyvoo, tov re 'Ai/to>- vtov BiaffdXXcov fcal ifcelvov? e'9 re ttjv rr}<; irpo- Bocrta? alo~xv v V v Kal & T V V virep iavrov irpoOv- piav avTiicadiGTas, coare teal Bid tovto avTOvs tt) re T7/9 Trelpas dyavaKTijaei /cal rfj tov /jlt) e8e\o- 4 KatceZv B6%ai evBei'^et airovBdaai. Kal 6 puev eirei- Btj irapa Bo^av rfkaTTwOr), 7*7)09 re to vavTircbv drreKXive, teal irapeaKevd^ero 009 Kal vavpua^acov t) TravTios ye €9 ttjv 'Iftrjplav irXevaovjievo^' IBovaa Be TOV0* 7) KXeo7raTpa t«9 re vavs avTopuoX^aai 5 iiroirjae, Kal avTT) €9 to i)piov e^al(j)V7)<; icreTrrfBrjae, Xoyw /lev a>9 tov Kaiaapa <f>o/3ov/jLevT) Kal irpo- Bia<f>0eipai Tpoirov Tivd iavTrjv fSovXojJbevT), epyw Be Kal tov 'Avtcoviov eKelae icreXOelv irpOKaXov- fievr)* vireToirei fiev yap TrpoBiBoaOai, oi fxevTot Kal eirtaTevev biro tov epcoTOS, dXXa Kal fiaXkov 6 C09 eiirelv iKeivrjv 7) iavrov 1 TjXeei. oirep ttov t) YLXeoiraTpa aKpificos elBvla ^Xiriaev 2 otl, av ttv- 07)Tai avT7)v TeTe\evT7)Kvlav 1 ovk eiri^KoaeTai dXXa irapa^pTj/ia dirodaveiTai* Kal Bid tovto 69 1 kavr'bv M, eaurV V. 2 tf\Trt<rct> M, tf\irt(ev V. 28 BOOK LI since, to judge by the outcry she made, she exhorted b.c. 30 them vigorously to do so. At the news concerning Pelusium Antony returned from Paraetonium and went to meet Caesar in front of Alexandria, and attacking him with his cavalry, while the other was wearied from his march, he won the day. Encouraged by this success, and because he had shot arrows into Caesar's camp carrying leaflets which promised the men six thousand sesterces, he joined battle also with his infantry and was defeated. For Caesar of his own accord personally read the leaflets to his soldiers, at the same time re- viling Antony and trying to turn them to a feeling of shame for the suggested treachery and of enthusiasm for himself ; the result was that they were fired by zeal through this very incident, both by reason of their indignation at the attempt made upon their loyalty and by way of demonstrating that they were not subject to the suspicion of being base traitors. After his unexpected setback, Antony took refuge in his fleet, and was preparing to give battle on the sea or at any rate to sail to Spain. But Cleopatra, upon perceiving this, caused the ships to desert, and she herself rushed suddenly into the mausoleum, pretending that she feared Caesar and desired by some means or other to forestall him by taking her own life, but really as an invitation to Antony to enter there also. He had a suspicion, to be sure, that he was being betrayed, yet in his infatuation he could not believe it, but actually pitied her more, one might say, than himself. Cleopatra, doubtless, was fully aware of this and hoped that if he should be informed that she was dead, he would not wish to survive her, but would die at once. Accordingly 29 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY re to fivr)/jL€iov crvv re evvovxco tivI teal crvv 6epa- iratvais Svo eaehpajie^ fcal eteetdev dyyeXtav avrco 7 o>9 teal diroXcoXvia ene/JLyfre, teal 09 aKovaas rovro ovtc ifieXXTjcrev, cX\' errairoOavetv airy eireOvpLrjae. teal rb fiev irpcorov rcov irapovrcov rivbs eherjOr) iva avrbv diro/crewy eirel Be eteelvos (nracrdfievo^ rb %i(f)0<; eavrbv tcareipydaaro, fyXcbaai re avrbv rjOeXrjcre Kal eavrbv erpcoaev, /cat errecre re eiri crropia Kal hoi*av rots irapovaiv cos Kal redvrjKcbs 8 7raoeo"^€. 6opv/3ov re cttI rovrco yevofievov fjexdero re f} KXeoirdrpa Kal virepe/cvyfrev virep rov jivrj- fieiov ai /xev yap Ovpav avrov avytcXeio-Oelcrai dira% ovKer dvot^Orjvat etc p/rf^avriixaros rivos eSvvavro, ra K avco irpbs rf) 6po(f>fj ovBeirco rrav- 9 reXcos el*€tpyacrro. evrevOev ovv VTrepKvyjracrav avrrjv ISovres rives dve^or^aav ware teal rbv 'Av- rcoviov ecra/covaar teal 0? /xadcov on irepieariv, i^avecrrrj fiev cos teal %r}o~ai Svvdfievos, rrpoyydev- ros 8' avrco iroXXov alfiaros direyvco re rrjv crcorrj- plav, teal Itcerevae rovs irapbvras oircos 717509 re rb fivrjpa avrbv Kopicrcoai teal 81a rcbv aj(pwicov rcov rrpbs rrjv dvoX/crjv rcov XtOcov Kpefiafievcov dvi- Kal 6 fiev evravda ovrco teal ev rots rrjs KXeo- 11 irdrpas kqXttois evaireOavev, etceivr) Se eQdpai)ae fiev ttcos rbv Kataapa, teal eiOvs avrco rb yeyovbs ehrjXcocrev, ov firjv teal irdvv errtareve firjSev teatebv rretaeaQai. tcaretyev ovv eavrrjv evBov, Tv el teal Sia firjSev aXXo crcodeir), rco ye cf>6/3cp rcov ^prjfid- rcov teal rrjv aSecav teal rrjv fiaaCXelav eteirptrjrai, 2 ovrco 7rov teal rbre ev rrjXi/cavrj} crvfi<f)opa ovaa rr)s hvvacrreias ifiefivrjro, teal fiaXXov ye ev re rep 30 BOOK LI she hastened into the tomb with a eunuch and two b.o. so maidservants, and from there sent a message to him from which he should infer that she was dead. And he, when he heard it, did not delay, but was seized by a desire to follow her in death. He first asked one of the bystanders to slay him ; but when the man drew his sword and slew himself, Antony wished to imitate his courage and so gave himself a wound and fell upon his face, causing the bystanders to believe that he was dead. At this an outcry was raised, and Cleopatra, hearing it, peered out over the top of the tomb. By a certain contrivance its doors, once closed, could not be opened again, but the upper part of it next to the roof was not yet fully completed. Now when some of them saw her peering out at this point, they raised a shout so that even Antony heard. So he, learning that she sur- vived, stood up, as if he had still the power to live ; but, as he had lost much blood, he despaired of his life and besought the bystanders to carry him to the monument and to hoist him up by the ropes that were hanging there to lift the stone blocks. So Antony died there in Cleopatra's bosom ; and she now felt a certain confidence in Caesar, and im- mediately informed him of what had taken place ; still, she was not altogether convinced that she would suffer no harm. She accordingly kept herself within the building, in order that, even if there should be no other motive for her preservation, she might at least purchase pardon and her kingdom through his fear for the money. So thoroughly mindful was she even then, in the midst of her dire misfortune, of her royal rank, and chose rather to 3* DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ovofiart teal iv rco a^rifian avrrjs drroOavelv rj IBicorevaacra %i)v rjpelro. djxeXev el%e jiev teal to irvp iirl Tot? XprjjJLaaiv, ei%e Be teal dcnrLBa^ aXXa re epirerd i<f> eavrfj, rrporreipaQeiGa avrcbv iv avOpwTTots, ovriva rpoirov efCCLGTOV CT<p(OV aiTO/CTLV- 3 vv o~i. KaLaap Be iireOvfJiei fiev teal rcov 0rjcravpcov iy/eparr)<; yeveaOai teal iteelvrjv ^coadv re o~vXXa- fielv /cal 69 rd vitcTjrrjpLa dvayayelv, ov fxevrot /cal avros ttIctlv rtva avrfj 801)9 dirarecov B6£ai yeyo- vevat rjOeXrjaev, iv 009 teal al^/xaXcorq) teal d/eovala 4 rpoirov rivd xeipcodeury xprjcrr)rai,. KCLL toOt* eVe/i-v/re irpo? avrr)v Tdiov re UpoteovXeiov 1 Irrrrea teal &Tra<f>p6Birov e^eXevdepov, evreiXdfievos o~<$l- Giv ocra teal elirelv teal rrpd^ai i^prfv. teal ovtcos itcelvoi €rvfXfML^avre<; rfj K.Xeo7rdrpa teal fierpid Tiva BiaXe^Oevres, eTreiT' igaltyvrj? o-vvrjpiracrav 5 avrr)v rrpiv ri 6fio\oyr}0r}vai. Kate tovtov eteiroBtov rrdvra a</>' £>v drroOavelv eBvvaro 7roir}crdfi€voi, rjfiepa? fiev riva? Kara yd>pav avrfj to toO 'Ai^- rwvlov aebfia rapt^evovar] Biarpltyai iirerpeyjrav, errevra Be €9 rd jSaaLXeua airrjv tfyayov, firjre rr}<; dtcoXovdLas ri /xrjre rr)<; deparrelas rr)<; <JVvr\9ov<$ oi 7rapa\v(ravT€<; , 07tq)<; en teal fMaXXov eXrrlo~rj re 5<ra i/3ovXero teal firjBev tcatcov eavrrjv Bpdarj. 6 d/xeXei teal 6cf)6r)vai teal BiaXe^Orjvai ri ra> l^alaapt eOeXrja-acra eirerv^e* teal Xva ye iirl irXelov dira- r7]0j] f avrbs dfyl^ecrOai Trpo? avrrjv virea^ero, 12 Oltcov re ovv iKirpeirr) teal teXlvrjv TroXvreXi) rrapaatcevdaaGa, teal rrpoaeri teal eavrrjv r/fieXt]- fievcos 7TC09 tcoo-fjurjo-acra (teal yap iv ra> irevOifKp 1 UpoKOvKiiov Bs., irpoKOvXiov VM. 32 BOOK LI die with the name and dignity of a sovereign than b.o. so to live in a private station. At all events, she kept at hand fire to consume her wealth, and asps and other reptiles to destroy herself, and she had the latter tried on human beings, to see in what way they killed in each case. Now Caesar was anxious not only to get possession of her treasures but also to seize her alive and to carry her back for his triumph, yet he was unwilling to appear to have tricked her himself after having given her a kind of pledge, since he wished to treat her as a captive and to a certain extent subdued against her will. He there- fore sent to her Gaius Proculeius, a knight, and Epaphroditus, a freedman, giving them directions as to what they were to say and do. Following out this plan, they obtained an audience with Cleopatra, and after discussing with her some moderate pro- posals they suddenly seized her before any agree- ment was reached. After this they put out of her way everything by means of which she could cause her own death and allowed her to spend some days where she was, occupied in embalming Antony's body ; then they took her to the palace, but did not remove any of her accustomed retinue or attendants, in order that she should entertain more hope than ever of accomplishing all she desired, and so should do no harm to herself. At any rate, when she ex- pressed a desire to appear before Caesar and to have an interview with him, she gained her request ; and to deceive her still more, he promised that he would come to her himself. She accordingly prepared a splendid apartment and a costly couch, and moreover arrayed herself with affected negligence, — indeed, her mourning 33 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY c^rjfJbaTL Beiva)? eveirpeirev) ifcade^ero eirl Trjs /cXivr}?, iroXXas fiev et/c6va$ tov iraTpbs avrov /cal iravTohaTras irapadefievq, Trdaas Be ras eiriGToXds ra<? Trap* i/celvov oi irepb^Oelcra^ €<? tov koXttov 2 Xaftovaa. /cal pera, tovto icreX86vTO<; tov Kal- aapo? aveirrjhrjae T€ ippvO ] p,ia fievr}} /cal €<f>rf " %alpe S) BeanoTa* crol fiev yap tovto 9eb<; eBoo- tcev, ifji€ Be d(f>eiX€TO. dXX' 6pa<; /xev itov teal avTO<; top iraTepa crov tolovtov olo$ TroXXd/ci? 7T/?o? ifie eo-rjXOev, d/coveis Be oVco? tcu t€ dXXa eTLfirjae fie teal Brj /cal ftaatXiBa tcov AiyvnTLCov 3 e7TOLr}crev. iva S' ovv tl /cal avTov e/ceivov irepl ifiov irvOrj, Xdfte /cal dvdyvcodt tcl ypdpLfiaTa a fioi avToyeipLa eireGTeiXe" TavTa Te dfia eXeye, /cal iroXXd /cal ipcoTL/cd avTov prjfiaTa dveytyvcoc/ce. /cal tot£ puev e/cXae /cal Ta? eiriaToXas /caT€<j)iXei, totc Be 7rpb<; Ta? el/covas avTov TTpoaenrnTTe /cal e/celvas Trpoae/cvvei. 4 ra T€ fiXecfrapa e<? tov Kaiaapa irreve/cXa; /cal ifi/jLeXco? dvcoXo<f>vp€TO, 6pwnTi/cov Te ti irpoae- (pOeyyeTO, aXXoTe fiev Xeyovaa "irov p,oi, Kalo~ap t TavTa aov tcl ypdfifiaTa;" aXXoTe Be otl " dXX ev tout &> /cal av jjloi £$9," efoa av9i<; " eWe aov 77 poeTedvrj/ceiv" ical pudXa avOts " dXXd /cal tovtov eypvca ere e%<w. 5 ToiavTj) tivI TroiKiXia /cal tcov prjjbidTcov /cal tcov cryrjfiaTwv eyjpr\To y fieXi^pa aTTa /cal 2 TTpoGjSXe- irovaa avTq> /cal XaXovaa. 6 ovv Kalcrap crvvlei fiev avT?)$ /cal iraOaivofievT]^ /cal irX^KTi^ofxevT]^, 1 ippvd/Ai(Tfj.4vr) is the reading of VM ; some editors have preferred i)pv9pta(rij.4v7), the reading found in Xiphilinus' Epitome. 2 nal M, om. V. 34 BOOK LI garb wonderfully- became her, — and seated herself b.c. so upon the couch ; beside her she placed many images of his father, of all kinds, and in her bosom she put all the letters that his father had sent her. When, after this, Caesar entered, she leaped gracefully 1 to her feet and cried : " Hail, master — for Heaven has granted you the mastery and taken it from me, 2 But surely you can see with your own eyes how your father looked when he visited me on many occasions, and you have heard people tell how he honoured me in various ways and made me queen of the Egyptians. That you may, however, learn some- thing about me from him himself, take and read the letters which he wrote me with his own hand." After she had spoken thus, she proceeded to read many passionate expressions of Caesar's. And now she would lament and kiss the letters, and again she would fall before his images and do them reverence. She kept turning her eyes toward Caesar and be- wailing her fate in musical accents. She spoke in melting tones, saying at one time, " Of what avail to me, Caesar, are these thy letters ? " and at another, " But in this man here thou also art alive for me " ; again, " Would that I had died before thee/' and still again, "But if I have him, I have thee." Such were the subtleties of speech and of attitude which she employed, and sweet were the glances she cast at him and the words she murmured to him. Now Caesar was not insensible to the ardour of her speech and the appeal to his passions, but he pre- 1 Or " blushing," if the variant reading offered by Xiphi- linus be accepted. 2 That is, the power she had exercised over Caesar, in consequence of which he had become her willing subject, was of no avail in the case of Augustus. 35 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ov fjuevroL /cal TrpoaeTroieiTO, aW €9 ttjv yr)v rot»9 6(f>0a\/jLOv<; ipeiaas tovto fiovov eiirev, " Odpcrei, & yvvai, /cal OvfJiov €%€ dyaOov ovSev yap /ca/cbv 6 nreiarj^ TrepiaXyr^aaaa ovv i/ceivr} otl fxrjre irpocr- eldev avrrjv /jltjt€ tl r) irepl rrj<; fiacriXela? i) /cal epcoTtKov tc i<p$€y^aro f 777)09 re ra yovara avrov TTpoaeireae /cal dva/cXavaacra " ^rjv fiev " e$r}, " Katcrap, ovre iOeXco ovre Svvafiar TavTTjv Se ere ttjv %dpiv €9 rrjv tov TraTpb? fivrjfirjv airco, %v eireihrj fie 'Avtcovig* fieT i/celvov 6 haLfioav irape- 7 See fee, fieT avrov /cal diroOdvco. eWe fiev yap a7T(o\(i)Xeiv ev6vs tots {i€Ta tov Kaiaapa' eirel Be fJLOt /cal tovto iraOelv eVeVpcoTO, irkfityov fie 7T/309 'AVTGOVIOV, flTjSe flOl TTJ<i CTVV aVTCp Tacftfj? fydovrjarjSi iv coenrep oY e/cetvov airoOvrjcrica), ovtco real iv f/ AtBov avT<p ervvoi/crjcra)" 13 Kat r) fiev TOiavTa co? koX eXerfdrjcyofxevr] eXeye, Kalcrap Be irpbs fiev raura ovBev aTrefcpivaTO, (po t 8rjdeh Be fir) eavTTjv Biay^p^aryvai} Oapaevv re avTj) av6i$ irape/ceXevaaTO, icai ovte ttjv 6epa- ireiav avTtjs dcfrelXeTO teal iv eiTifieXeia avTr)v 2 eiroievro, 07r&)9 oi to, iirivL/cia €7riXafi7rpvvrj. tovto t€ ovv vTroTOTrrjaao-a, teal fivplcov OavaTcov %aXe- ircorepov avTo vofilaacra elvai y ovtcos te dirodavetv eireOv firmer e y teal 7roXXd fiev tov Kalaapo<;, oirco^ Tpoirov tivcl a7r6X7)Tai, iBeiTO, iroXXci Be /cal airi) 3 ifirj^avaTO. eirel S* ovBev iirepaive, fieTayiyvco- a/ceiv Te eTrXdaaro a>9 /cal iXiriBa 7roXXr)v fiev /cal €9 e/celvov ttoXXtjv Se icai €9 ttjv Aioviav eypvaa* icai e/covaia Te irXevaelaOat, eXeye, /cal koot/jLOV^ Tivds aTTodeTOv<z 69 Scopa ^Toifid^ero, ei 7TG)9 m- 1 5taxp^o''?Tai R. Steph., Biaxp'hcreTat VM. 36 BOOK LI tended to be ; and letting his eyes rest upon the b.c. 30 ground, he merely said : " Be of good cheer, woman, and keep a stout heart ; for you shall suffer no harm." She was greatly distressed because he would neither look at her nor say anything about the kingdom nor even utter a word of love, and falling at his knees, she said with an outburst of sobbing: "I neither wish to live nor can I live, Caesar. But this favour I beg of you in memory of your father, that, since Heaven gave me to Antony after him, I may also die with Antony. Would that I had perished then, straightway after Caesar ! But since it was decreed by fate that I should suffer this affliction also, 1 send me to Antony; grudge me not burial with him, in order that, as it is because of him I die, so I may dwell with him even in Hades." Such words she uttered, expecting to move him to pity, but Caesar made no answer to them ; fearing, however, that she might destroy herself, he exhorted her again to be of good cheer, and not only did not remove any of her attendants but also took special care of her, that she might add brilliance to his tri- umph. This purpose she suspected, and regarding that fate as worse than a thousand deaths, she con- ceived a genuine desire to die, and not only addressed many entreaties to Caesar that she might perish in some manner or other, but also devised many plans herself. But when she could accomplish nothing, she feigned a change of heart, pretending to set great hopes in him and also in Li via. She said she would sail of her own free will, and she made ready some treasured articles of adornment to use as gifts, 1 That is, that she had not been able to die with Caesar. 37 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ariv eic rovrcov fit) reBvrj^eiv 1 Xaftovaa rjrrov re 4 rrjprjdeir) teal eavrrjv e^epydo-atro. b real eyevero. €7reihi} yap 01 re dXXoi /cal 6 *Qira<f>p6hiro$, (pirep 2 eirererpairrOy iricrrevaavre^ rav@* &>? dXr)0cb<t <j>po- veiVy rfj<; dtcpi/Sovs <f)v\aKr}<; rjpieXrjaav, irapeaKev- d^ero 07Tft)5 d)? dXvrrorara diroddvrj. /cat ypaji- piareiov ri, hi ov eherjOrj rov ILaiaapos iva avrrjv puerd rov 'Avrcoviov racfrrjvai fceXevarj, avrq) rq> 5 'Etrracfrpohiray aearj/jLaafievov, ottox; rvpofydvei tt/? avTOv co? Kai aXXo ri e^ovro^ gktto- hcov oi yevrjrai, hovaa epyov e?%ero. rrjv re yap ecrOrjra rrjv TrepifcaXXecrrdrrjv evhvaa, teal eavrrjv evirpeirearara evOerrjaao-a, rd re a^rjjjba ro /3a<ri- Xitebv ttclv dvaXa/3ovcra, drreOave, 14 Kal to (lev cra0€9 oihels olhev o5 rpoircp hi- ecfrddpr)* /cevrrjpara yap Xeirra irepl rov ftpayiova avrfjs jjiova evpeOrj* Xeyovai he oi fiev on dcririha ev vhpla 3 r) real ev avOecrl riaiv ea/copicrOelcrdv oi 2 irpoaederOy oi he on fieXovrjv, y Ta? rpi^a<i dv- elpev, 15) rivi, hvvap.iv roiavrrjv eyovri ware aXXws puev parjhev ro o~a)p,a fiXdirreiv , dv 8' at/xaro9 fcal fjpaxyrdrov ayfrrjrai, teal rdyiara fcal dXvirorara avrb fydeipeiv, °£piGao~a ricos p,lv avrrjv ev rfj jce(j)aXfj efyopei &o-irep eicodei, rore he irpotcaravv- £ao-d ri 4 rov j^pa^iova e? rb alp,a ive/3aXev. 3 ovrw ptev, rj on eyyvrara, pier a rwv hvo 6epa- iraivcov dirayXero' 6 yap eivov^o^ dpta rQ> avX- Xr](f)0rjvai airr)v row re epirerol^ eavrbv edeXovrrjs 1 Te&vi)£eiv Bind., re6wf}<r€iv VM. 2 Sirep M, uxr-rrep V. 8 vZpia R. Steph., uSpelai VM. 4 Tt Oddey, nA VM. 3» BOOK LI in the hope that by these means she might inspire b.c. 30 belief that it was not her purpose to die, and so might be less closely guarded and thus be able to destroy herself. And so it came about. For as soon as the others and Epaphroditus, to whose charge she had been committed, had come to believe that she really felt as she pretended to, and neglected to keep a careful watch, she made her preparations to die as painlessly as possible. First she gave a sealed paper, in which she begged Caesar to order that she be buried beside Antony, to Epaphroditus himself to deliver, pretending that it contained some other matter, and then, having by this excuse freed herself of his presence, she set to her task. She put on her most beautiful apparel, arranged her body in most seemly fashion, took in her hands all the emblems of royalty, and so died. No one knows clearly in what way she perished, for the only marks on her body were slight pricks on the arm. Some say that she applied to herself an asp which had been brought in to her in a water-jar, or perhaps hidden in some flowers. Others declare that she had smeared a pin, with which she was wont to fasten her hair, with some poison possessed of such a property that in ordinary circumstances it would not injure the body at all, but if it came in contact with even a drop of blood would destroy the body very quickly and painlessly ; and that previous to this time she had worn it in her hair as usual, but now had made a slight scratch on her arm and had dipped the pin in the blood. In this or in some very similar way she perished, and her two handmaidens with her. As for the eunuch, he had of his own accord delivered himself up to the serpents at the very time 39 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY irapeBootee, teal B^del? vtt* avrcov €9 copbv irpo- 7rap€<T/C€va<rfA€vr)v oi ecre7T€7rY}B^feei. dteovo-as Be 6 Kalaap rrjv reXevrrjv airrjs e^eTrXdyr}, teal to re acopa avrr)<$ eZSe, teal (j)dpfia/ca avroo teal WvX- 4 Xov<z 9 ei 7ro)9 dvao-$f)Xeie, Trpoa-rjveyteev, oi Be Brj "tyvXXoi ovroc avBpe? fiev elcrt (yvvrj yap oi yi- yverai WvXXa), Bvvavrai Be irdvra re Ibv iravrbs epirerov rrapa^pripa, irpiv Ovr)<Jteeiv rivet, ite/xv^dv, fecit airol pir/Bev virb p,r)Bevb<$ avrcov Brj^0evre<; 5 jSkairreoBai. <j>vovrai Be dXXrjXcov, /cat Botei- jid^ovai ra yevvrj8evra rjroi pier ocfreobv itov evOvs €fJL/3Xr}0€vra, fj teal rcov arrapydveov avrcov em- /3Xrj0evrcov rialv* ovre yap ra> iraiBico n Xvfiai- vovrat, teal virb rrj? ia0r)ro<; avrov vapKcbai. 6 rovro fiev roiovrov iariv, 6 Be Brj Kataap firjBeva rpoirov ava/BicoaaaOai rrjv KXeoirdrpav Bvvrj0el^ eteeevrjv fiev teal eOavp^aae koi rjXerjaev, avrbs Be tcr%L»/?w9 eXvirrj0rj a>9 fcal irdarj^ rrjs eVi rfj viterj B6^rj<; eo-reprjfievo?. 15 'Avroovio? fiev Br) fcal KXeovdrpa, 7r'oXXcov fiev TOt9 AlyvirrloL^ ttoXXcov Be /cat to?9 'Vcofiaiots teatecov alrioi yevofievoi, ovroo re eiroXefirjo~av tca\ ovrcos ereXevrrjcrav, ev re ra> avrco rporrtd irapt- yevdiqaaVy tedv rfj avrfj 0rjterj erd^rjaav, eayov Be rrjv re fyvcriv rrj<$ tyw)(fj<$ teal rrjv rvyrjv rov 2 fiiov rotdvBe. 6 fiev avveivai re rb Beov oiBevb<; fjcrcrcov eyevero teal 7roXXa defrpovco? errpaljev, dvBpeia re ev rial Bieirpeyfre teal virb BeiXia? av^ya eo-fydXrj, rfj re fieyaXoyfrv^ia teal rfj BovXoirperreta 40 BOOK LI of Cleopatra's arrest, and after being bitten by them b.c. 30 had leaped into a coffin already prepared for him. When Caesar heard of Cleopatra's death, he was astounded, and not only viewed her body but also made use of drugs and Psylli 1 in the hope that she might revive. These Psylli are males, for there is no woman born in their tribe, and they have the power to suck out any poison of any reptile, if use is made of them immediately, before the victim dies ; and they are not harmed themselves when bitten by any such creature. They are propagated from one another and they test their offspring either by having them thrown among serpents as soon as they are born or else by having their swaddling-clothes thrown upon serpents ; for the reptiles in the one case do no harm to the child, and in the other case are benumbed by its clothing. So much for this matter. But Caesar, when he could not in any way resuscitate Cleopatra, felt both admiration and pity for her, and was ex- cessively grieved on his own account, as if he had been deprived of all the glory of his victory. Thus Antony and Cleopatra, who had caused many evils to the Egyptians and many to the Romans, made war and met their death in the manner I have described ; and they were both embalmed in the same fashion and buried in the same tomb. Their qualities of character and the fortunes of their lives were as follows. Antony had no superior in com- prehending his duty, yet he committed many acts of folly. He sometimes distinguished himself for bravery, yet often failed through cowardice. He was characterized equally by greatness of soul 1 Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxi. 78. 41 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY taov ixprjTO, Kal rd re dXXoTpia r\ pirate Kal ra ol/ceia rrpotero, rjXeet re dXoycos <JV)(yov<; Kal 3 i/coXa^ev dBtKcos irXeiovas* kclk tovtoov layypo- raro? Te e£ aadeveaTarov Kal 7r\ovat(OTaro<; i£ aTTopcordrov yevofievos ovBeTepov avTcov dirwvrjTo} dXXa Kal to fcpdros to tcov 'Ycopaicov fiovos e%etv 4 ekTrlaas avros eavTOV direKTeive. 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Peir. 2 i}yyvr}fi4vos Dind., £yy*yvT\ii4vos M, iyyiv7](x4vos V, 42 BOOK LI and by servility of mind. He would plunder the b.c. so property of others and would squander his own. He showed compassion to many without cause and punished even more without justice. Consequently, though he rose from utter weakness to great power, and from the depths ot poverty to great riches, he derived no profit from either circumstance, but after hoping to gain single-handed the empire of the Romans, he took his own life. Cleopatra was of in- satiable passion and insatiable avarice ; she was swayed often by laudable ambition, but often by overweening effrontery. By love she gained the title of Queen of the Egyptians, and when she hoped by the same means to win also that of Queen of the Romans, she failed of this and lost the other besides. She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself. * Such were these two and such was their end. Of their children, Antyllus was slain immediately, though he was betrothed to the daughter of Caesar and had taken refuge in his father's shrine, which Cleopatra had built ; and Caesarion while fleeing to Ethiopia was overtaken on the road and murdered. Cleopatra was married to Juba, the son of Juba ; for to this man who had been brought up in Italy and had been with him on campaigns, Caesar gave both the maid and the kingdom of his fathers, and as a favour to them spared the lives of Alex- ander and Ptolemy. To his nieces, the daughters whom Octavia had had by Antony and had reared, he assigned money from their father's estate. He 43 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY tcov 7rarpa)cov aireveifie. teal tw 'louXXo) rq> tov j AvtcovLov rrj? T€ <&ov\ovlcl<; viel tou9 egeXevOepovs airov irdvO* oora TeXevrayvTas a<pa<; fcaTaXnrelv avT<p Kara rov? vop,ov$ eSei irapay^pi^a Sovvai 16 eKeXevae, tcov re aXXcov tcov tcl tov ' AvtcovLov p>€XP L T ° Te irpa^dvrcov 701/9 p>£V ifcoXaae tou? Be d<f>f}tc€V, fj Si eavTOV rj Bia rot>9 </>t\oi>?. eireiBr} re vvyyoi ira^ aire? teal hvvacnwv /ecu ftaaiXecov 7ra£8e? 01 puev e\/>' bpx)peLa oi Be teal e<$> vffpei rp€(j>6p,€voi evpeOrjaav, tou? pev oi/ca8e avrcov direaTeiXe, tou9 Be dXXrfXois (rvvtoKiaev, erepovs 2 re fcarea^ev, wv eyeb tou? puev aXXov? edaco, Bvo Be Br] p,6vcov 6vopba<nl pLvrjadrjaopiar rrjv pev yap ^IcoraTrrjv ra> MrjBa) tcaTa<fivy6vTi pera ttjv fjTTdv 727)09 airov e/ccbv aTreScoice, tco 8' ^ApTa^rj tou? dSeX<j)ov<; KaLirep alrrjcravTi ovk eirepb^ev, ore tou? viroXeifydevTas ev rfj 'Appevia, 'PcopLaiovs direicTovei. 3 Hepl plv Br) tov? aXXov<; roiavTa eyiyveTO, tcov Be AiywrrTicov tcov re y AXe^avBpeoov ttovtcov e^eLcraro &<rre p,r) BioXeaai Tivd> to p,ev dXrjdes on ovk r)%Lcoae tocfovtovs tc avrovs ovras teal XprjaipLcoTaTOV? T0Z9 *¥cop<aioi<; 69 7roXXa av yevo- 4 pevovs dvrjfceaTov ti Spdaar irp6(f>aaiv Be op,co<; TTpovfiaXXejo tov ts 6ebv rov ^dpairiv koi tov 'AXegavBpov tov olfccaTrjv avTcov, koi Tpirov "Apeiov tov iTo\iT'qv > o5 ttov <f)iXocro<f)ovvTL T€ feat gvvovti oi expTjTo. zeal tov ye Xoyov Si ov avveyvco crtjticriv, eXXrjvio'Tt, O7rco<; avvcoaiv avTOV, 5 elire. ical //-era TavTa to p,ev tov ^AXe^dvBpov acopua elSe, KaX avTov koi irpoary^raTO, cocrre ti t^9 pivosy c5? (f>ao~i, dpavadrjvai* Ta Be Srj tcov 44 BOOK LI also ordered Antony's freedmen to give at once b.c. 30 to Iullus, the son of Antony and Fulvia, every- thing which by law they would have been required to bequeath him at their death. As for the rest who had been connected with Antony's cause up to this time, he punished some and pardoned others, either from personal motives or to oblige his friends. And since there were found at the court many children of princes and kings who were being kept there, some as hostages and others out of a spirit of arrogance, he sent some back to their homes, joined others in marriage with one another, and retained still others. I shall omit most of these cases and mention only two. Of his own accord he restored Iotape to the Median king, who had found an asylum with him after his defeat ; but he refused the request of Artaxes that his brothers be sent to him, because this prince had put to death the Romans left behind in Armenia. This was the disposition he made of such captives ; and in the case of the Egyptians and Alexandrians, he spared them all, so that none perished. The truth was that he did not see fit to inflict any irrepar- able injury upon a people so numerous, who might prove very useful to the Romans in many ways ; nevertheless, he offered as a pretext for his kindness their god Serapis, their founder Alexander, and, in the third place, their fellow-citizen Areius, of whose learning and companionship he availed himself. The speech in which he proclaimed to them his pardon he delivered in Greek, so that they might under- stand him. After this he viewed the body of Alex- ander and actually touched it, whereupon, it is said, a piece of the nose was broken off. But he declined 45 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TlToXefiaicov, kclltoi tcov 'AXegavSpecov cnrovhfj f3ov\r)0evTcov avTco Sel^ai, ovk iOedcraro, elircbv on " fiacriXea dXX y ov vetcpovs ISeiv direOu/iycra." Kate rr}<; aur?)? TavTrjs alrta? ovBe tco "Att^S* ivTVj(elv rjdeXrfcre, Xeycov 0eovs dXX* ovyl /3oi/9 7 it pocr Kvvelv eWLaOai. iic he tovtov tt\v re Atyv- tttov viroTeXrj eirolrfcre kcu tco TdXXco tco K.opvrfXico ETT&Tpe^e' 7T/J09 T€ yap TO TTOXvavhpOV KOI TCOV iroXecov Kal tt)<; %copa<;, Kal 7rpb<; to pahiov to t€ KOV<f)OV TCOV TpOTTCOV CtVTCOV, TYJV T€ CTlTOTTOflTriaV teal Tct xptffiaTa, ovhevl fiovXevTrj ov^ ottco? eyyeipicrai avTrjv iToXfirjcrev, aW* ovhe ivem- hrjjuLelv avTfj et~ovcriav ehcoKev, av firj tlvi avTos 2 dvofiao~Ti crvy)(copr}CTr} t ov fievToi ovhe ifcecvois ftovXeveiv iv Trj 'Feb fit] ic^rjKev. dXXa rot? jxev aKkois ft>9 eKacrTois, Tofc o y AXe^avhpevcriv avev fiovXevTcbv TToXiTGvecrOai i/ceXevcre' ToaavTrjv ttov 3 vecoT€p07Todav avTcbv KaTeyvco, tcaL acpcov ovtco tot€ Ta\6kvTcov tci fJLev dXXa kcu vvv lo")(ypco$ cpvXdcrcreTai, ftovXevovcri he hrj Kal ev Trj 'AXe^av- Speia, eirl Xeovrjpov avTOKpaTOpos dp^dfievot, kcu ev ttj 'Pcofirj, eir ' AvtcovLvov tov vleos aVTOV irpcoTOV €9 ttjv yepovalav icrypacfrevTes. 4 AXyviTTos jjl€v ovtcos ehovXcoOr)* irdvTes yap oi avTiaypvTes avTcov ^povov tlvcl i^etpcoOrjaav, d>9 irov kcu to Scufioviov ctc\>ictiv evapyecrTaTa irpoeBec^ev. vae t€ yap ovy^ ottcos vhaTi, evda fiYfhe iyJreKaae iroTe, dXXa kcu atfiaTr TavTa tc a pa Ik tcov veepcov i^eiriTTTe ko\ oirXa irape- 5 cpaiveTo. KTvnrrjfiaTd T€ Tiva eTepcoOi Kal tvjjl- irdvcov Kal KVjx^dXcov Kal fforjfiaTa Kal avXoov 4 6 BOOK LI to view the remains of the Ptolemies, though the ac. so Alexandrians were extremely eager to show them, remarking/ " I wished to see a king, not corpses." For this same reason he would not enter the presence of Apis, either, declaring that he was accustomed to worship gods, not cattle. Afterwards he made Egypt tributary and gave it in charge of Cornelius Gallus. For in view of the populousness of both the cities and country, the facile, fickle character of the inhabitants, and the extent of the grain-supply and of the wealth, so far from daring to entrust the land to any senator, he would not even grant a senator permission to live in it, except as he personally made the concession to him by name. On the other hand he did not allow the Egyptians to be senators in Rome ; but whereas he made various dispositions as regards the several cities, he commanded the Alexandrians to conduct their government without senators ; with such capacity for revolution, I suppose, did he credit them. And of the system then imposed upon them most details are rigorously preserved at the present time, but they have their senators both in Alexandria, beginning first under the emperor Severus, and also in Rome, these having first been enrolled in the senate in the reign of Severus* son Antoninus. Thus was Egypt enslaved. All the inhabitants who resisted for a time were finally subdued, as, indeed, Heaven very clearly indicated to them beforehand. For it rained not only water where no drop had ever fallen previously, but also blood ; and there were flashes of armour from the clouds as this bloody rain fell from them. Elsewhere there was the clashing of drums and cymbals and the notes of 47 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Kal aaXirlyyoav iyiyvero, Kal res Spdtccov virep- [Leyidrjs igalcjtvr)? acplaiv 6<f>0el<z dpafj^avov oaov i^eavptcre, kclv tovtw Kal aarepes KOpbrjrai eoopojVTO, /cal ve/cpcov etScoXa icfravrd^eTo, rd re dydXfiara lo~KvQpoyiraae> /cal 6 ^ Aires oXofyvpriKov ti ifAV/crjaaTO /cal /careBd/cpvae, 6 Tavra [lev ovtcos iyevero, ^p^fxara he iroXXd fiev ev ra> fSacriki/ccp evpedr) (iravra yap ft>? eiireiv /cal rd i/c r&v dytcordrcop lepwv dpaOij/jbara rj KXeoirdrpa dveXofievr) avveTrXtjOvae rd Xdcjtvpa Tot? 'VtefjuaLoi? dvev tlvos ol/celov avrwv fAidafia- Tos^yTroWa Be /cal Trap e/cdarov rcov alriadevTcov 7 tl 2 r)6pola0rj t Kal %&pls ol Xocirol Trdvres, ocroi fi7]Bev lBlov ey/ckr)p,a Xafieiv iBvvavro, rd Svo fJieprj rcov ovai&v rjrrjdrjaav? Kal dir avrcov iravres [Lev ol o-TparicoTai rd eirofaiXofxevd crfyicriv i/cofiicravTO, ol Se Srj /cal rore tcS YLalcrapi avyye- vofxevoL irevTrjKOVTa Kal BcaKoalas Bpa^fjids, &are 8 fiTj Biapirdaat ttjv ttoXiv, irpocreTreXafSov. tols t€ irpoBavelaacl 7i irdvra airriKKayiq^ Kal rols av fifieTaa^ovcTL rov iroXepiov Kal twv fiovXevrcov Kal rcov LTTTrecov ird}xiroXka iBoOrj, to re ovpxrav r\ T€ dpyr) r) twv r Vco[Lal(ov iirXovrlcrOr) Kal rd lepa avrcov iKoo~{L7]0r}. 18 ( S' ovv K.alaap a>? rd re 7rpoeipr]fieva eirpa^ 6, Kal iroXtv Kal eKel iv ra> Ttjs [^d^rjs %o)£to) avvooKiae, Kal to ovofia Kal rov dycova avTjj o [Lolas rfi Trporepa Sou?, to? re Sicopv^as Ta? jiev i%€Kddr}p€ rds Se €K Kaivrjs Biaypv^e, Kal raXXa rd irpodTjKOVTa 7rpoo~8i(pKr}o~€v, €? re rrjv '' 'Aalav 1 fiidorfiaros M, fiia.crfxa.ros V. 2 ri M, om. V. 3 jjTT)07}(rav R. Steph., ^TT^drja-av VM. 4 s BOOK LI flutes and trumpets, and a serpent of huge size b.c. so suddenly appeared to them and uttered an incredibly loud hiss. Meanwhile comets were seen and dead men's ghosts appeared, the statues frowned, and Apis bellowed a note of lamentation and burst into tears. So much for these events. In the palace quantities of treasure were found. For Cleopatra had taken prac- tically all the offerings from even the holiest shrines and so helped the Romans swell their spoils without incurring any defilement on their own part. Large sums were also obtained from every man against whom any charge of misdemeanour was brought. And apart from these, all the rest, even though no particular complaint could be lodged against them, had two-thirds of their property demanded of them. Out of this wealth all the troops received what was owing them, and those who were with Caesar at the time got in addition a thousand sesterces on con- dition of not plundering the city. Repayment was made in full to those who had previously advanced loans, and to both the senators and the knights who had taken part in the war large sums were given. In fine, the Roman empire was enriched and its temples adorned. After accomplishing the things just related Caesar founded a city there on the very site of the battle and gave to it the same name and the same games as to the city he had founded previously. 1 He also 1 cleared out some of the canals and dug others over again, besides attending to other important matters. Then he went through Syria into the province of 1 See chap. 1, 3. 49 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY to €0vo? 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V. 8 tvepyeoias M, evepysaia V. 50 BOOK LI Asia and passed the winter there settling the various B .c. 30 affairs of the subject nations as well as those of the Parthians. It seems there had been dissension among the Parthians and a certain Tiridates had risen against Phraates ; and hitherto, as long as Antony's opposition lasted, even after the naval battle, Caesar had not only not attached himself to either side, though they sought his alliance, but had not even answered them except to say that he would think the matter over. His excuse was that he was busy with Egypt, but in reality he wanted them in the mean- time to exhaust themselves by fighting against each other. But now that Antony was dead and of the two combatants Tiridates, . defeated, had taken refuge in Syria, and Phraates, victorious, had sent envoys, he entered into friendly negotiations with the latter ; and, without promising to aid Tiridates, he per- mitted him to live in Syria. He received from Phraates one of his sons by way of conferring a favour upon him, and taking him to Rome, kept him as a hostage. During this time and still earlier the Romans at home had passed many resolutions in honour of Caesar's naval victory. Thus they granted him a triumph, as over Cleopatra, an arch adorned with trophies at Brundisium and another in the Roman Forum. Moreover, they decreed that the foundation of the shrine of Julius should be adorned with the beaks of the captured ships and that a festival should be held every four years in honour of Octavius ; that there should also be a thanksgiving on his birthday and on the anniversary of the announcement of his victory ; also that when he should enter the city the 5i DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY deirrapdevovs' Kal rrjv ftovXijv tov re Br)fMov jjuerd re rcov yvvaiKcov teal jxera rcov tckvcov drrav- 3 rfjaai eyvcoaav. ras yap evicts rds ye eiKovas Kal rrjv irpoeBptav Kal raWa ra TOiovroTpoira irepirrbv iariv r)8r) Xeyeiv. rrjv fiev ovv rrpcorrfv i/c€Lv<p re 1 ravr iyfrrjcpLcravTO, teal ra rov 'Av- tcovlov Koa/jLrjfjiaTa ra jxev KaOeiXov ra 8' dirrj- Xeiyfrav, rrjp re r)pLepav iv y iyeyevvrjro pnapav ivojucrav, teal to tov Mdp/cov jrpoaprjfia drrelrrov 4 fjirjBevl rcov avyyevcov airov elvai. cbs fievroi /cal redvecora airov eirvOovro (r/yyeXOrj Be rovro Ki/ce- pcovos rod KiKepcovos 7raiBbs ip pepei tov erovs vira- revovros), rovro re rives cos 2 ov/c aOeel Br) crvjifBav iXdfji/Savop, irreiBrjrrep 6 irarrjp airov virb rov 5 'Avtcovlov ore puakLCTT iredvrjKet,, Kal rrpocre'^rr}- cplaavro rco Kalaapi /cal arecf)dvovs /cal iepo^rj- vias iroXXds, Kal airco Kal erepa iiuviKia cos Kal rcov Alyvrrricov dyayelv eBocrav* rbv yap'Avrcoviov Kal rovs aXKovs ^co/navovs rovs avv eKevvco viKtj- Oevras ovre rrporepov ovre Tore, cos Kal eoprd^eiv 6 acpas err airois Beov, covofiaaav, rrjv re rjjxepav iv fj rj 1 AXe^dpBpeia edXco, dyadrjv re elvat Kal is ra eireira errj dpyrjv rr}s drrapLOjJLrjcrecos aircov vofjLL^eaffat, Kal tov Kalaapa rr\v re i^ovatap rrjv rcov Brifidp'xcop Bia fitov e^eiv, KaL T0 ^ iiri^ocopievois avrbv Kal ivrbs rov ircofju^plov Kal egco p>e"X,pis oyBbov r/fuaraSlov dfjivvecv, b firjBevl 1 re M, om. V. 2 «s supplied by Bk. 52 BOOK LI Vestal Virgins and the senate and the people with B .c. so their wives and children should go out to meet him. But it would be quite superfluous to go on and mention the prayers, the images, the privilege of the front seat, and all the other honours of the sort. At the beginning, then, they not only voted him these honours but also either took down or effaced the memorials of Antony, declared the day on which he had been born accursed, and forbade the use of the surname Marcus by any of his kin. When, however, they learned of Antony's death, the news of which came while Cicero, the son of Cicero, was consul for a part of the year, some held that it had come to pass not without divine direction, since the consul's father had owed his death chiefly to Antony ; and they voted to Caesar crowns and thanksgivings in great number and granted him the privilege of celebrating another triumph, this time over the Egyptians. For neither on the previous occasion nor at this time did they mention by name Antony and the other Romans who had been vanquished with him and thus imply that it was proper to celebrate their defeat. The day on which Alexandria had been captured they declared a lucky day, and directed that in future years it should be taken by the inhabitants of that city as the starting-point in their reckoning of time. They also decreed that Caesar should hold the tribunician power for life, that he should aid those who called upon him for help both within the pomerium and outside for a distance of one mile, 1 — 1 Literally, "as far as the eighth half-stade," which means seven and a half stades, that is, one mile, according to Dio's usage. See note on xxxviii. 18. 53 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7 tcov SrffjLapxovvTcov itjrjv, €Ktc\i)T6v t€ Sitcd&iv, kol tyrifyov Ttva avTOi) iv iraai T0Z9 Si/eaaTrfpiois wcnrep *A07]va$ (j>epecr0at, toi5? re lepea*; feal t«9 lepeias iv t<z£9 virep re tov hrffiov kcli Tr\<$ ftovkrj? e£%at9 teal virep i/celvov o/jloico? e&xe- aOai, teal iv Tofr <rvo criTiois ovy^ oti rots koivois aXka feal T0Z9 l&loL? Trdvras avTco crirevheiv i/eeXevcrav. 20 Tore (iev $r) tclvt iyvcocrffrj, vwarevovTO^ 8' avrov to TT€fjLiTTOv fi€Ta Se^TOu ' AirovXetov rd re TTpayQevTa vtt avrov mdvTa iv avrfj tj) tov 'Yavovapiov vovp,rjvLa opicois i/SefiaicocravTO, teal iireiBrj kol ra irepl tcov Udp0cov ypdfip,aTa, rfkOev, 69 T6 TOl»9 V/JLVOVS CLVTOV 6*£ ICTOV TO?9 8 €01$ icrypd- 2 fyecrOai, 1 /cat cf>v\r)v 'lovXlav iir avTOv iTTOvofxa- tjeadai, tco tg GTecf>dvco aiqrbv tco iixivitdcp hia ttclctcov tcov iravqyvpecov xpt)o-0ai, teal rou9 crvv- vitcrjaavTas ol /3ov\evTa$ iv irepnropfyvpoi*; tjia- 3 tlols TTjV 7ro/jL7rr)V avTco Gvpnrepjtyai, tijv T€ rj fie pais iv rj av e*9 Tip ttoKiv icreX0jj 0vaiat$ T€ irav Srj/jiel dya\Br\vai teal lepav del dyeo~0ai, lepea? T€ CLVTOV KCLL V7T€p TOV dpl0fjLOV, OCTOVS CLV del iOeXrjGr), irpoaipetaOai tt poa tcaTeaTrjcravTO 1 owep ttov il; i/ceivov irapaZo0ev h dopicrTOV i7rr)v^i]0rj^ coctt€ /jLrjhev em XP^ VCLI ^ ^repl tov TrXr}0ov<s 4 avTcov dtcpi^oXo r yeta0ai, 6 ovv Katcrap tcu jxev aXka 7r\r)v fipayecov e'Sefaro, to he hr) ctv/ll- TTavTas avTco TOU9 iv tjj iro\ei ovtch; diravTrjcrai 1 €<rypd<pe(r9ai M, iyypdcpeadai V. 1 The tribunes' authority, as a matter of fact, extended to the first mile-stone outside the city ; see Livy iii. 20, 7. Dio is apparently labouring under a misapprehension. 54 BOOK LI a privilege possessed by none ot the tribunes, 1 — also b.c. 30 that he should judge appealed cases, and that in all the courts his vote was to be cast as Athena's vote. 2 The priests and priestesses also in their prayers in behajf of the people and the senate were to pray for him likewise, and at all banquets, not only public but private as well, everybody was to pour a libation to him. These were the decrees passed at that time ; and b.c. 29 when he was consul for the fifth time, with Sextus Apuleius, they ratified all his acts by oath on the very first day of January. When the letter came regarding the Parthians, they further arranged that his name should be included in their hymns equally with those of the gods ; that a tribe should be called the "Julian" after him j that he should wear the triumphal crown at all the festivals ; that the senators who had participated in his victory should take part in the triumphal procession arrayed in purple- bordered togas ; that the day on which he entered the city should be honoured with sacrifices by the whole population and be held sacred for evermore ; and that he might choose priests even beyond the regular number, — as many, in fact, as he should wish on any occasion. This last-named privilege, handed down from that time, was afterwards indefinitely extended, so that I need not henceforth make a point of giving the exact number of such officials. Now Caesar accepted all but a few of these honours, though he expressly requested that one of them, the proposal that the whole population of the city should 2 That is, in case of a tie vote, Caesar's vote, like Athena's in the Areopagus at Athens, was to decide in favour of ac- quittal. Cf . Aesch. , Eumen, 737 ff. ; Eur. , Iph. T. 965 f . , 1472. 55 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iraprjTrja-aTO avTiKpvs fir) yeveoSai, ttXsigtov he ojjlcos virep Trdvra ra yfrrjcfucrOevTa oi vireprfaOyj on ra? T€ TrvXas t«9 tov 'lavov cw9 fcal irdvTWv <r<f>L<Ti tcov iroXefiwv iravreXS)*; ireiravfievcdv eKXet- ^ aav, Kal to olcoviafia to t^9 'Tyieia? iiroirfaav* 5 Kal yap totc Si airep elirov hteXeXenrTo. rjaav fiev yap iv ottXol^ ctl koX Tprjovr]poi 1 KeX,TOU9 iirayayafievot real Kdvraftpoi 2 Kal Ovatc/catoi Kal "AaTvpes* Kal ovtoc fiev vtto tov Tavpov tov ^TaTiXtov, i/celvoi he V7rb Ncovlov TdXXov /care- <TTpa$r)Gav aXXa T€ a>9 Kaff eKaaTOV? Tapa^^hrj Gvyya iytyveTO* a\V iireihrf firjhev fieya cvn avT&v avvr\veyQrf> ovtc i/cetvoi totc iroXefieiadat ivofii^ov ovt€ iyco itrifyavis ti? irepl avTa>v ypd^tai e%&>. 6 Kalaap he iv tovtco tcl T6 aXXa i^prjfiaTi^e, Kal T€fl€Vr] TTj T€ 'PcOflJ] Kal T(p TTaTpl Tto Katcrapi, rjpwa avTov 'lovXtov ovofidaa^, ev T€ 'E^eo-ft) Kal iv Nt/caca yeveaOat i<f>r)K€v avTat yap Tore at iroXei? ev Te Ttj *Ao~ia Kal iv tj) BiOvvta 7 TrpoeTCTLfirjVTO, Kal tovtovs fiev TO?9 'Pcofiaiois Tofc 7rap' auTO?9 iiroLKOvaL Tifiav 7rpoaeTa^€' ro?9 he hf] %evoi$ t r 'EXXr]vds a-(f>a<; iirLKaXecras, eavT<p Tiva, to?9 fiev *&aiavoh iv TLepydfiw toi$ he JSiOvvofc iv NiKOfiTjSeia, TefievLcrai iireTpe^re, Kal tovt iKeWev ap^dfievov Kal iir aXXcov avTOKpa- Topwv oi) fiovov iv rofc ' EXXrjviKols edveaiV) dXXa Kal iv tois aXXois oaa tcov 'Pcofialcov aKovet, 8 iyeveTO. iv yap toi t« ao~T€i ai/Tw tj) T€ aXXrj 1 Tp-f)OV7)pOl BS., TpTJOVpOl VM. 2 Kavra&poi R. Steph., &vrafipoi VM. 3 t* M., om. V. 56 BOOK LI go out to meet him, should not be put into effect. b.c. 29 Nevertheless, the action which pleased him more than all the decrees was the closing by the senate of the gates of Janus, implying that all their wars had entirely ceased, and the taking of the augurium salutis, which had at this time fallen into disuse for the reasons I have mentioned. 1 To be sure, there were still under arms the Treveri, who had brought in the Germans to help them, and the Cantabri, the Vaccaei, and the Astures, — the three last-named of whom were later subjugated by Statilius Taurus, and the former by Nonius Gallus, — and there were also numerous other disturbances going on in various regions ; yet inasmuch as nothing of importance resulted from them, the Romans at the time did not consider that they were engaged in war, nor have I, for my part, anything notable to record about them. Caesar, meanwhile, besides attending to the gene- ral business, gave permission for the dedication of sacred precincts in Ephesus and in Nicaea to Rome and to Caesar, his father, whom he named the hero Julius. 2 These cities had at that time attained chief place in Asia and in Bithynia respectively. He commanded that the Romans resident in these cities should pay honour to these two divinities ; but he permitted the aliens, whom he styled Hellenes, to consecrate precincts to himself, the Asians to have theirs in Pergamum and the Bithynians theirs in Nicomedia. This practice, beginning under him, has been continued under other emperors, not only in the case of the Hellenic nations but also in that of all the others, in so far as they are subject to the Romans. For in the capital itself and in Italy 1 Cf. xxxvii. 24. 2 i.e. Divus Iulius. 57 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 'IraXta ov/c eariv ogtis tcH>v /cal €<£>' ottogovovv \6yov tivo<z d^icov irokjJLrjae tovto iroirjcrar fieraX- \d%a<ri fievToi /cdvTavOa tois 6p6a)<; avrapxtfaaaiv aXKat T€ laoOeoi Tijxal BIBovTai /cal Brj /cal fjp&a TTOielTCU. 9 TavTCi jjbkv iv r<p 'xeifiwvi iyeveTO, 1 /cal e\a/3ov koI ol Uepya/jLTjvol tov dyasva tov lepov favosa- 21 (Tfiivov eirl tjj tov vaov clvtov TL/xfi uoieiv, tov Be Br) depov? I? re tt)v *EWdBa /cat €? Ttjv 'Irakiav 6 Kaiaap irrepamdr], /cat avrov €9 ttjv ttoXiv io~e\06vTO<; ol re aXXoi eOvaav, (acirep etprjTCU, /cal 6 vttcitos OvaXepios Hotitos' i/ceivos jiev yap /cal tovto Trap to ero?, &airep /cal tcl Bvo tcl irpoTepa, vTraTevae, tov Be Br) Xe^TOV o 2 Uotltos BieBegaTO. ovtos ovv BrjfiocrLa /cal ai- T09 V7T€p T€ TOV Br)jMOV teal V7T€p T^9 /3oiA,?}9 eirl TTj tov Kaiaapos d<pi^€L iftovOvTijcrev o fi7]7rco irpoTepov iirl firjBevbs dXXov iyeyovei. fA€TCL Be TOVTO TOV9 T€ VTTOGT paTTjyOVS KCLt ilTrj- 3 veae zeal eTLfjurjaev &airep eWio~To s /cat tov tb 1 AypLTrnav aXXois T6 tlctl /cal o~7)fiei(p /cvavoei- Bel vav/cpaT7)TiK<p 7TpoaeTTeaepLvvve y /cal T0Z9 o~Tpa- TiosTais e'Bcofce Tiva % rw re Brjjicp /eaO e/caTov 2 Spa%/xa9, TrpoTepois fxev rofc €9 avBpas TeXovaiv, eiretTa Be /cal tol$ iraial Bid tov Mdp/ceXKov tov 4 dBe\<j>tBovv, Bieveifie. zeal em xe tovtois, real otl irapd tcov woXecov tojv iv Tjj 'IraXta to yjpvcr'iov to to?9 o-Te<j)dvoi<; irpoo'rjKOV ov/c iBe^aTO, 1 4y4v€TO V, 4yhovro M. 2 ettarbv M, kavrbv V. 1 Cf. chap. 1, 2. 2 Cf. chap. 20, 3. 3 In earlier times it had been customary, when a general 58 BOOK LI generally no emperor, however worthy of renown he b.c. 29 has been, has dared to do this ; still, even there various divine honours are bestowed after their death upon such emperors as have ruled uprightly, and, in fact, shrines are built to them. All this took place in the winter; and the Per- gamenians also received authority to hold the " sacred " games, as they called them, in honour of Caesar's temple. 1 In the course of the summer Caesar crossed over to Greece and to Italy ; and when he entered the city, not only all the citizens offered sacrifice, as has been mentioned, 2 but even the consul Valerius Potitus. Caesar, to be sure, was consul all that year as for the two preceding years, but Potitus was the successor of Sextus. It was he who publicly and in person offered sacrifices in behalf of the senate and of the people upon Caesar's arrival, a thing that had never before been done in the case of any other person. After this Caesar bestowed eulogies and honours upon his lieutenants, as was customary, and to Agrippa he further granted, among other distinctions, a dark blue flag in honour of his naval victory, and he gave gifts to the soldiers ; to the people he distributed four hundred sesterces apiece, first to the men who were adults, and after- wards to the children because of his nephew Mar- cellus. In view of all this, and because he would not accept from the cities of Italy the gold required for the crowns 3 they had voted him, and because, won a triumph, for the cities of his province to send gold crowns, which were carried before him in the triumphal pro- cession. By Cicero's time it was a common practice to send, instead of the crowns themselves, their value in money {aureum coronarium) ; and this was now regarded as a form of tribute. VOL. VI. 59 c DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY /cal otl 1 /cal irdvra a re avrbs cocf>eiXe tictlv a7T€$(DK€, KCU OL 01 SXXOL i7TCO(j)ecXoV OV/C €<7€- TTpa^€V y coairep etpTjrac, tcov re hva^epcov irdvTcov oi ^VcofialoL €7re\d0ovTO t /cal tcl iiriviKia avTov 77860)9 009 /cal dXXocpvXcov diravTcov tcov r\TTr)~ 5 06VTCOV OVTCOV €l8oV TOGOVTOV yap TO 7r\r}do<; TCOV Xprj/jbdroov htd Trdai)^ opuoico^ t?}9 TroXeco? e^co- prjaev coare tcl jxev /cTr/fiaTa iirtTifA^Tjvai, tcl Se havetafiaTa dyaTTTjTcbs iirl hpaxp*?} irpoTepov ovTa tot€ iirl tco TpiTTjfiopLQ) avTr\<; yevea0ai. ecopTatre Se ttj fxev 7rpa>Trj rjfiepa Ta T€ tcov TIavvovicov /cal tcl tcov AeX/uaTcov, t?)9 ts y \airvhLa<$ 2 /cal tcov Trpocr^cjiipcov acplai, 3 KcXtcov tc /cal TaXaTcov tlvcov. 6 Ta£09 yap KappLva? tov$ tc Mcoptvovs ical aXXov? tivcls crvveTTavacTTdvTas avTOt? i^eipcoaaTO, /cal tol«9 Xovrjftovs tov* *¥rjvov iirl moXepLcp 8ia- ftdvTas diredxraTO' ical hid TavTa fjyaye fxev /cal i/celvo<z tcl vuc7)Tr}pLa, icaiTOi tov tc TraTpbs avTov vtto tov XvXXov OavaTco0€VTO<;, /cal avTO? ap%ai 7TOT€ jJLeTCL TCOV aXXcOV TCOV OfloicOV ol fCCoXv0€LS t r^yaye he /cal 6 Kaicrap, iirethr) rj dvac\>opa Trjs vL/cr)<; tj) avTO/cpaTopL avTov dp^f) irpoatj/covaa 7 Jjv. iv fxev ovv Ttj irpcoTr) rj/^epa TavTa hiecopTa- cT07] t iv Be ttj SevTepa rj irpb^ tco 'A/ctlco vav- /cpaTta, fedv Tjj TpuTrj rj t?}9 AlyvTrTov /caTa- aTpocj)7j. eiucpaveLS fiev hrj /cal ai aXXai iropmal hid Ta di: avTr}? Xdcpvpa iyevovTO (rocravTa yap 7)0poio0Y] coaTG it derail €7rap/cecrai), TToXvTeXeaTaTT] 8 8' ovv /cal d^ioTTpeirecTTdTr) ami) rj KlywiTTia. Ta T€ yap aXXa /cal rj K\eo7rdTpa iirl /cXivrj? iv tco 1 oVi Rk., €Tt VM. 2 'lairvZias Xyl., lairvylas VM. 8 a<plfft My om. V. 4 rhv Bk., t6v t€ VM. 60 BOOK LI furthermore, he not only paid all the debts he himself b.c. 29 owed to others, as has been stated/ but also did not insist on the payment of others' debts to him, the Romans forgot all their unpleasant experiences and viewed his triumph with pleasure, quite as if the vanquished had all been foreigners. So vast an amount of money, in fact, circulated through all parts of the city alike, that the price of goods rose and loans for which the borrower had been glad to pay twelve per cent, could now be had for one third that rate. As for the triumph, Caesar celebrated on the first day his victories over the Pannonians and Dal- matians, the Iapydes and their neighbours, and some Germans and Gauls. For Gaius Carrinas had sub- dued the Morini and others who had revolted with them, and had repulsed the Suebi, who had crossed the Rhine to wage war. Not only did Carrinas, therefore, celebrate the triumph, — and that notwithstanding that his father had been put to death by Sulla and that he himself along with the others in like con- dition had once been debarred from holding office, — but Caesar also celebrated it, since the credit of the victory properly belonged to his position as supreme commander. This was the first day's celebration. On the second day the naval victory at Actium was commemorated, and on the third the subjugation of Egypt, Now all the processions proved notable, thanks to the spoils from Egypt, — in such quantities, indeed, had spoils been gathered there that they sufficed for all the processions, — but the Egyptian celebration surpassed them all in costliness and mag- nificence. Among other features, an effigy of the dead Cleopatra upon a couch was carried by, so that 1 Cf. chap. 17, 8. 6i DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY tov davdrov fiifi^fiaTL 7rapeKO/j,io~0r}, ware rpoirov Tiva kclL €K€ivrjv fierd re tcov aXXcov al^fxaXci>Tcov koX fiera tov *AXef;dvBpov tov Kal 'HXiou, t^9 t€ KXeo7raT/3a? T779 Kal %eXr}vr)<; f tcov t€kvcov, a>9 9 TTOfxirelov 6<j)0fjvai. fieTa Be Br) tovto 6 JZalaap ecj> airaatv clvtoi? iaeXdaas tcl fiev aXXa kclto, to vofii^ofievov €7rpa%€, tov Be Br) avvvirciTov tov$ T€ XoiTTOVS ap")(OVTa<$ 7T€pi€l8e TTCLph TO /CCt0€O~T7}fcb<; €7ria7ro/jievov<; oi fieTa tcov Xoiircov ftovXevTcov tcov avvveviKrjKOTCov eicodeaav yap oi /lev rjyecadai oi Be i^eireaOai} Q% 'RttcI Be tclvtcl BieTeXeae, to tc y A0rjvaiov to ^KoXklBikov covofiaafiivov Kal to ftovXevTrjpiov to 'lovX'lSlOV, TO €7rl Tjj TOV TTCLTpOS dVTOV TLflfj yevop,evov, KaOiepcoaev. eveaTrjae Be e? avTO to ayaX/ia to ty}<; N 6/079 to Kal vvv ov, BrjXcov, a>9 2 eoacev, oti Trap avTijs ttjv dp^tjv eKTrjcaTO' r)v Be Br) tcov TapavTivcov, Kal i/ceWev 69 ttjv 'J*cbp,r)v KOfiiaOev ev tc tco avveBpico iBpv07) Kal Alyv- 7tt/o£9 Xa<f>vpoi$ i/coo'/jLrj&ri. tcai tovto Kal tco tov 3 y \ovXiov r)pcoco oaicoOevTi tots vwr^p^e* avyya yap /cal €9 i/ceivo dveTeOrj, Kal eTepa tco tc Ail tco J£a7riTcoXLcp Kal ttj f/ H/?a Tjj T€ > A0rjva iepco0r) ) irdvTcov tcov irpoTepov ivTavda ava/cetaOai Bokovv- tcov r) Kal 6TL Kei/uevcov eK BoypaTO? tot€ KaOai- peBkvTcov a>9 Kal pepbiaapbevcov. 2, Kal ovtcos r) l£keo7raTpa Ka'nrep Kal r)TTrj0etaa Kal dXovaa 1 i<p4ir€a6at M, &r€<r0ai V. 2 ixeixiaafxevwv v. Herwerden, fxefxiafx/xtvuv VM. 62 C? BOOK LI in a way she, too, together with the other captives b.c. 29 and with her children, Alexander, called also Helios, and Cleopatra, called also Selene, was a part of the spectacle and a trophy in the procession. After this came Caesar, riding into the city behind them all. He did everything in the customary manner, except that he permitted his fellow-consul and the other magistrates, contrary to precedent, to follow him along with the senators who had participated in the victory ; for it was usual for such officials to march in advance and for only the senators to follow. 1 After finishing this celebration Caesar dedicated the temple of Minerva, called also the Chalcidicum, and the Curia Iulia, which had been built in honour of his father. In the latter he set up the statue of Victory which is still in existence, thus signifying probably that it was from her that he had received the empire. It had belonged to the people of Tarentum, whence it was now brought to Rome, placed in the senate-chamber, and decked with the spoils of Egypt. The same course was followed in the case of the shrine of Julius which was consecrated at this time, for many of these spoils were placed in it also ; and others were dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus and to Juno and Minerva, after all the objects in these temples which were supposed to have been placed there previously as dedications, or were actually dedications, had by decree been taken down at this time as defiled. Thus Cleopatra, though defeated and captured, was nevertheless glorified; inasmuch as her Q)The custom was for the magistrates to issue from the city to meet the victorious general, and then to turn and march ahead of him. Octavius, by putting them behind him, symbolized his position as chief citizen of the state. DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iBoj;d<j07), oti t& re /coa/Ar/fiara avTrjs iv tois lepols rjpcbv avdfceirai Kal avTt) iv tg> *A<j>poBicrL(p Xpvar) oparat. 4 *Ev S' ovv tt) tov r)p<pov 6<Tcd)<J€i dycovis re iravToBairol iyevovTo, Kal tt)v Tpoiav ev7raTpiBai 7ral8e$ Xirirevaav, avBpes re i/c tcov 6/jlolcov g$Igiv €7Tl T6 K€\7]T(0V KoX €7rl aVVCOpiBcOV i*Rl 1 T€ T€0pL7T- 7T(ov dvTrjyayviaravTO, KiWto9 T€ res OvtTeWios 5 /3ov\€VT7}<; ifiovo/jLd)(7jcr€. /cat Orjpia Kal ySoTa dWa t€ vra/jb7r\rj0rj Kal pivoKepws iTnros re TrordpLioSy Trpcorov Tore iv rfj ^(Ofjurj 6<f)0evTa, iacf>dyr/. Kal e pbev i7nro<; ottoios icTi, iroKkois re eiprjrai Kal 7roXv ifkeiocriv icoparar 6 Be Br) pivoK€pco<; ra puev aWa i\e(f>avTi irrj irpoakoim^ Kepas Be ti /car avrrjv ttjv plva irpoai'vei, Kal Bid 6 tovto outgo /C€/c\r}rai. ravrd re ovv iarj^r), Kal ddpboi 7T/0O9 aXKr\Kov 9 Aa/coi re /cal Xovfjfioi ipbaykaavTO. eltrl Be ovtoi fiev KeXroi, i/celvoi Be Br) HicvQai rpoirov rivd* Kal ol puev vrepav tov 'Ptfvov C09 ye ra/cpi/3e<; elireiv (jroWol yap /cat aWoi rod tcov 2 Xovrjficov SvopuaTos dvTiiroiovv- Tai), ol Be eV dpbfyoTepa tov "lcTpov vepuovTai,* 7 a\X ol pbev eirl TaBe avTOv Kal 717309 tt\ Tpi- /3aX\iKr} oIkovvt€S 6? T6 tov tt)<; Mvaia? vopubv TeXovai Kal M.vaoi, 7r\r)v irapa tois irdvv iiu- %Q) plots, ovofid^ovTaij ol Be iireKeiva AaKol k£- KXrjvTai, €lt€ Br) TeTai Tives eiTe Kal ®paKes tov AaKtKov yevovs tov tt)v 'PoBoTrrjv TTOTe ivoiKr\- 8 aavTOS'OVTes. ovtoi ovv'ol AaKol iirpea^evcravTo fiev nrpb tov xpbvov tovtov Trpbs tov l^ataapa, 1 M Polak, r&y VM. 9 tov rcov Pflugk, rotircw t5>v V, rovruv rod M. 64 BOOK LI adornments repose as dedications in our temples and b.c. 29 she herself is seen in gold in the shrine of Venus. At the consecration of the shrine to Julius there were all kinds of contests, and the boys of the patricians performed the equestrian exercisecalled "Troy/ 1 and men of the same rank conteiuded with chargers, with pairs, and with four-horse teams ; furthermore, one Quintus Vitellius, a senator, fought as a gladiator. Wild beasts and tame animals were slain in vast numbers, among them a rhinoceros and(^ a hippopotamus, beasts then seen for the first time in Rome. As regards the nature of the hippopotamus, it has been described by many and far more have seen it. The rhinoceros, on the other hand, is in general somewhat like an elephant, but it has also a horn on its very nose and has got its name because of this. These beasts, accordingly, were brought in, and moreover Dacians and Suebi fought in crowds with one another. The latter are Germans, the former Scythians of a sort. The Suebi, to be exact, dwell beyond the Rhine (though many people elsewhere claim their name), and the Dacians on both sides of the Ister ; those of the latter, however, who live on this side of the river near the country of the Triballi are reckoned in with the district of Moesia and are called Moesians, except by those living in the immediate neighbourhood, while those on the other side are called Dacians and are either a branch of the Getae or Thracians belonging to the Dacian race that once inhabited Rhodope. Now these Dacians had before this time sent envoys to Caesar ; but 6S DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY cos B* ovBevb? a>v eBeovTO erv^pv, a7re/cXivav irpb? tov 'Avtcoviov, teal i/ceivov jmev oiBev fxeya axjye- Xrjaav GTaaidaavTe? iv aXXtfXoi?, dXovTe? Be i/c tovtov Ttve? cTrecra toi? Xovrjftoi? avvefiXrjdrjo-av. 9 eyeveTO Be r) OecopLa airaaa eVl iroXXa?, &airep ei/cb? rjv, r)fiepa$, oiBe BieXnre 1 /cairot 2 tov Kat- crapo? app<D(nr}GavTO<z, dXXd /cat dirovTO? avrov Be erepcov iiroirjOr). /ecu iv avTal? oi /3ovXevTal fxiav riva a>9 e/caaTOi r)pApav ev toi? tcov oIkl&v cr<p(0V irpodvpot? elaTidOrjaav, oxjk oZS' 66 ev i? tovto trpoaydevTev ov yap TrapaBeBoTai. 23 Tore fiev Brj ravd* ovtcos iTTpd^Orj, tov Be Br) Katca/oo? to TeTapTov ctl viraTevovTO? 6 Tavpo? 6 SraTtXto? OeaTpov tl ev tg) 'Apeiw ireBiw KvvrjyeTifcbv Xidivov /cal i^eiroLr^cre tol? eavTOv TeXeai teal tcaOiepcoaev oirXofia^ia, ko\ Bid tovto o-TpaTfjybv eva nrapa tov BrjfMov /caT eVo? aU pelvQai eXdfi/3ave. 2 KaTa Be Br) tov? avTov? tovtov? %povov? ev oh Tavr eyiyveTOy 6 Kpdacro? 6 Map/cos e? tg ttjv Ma/ceBovlav koX e? ttjv 'EtXXdBa nrefx^del? tol? Te Aa/coi? fcal tol? 3 JSacrTapvai? iiroXefirjo-e. teal irepl fiev i/ceivcov, oiTive? Te eicri koI Bid tL eVo- 3 XeficoOrjaaVt etprjTar l&acrTapvai Be ^Z/cvOai T€ d/cpi/3co? vevojAtBaTat, koi totc tov "IcrTpov Bia- fidvTe? Tt)v Te M.wiav ttjv kut dvTnrepa? crefrebv teal fieTa tovto koX TpifiaXXov? o/iopov? avTrj ovTa? tov? Te AapBdvov? iv tt} X^P a T V ^Keivmv oifcovvTa? ixeipcoaavTO. Teco? f^ev ovv TavT eiroiovv, ovBev a<f)icri irpayjxa irpb? tov? 'Poyfiaiov? 1 SieAiire Bk., ffieAenre VM. 2 Kalrot M, kclItol koX V. 8 rots supplied by Bk. 66 BOOK LI when they obtained none of their requests, they went b.o. 29 over to Antony. They proved of no great assistance to him, however, owing to strife among themselves, and some who were afterwards captured w T ere now matched against the Suebi. The whole spectacle lasted many days, as one would expect, and there was no interruption, even though Caesar fell ill, but it was carried on in his absence under the direction of others. On one of the days of this celebration the senators gave banquets in the vestibules of their several homes ; but what the occasion was for their doing this, I do not know, since it is not recorded. These were the events of those days. And while Caesar was still in his fourth consulship, Statilius Taurus both constructed at his own expense and dedicated with a gladiatorial combat a hunting- theatre of stone 1 in the Campus Martius. Because of this he was permitted by the people to choose one of the praetors each year. During the same period in which these events occurred Marcus Crassus was sent into Macedonia and Greece and carried on war with the Dacians and Bastarnae. I have already stated who the former were and why they had become hostile ; the Bastarnae, on 1 the other hand, who are properly classed as Scythians, had at this time crossed the Ister and subdued the part of Moesia opposite them, and afterwards sub- dued the Triballi who adjoin this district and the Dardani who inhabit the Triballian country. And as I long as they were thus engaged, they had no trouble 1 This was the first stone amphitheatre in Rome. 67 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 rjw eirel Be rbv re hlfxov vTrepe^-qa-av teal rrjv ®paK7]v rrjv AevOeXrjTcov evcrirovBov avrol? ovaav xareBpafiov, evravOa 6 Kpdcraos ro fiev ri ra> Xtra ra> rtov AevdeXrjrwv fiavCkel rv$\<p ovri a/iivvcov, to Be Br) irXelarov irepl rfj M.aKeBovta <j)o/3r}6el<; aVTeirrjkOe afyiai, /cat airovs i/c rr}<; irpoaoBov fiovr)? Karaiikrjlzas e^eoyaev dfia^el €K 5 t^9 %ft)yoa9. fcaK rovrov ottcaBe ava^copovvra<; 1 jroirjaaTO real e? rrjv MvalBa eve/3a\e, /cal rrjv T€ %&pav afy&v ifcdfccocre icai irpo? T€?%09 ri icaprepbv 7rpoae\daa<; to?9 fiev TrpoBpopiois eirraiae (fiovov? yap clvtovs oi M.vaol olrjdevres elvai eire^oBov iiroirjaavTo), TrpocrftorjOrjaa*; Be cr<f>icri, rravrX tw \onr(p arparevfxari icai ave/coyfrev avrovs xal 24 irpoaeBpevaas igeiXe. irpdaa-ovros Be avrov ravra oi Jfiaardpvat t??9 T6 <j>vyr}$ errea^ov icai rrpos ra> JZeBpw TTora/jLO) Karepueivav, Trepiopctyfievoi rd yevrj- (TOfieva. eireiBrj re vitcr)o-a<; tou9 Mvaovs zeal eir ifce'ivov? cbp/urjae, Trpeafieis eirefi^av drrayo- pevovres avTco fir) Bcdo/ceiv afyds, <£>9 ovBev tou9 2 T F(0fiaiov<; r)Bifcr)ic6re<s. icai avrov? 6 Kpdacros Karaayiav o>9 icai rff varepaia rrjv diroKpiaiv Bcoacov, rd re dWa i<f)tXo(j>povrja-aro /ecu tcare- fjieOvcrev cocre irdvra rd /3ov\evfiara avrcbv e/c- \xa6elv difkr]crrcd? re yap ifjb(f>opetrai irdv ro %kv6ucov <f)v\ov oivov, fcal virepKope? avrov rayy 3 yiyverai. K/jao*cro9 ev rovrcd rrj<; vv/crb? e'9 vXrjv rivd 7rpox(oprjcra<;, teal irpovKOTrov*; irpb avrr)<; icaraarrjcras, dveiravcre re ro arpdrevfia, 1 V omits from here to ire(ovs in chap. 26, 1, without indicating a lacuna. 68 BOOK LI with the Romans ; but when they crossed Haemus b.c. 29 and overran the part of Thrace belonging to the Dentheleti, which was under treaty with the Romans, then Crassus, partly to defend Sitas, king of the Dentheleti, who was blind, but chiefly out of fear for Macedonia, went out to meet them. By his mere approach he threw them into a panic and drove them from the country without a battle. Next he pursued them as they were retiring homeward, gained pos- session of the region called Segetica, and invading Moesia, ravaged the country and made an assault upon one of the strongholds. Then, although his advance line met with a repulse when the Moesians, thinking it an isolated force, made a sortie, nevertheless, when he reinforced it with his whole remaining army, he hurled the enemy back and besieged and destroyed the place. While he was accomplishing this, the Bastarnae checked their flight and halted near the Cedrus 1 river to observe what would take place. And when, after conquering the Moesians, Crassus set out against them also, they sent envoys bidding him not to pursue them, since they had done the Romans no harm. Crassus detained the envoys, on the plea that he would give them their answer the following day, treated them kindly in various ways, and made them drunk, so that he learned all their plans ; for the whole Scythian race is insatiable in the use of wine and quickly becomes sodden with it. Meanwhile Crassus moved forward into a forest during the night, stationed scouts in front of it, and halted his army 1 The spelling is uncertain ; the forms Cebrus, Cibrus, and Ciabrus are also found. Now the Tzibritza. . DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY teal fiera tovto tcov TSaarapvcov p,6vov$ re iteelvov? elvav vo/McrdvTcov teal eTuBpafjLovTCdv a(f)lo~iv, 69 Te tcl Xdaca dvaywpovaiv eirafeoXov- OrjadvTcov, iroXXovs fiev ivravOa 7roXXov$ Be teal 4 (pvyovras €<j>0€ip€v vird re yap tcov a/juagebv fcaroTTiv avrois ovacov iv€7roBlcr07}aav, fcal irpoa- Iti teal toi»9 7ralBa<; ra9 re yvvaitea<; crcoaai iOeXrjaavTes eiTTaiaav. teal tov ye ftaaiXea avTcbv keXBcova a\)TO<; 6 Kpacrcros direteTeive' teav tcl atevXa avTOV rq> Qeperpicp Ail c!>9 teal birlfia -dveOrjtcev, etirep avrotepdrcop o-TpaTrjyb? eyeyovei* 5 iteeivd re ovv ovtcos eTrpdyOt), teal ol Xonrol ol fiev €9 aXaos tl /cara(f>vy6vTe<; TrepLeTTprjaOrfcrav, ol Be €9 T€£^09 ti eaTrrfBrjo-avTes i^ypedrjerav. aXXot €9 top "laTpov ifxireaovTeSy aXXoi tcaTa tt)v X^P ap 6 o-tceBaaOevTes i<f)6dpr)aav. irepiXeL^OevTCOv 8' ovv teal a>? tlvcov, teal ycoplov layvpov teaTaXa/SovTcov, fjfiepas fiev Tivas fiaTrjv afyiaiv 6 Kpacrcro9 irpoa- rjhpevcrev, eireiTa 'PcoXov ol TeTcov tivcov 7 ftacriXetos eTriteovprjo'avTOs e^eiXev avTovs. teal 6 Te f Pa>\?/9 7Tyoo9 tov Kalaapa iXOcbv <f)lXo<; Te eVi tovtco teal crvfifiayos avTov ivofiicrOrj, teal ol aly^fiakcoToi tol<; GTpaTi<i>Tai<$ BieBoQrjcrav. $15 Hpdfjas Be TavTa 6 Kpdaaos eirl tovs Mvaovs eTpdireTO, teal tcl fiev irelOcov Tiva? tcl Be etc(j>of3cov tcl Be teal fiiaZopevos, irdvTa% fiev ttXtjv tidvv bXlycov, eTwrovcos Be Br) teal eiriteivBvvce*; teaTeo~Tpe~ 2 ijraTO, teal Tore fiev {yeifiwv yap r)v) €9 tt)v <f>iXlav dvexcoprjo'e, 7roXXa fiev biro tov i]rv%ov<; 70 BOOK LI there. Then, when the Bastarnae, in the belief that b.c. 29 the scouts were all alone, rushed to attack them and pursued them as they retreated into the thick of the forest, he destroyed many of them on the spot and many others in the rout which followed. For not only were they hindered by their waggons, which were in their rear, but their desire to save their wives- and children was also instrumental in their defeat. Crassus himself slew their king Deldo and would have dedicated his armour as spolia opima to Jupiter Feretrius had he been general in supreme command. Such was the nature of this engage- ment. As for the remainder of the Bastarnae, some perished by taking refuge in a grove, which was then set on fire on all sides, and others by rushing into a fort, in which they were annihilated ; still others were destroyed by leaping into the Ister, or as they were scattered here and there through the country. But some survived even so and seized a strong position, where Crassus besieged them in vain for several days. Then with the aid of Roles, king of a tribe of the Getae, he destroyed them. Now Roles, when he visited Caesar, was treated as his friend and ally because of this ser- vice ; and the captives were distributed among the soldiers. After accomplishing this task Crassus turned his attention to the Moesians ; and partly by persuasion in some cases, partly by terrifying them, partly also by applying force, he subdued all except a very few, though only after great hardships and dangers. And for the time being, since it was winter, he retired into friendly territory, after suffering greatly from DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TToXktp $€ €TL rfkeiCO V7TO TCOV ®pCLKCOV, &L COV <W9 cpiXcov eiravrjei, iraOcov* oQevirep yvcopx)v icrypf dp/ceadrjvac rol<; Kareipyaafievoi?. Kal yap Kal Over Lai Kal viK7)rr\pia ov^ on rco Kaiaapi dWa fcal eKeivco i\jr7](f)Ladr]' ov pevroi /cal to rov avroKpdropo? ovojia, <&9 ye rives fyaaiv, ekafiev, 3 a\V 6 Kalaap fiovos avro irpoaeOero. eirel Be oi l&aarapvai raw re crvfjifyopals d^06/x6voi 3 Kal fjir}K€T avrov emcrr par ever eiv o~<f>Lo~i irvBofievoL, irpos re rov<$ AevdeXtfras Kal irpos rov Xirav av6i<s &)9 Kal alricorarov avrol? rcov KaKcov yeyovora irpdirovro, ovrco Kal aKCov i^avearrj, Kal airovhf) yjtop^aas dvekmcrros re avrols eVe- 7recre, Kal Kparrjaas cnrovSa? ono'ias rjdeXr/aev 4 eBcoKev. &>9 S' a7ra£ tcov 6tt\cov av9i$ tfyfraro, eireOvjjLrjaev d/jLvvaaOai rov? ®paKa$ tou9 ev rfj dvaKopuBfj rfj eK rrjs Mf via? Xvirr^cravras avrov Kal yap Tore %copla re evreiyi^opLevoi Kal rroXe- jjL7)aeLovre$ f/yyeXkovro. Kal acj>cov MaiBov? puev Kal XepBovs pbdyais re KaraKparcov, Kal. ra$ %e^a9 rcov akLGKopAvcov dirorejuvcov, oxjk drrbveos fieVy eyeipcoaaro ovv rd 8' aWa 7r\r)v rfjs rcov 5 'OBpvacov yrjs KareSpa/xe. rovrcov ydp, on rco re Aiovvaco tt poa Keivrai Kal rbre dvev rcov oifkcov dTrr)VT7)crdv oi, ecpeLcraro' Kal avrol? Kal rrjv ^copav ev fj Kal rov 8eov dydXkovaiv i^apicraro, JSrjacrovs tou9 Kareypvra*; avrijv dc^eXojievo^. 26 Updacrovra Be avrov ravra o 'PcoXtj? Adirvyi Tercov rivcov Kal avrco fBacrikel iroXefxcodels fiere- 72 BOOK LI the cold and much more still at the hands of the b.o. 29 Thracians, through whose country he was returning in the belief that it was friendly. Hence he de- cided to be content with what he had already accomplished. For sacrifices and a triumph had been voted, not only to Caesar, but to him also ; nevertheless, he did not receive the title of imperator, as some report, but Caesar alone assumed it. The Bastarnae, now, angered at their disasters and learning that he would make no further campaigns against them, turned again upon the Dentheleti and Sitas, whom they regarded as having been the chief cause of their evils. Thus it came about that Crassus reluctantly took the field ; and falling upon them unexpectedly after advancing by forced marches, he conquered them and imposed such terms of peace as he pleased. And now that he had once taken up arms again, he conceived a desire to punish the Thracians who had harassed him during his return from Moesia ; for it was reported at this time that they were fortifying positions and were eager for war. He succeeded in subduing some of them, namely the Maedi and the Serdi, though not without difficulty, by conquering them in battle and cutting off the hands of the captives ; and he overran the rest of the country except the territory of the Odrysae. These he spared because they are attached to the service of Dionysus, and had come to meet him on this occasion without their arms ; and he also granted them the land in which they magnify the god, taking it away from the Bessi who were occupy- ing it. While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also king ot 73 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rrepbyfraro. /ecu 09 eiriKovpf]aa^ oi rr\v re lttttov TG)V ivaVTLCOV €9 TOVS TTe^OVS €(T7]pa^€, KoX CTVfJb- fyofiricras i/c tovtov /cat eiceLvov*; pdvwv jiev ovBe- fiiav er eTTOirjcraTO, <j)6vov Be orj (frevyovrcw 2 e/carepcov ttoXvv elpydaaro. fcal jxera tovto tov Aa7rvya 777309 (fipovpiov rv /cara(j>vy6vra airo- \a/3<i)V €TT0Xt6pK€L' KOLV TTj 1TpOO~eBpeLa eWrjVMTTl rt? avrov anrb rov reij(pv^ daTraadfxevo^ €9 re \6yov 9 oi rjXOe /cat irpohoaLav avveOero* aXicr/co- fievot ovv ovtg)<; oi 0dp/3apoi eV dXXtfkov? &p- firjaav, fccti 8 re Adirv^ diredave icai dXXoi iroXXot. top puevrot dBeXcf>bv avrov ^myprjaa^ 6 Kpaaaos oi% oil ri 1 kclkov eBpaaev, dXXa kcu d<j)f}Ke. 3 Hoirjo-as Be ravra eVi. to airrjXatov rrjv Keipiv KaXovfievrjv evrparevaaro* tovto yap fieyiarov re ajxa teal eyyptorarov ovtcos bv a>9 teal tol»9 Ttravas €9 airb fiera rrjv rjrrav rr)v vrrb rcov decov Br} a<f>io~L yevofievrjv o~vy/cara<f)vy€iv fivBe veer Oat, tcaTaXaftovre? oi eiriyjiipioi irXijOei 7roXXq> rd re dXXa ra rip.itorara fcal ra9 dyeXas e'9 airb 4 irdcras eaeKopiaavro, 6 ovv Kpdcro~o<; rd re o-TO/nia avrov irdvra gkoXicl kol Bvo~Btepevvr)ra ovra dvafyrrjera*; aTrcp/coBofirjo'e, Kate tovtov icdicei- vovs Xtpta> Karearpeyfraro. &>9 Be ravra avra> rrpoeyoyp^GeVy ovBe roav aXXcov Tercov, fcatirep 5 ptrjBev Tft) Adirvyt 7rpoo~r)/c6vrcov, direa'xero, dXX* eirl Tevov/cXa rb evep/cecrrarov rr)s Zvpdgov dp^r)? rel^o? rjXdev, 8ri rd o"r)p,eta, a tov ' Avtcovlov tov Ta'tov oi JSaardpvai 777)09 rfj rcov 'Icrpiaveov 2 iroXei dfyrjprjVTO, ivravOa rjKOvev ovra* ical airb 1 ti M, om. V. 2 'Iffrpiavoov Leuncl., IcTpdvuv VM. 74 BOOK LI a tribe of the Getae, sent for him, Crassus went to b.c. 29 his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek, obtained a conference with him, and arranged to betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him. After finishing this campaign Crassus led his troops against the cave called Ciris. For the natives in great numbers had occupied this cave, which is extremely large and so capable of defence that the tradition obtains that the Titans took refuge there after their defeat suffered at the hands of the gods ; and here they had brought together all their herds and their other most cherished belongings. Crassus first sought out all the entrances to the cave, which are tortuous and difficult to discover, walled them up, and in this way subdued the men by famine. After this success he did not leave in peace the rest of the Getae, either, even though they had no connexion with Dapyx, but lie marched upon Genucla, the most strongly defended fortress of the kingdom of Zyraxes, because he heard that the standards which the Bastarnae had taken from Gaius Antonius 1 near the city of the Istrians were there. His assault was made both by 1 Cf. xxxviii. 10. 75 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rre^rj re dfia Kal Sia rov "larpov (77-/009 yap r<p vSarc irrerroXiaro) TrpocrftaXoov ovk iv ttoXXg) fiev Xpova, gvv 7ToW& Se Srj ttovw, kclLtoi rov Zvpdgov 6 firj irapovros, elXev. eKelvo<z jap C09 rdytara tt)<z 6p/jLr}<; airov yadero t 777)09 re tov$ %Kvda<i irrl crvfifia^av fiera ra>v ^p^fidrcdv dirrjpe, Kal ovk €<j)6r) avaKO fii<70 eis, Tavra fiev iv Terais eirpa^e, ra>v Se Srj Mvcr&v Toy? fiev 6K rcov Kexeipaapbevtov iiravacrrdvra^ Si 27 erepcov dveKrrjcraro, iirl Se y ApraKiov 9 aXXov? re rivas ovO* dXovra<; irore ovr av irpoayoapYiGai 01 i0eXovra$ y Kal avrovs re fieyicrrov irrl rovrtp (frpovovvra? Kal ro?<; dXXois opy/jv re dfia Kal vecorepLafibv ifiirotovvra^, avro? r iirearpd- revere, Kal <T(f)a<; ra fiev ftia, Spderavra<; ovk bXiya, ra Se Kal </>o/3« rcov dXiaKO/jLevcov Hrpocr- rjydyero. 2 Tavra fiev iv y^pbvto iyevero, ypd(j>co Se rd re aXXa W9 ttov irapaSeSorai, Kal avra ra ovo/iara, to [lev yap irdXai Mvcroi re Kal Yerat rraaav rr)v fiera£v rov re Aifiov Kal rov "Yarpov ovcrav ivefiovro, rrpo'iovro^ Se rov yjpbvov Kal 69 aXXa 3 rives aircov ovofiara fierefiaXov, Kal fiera ravr €9 to rrf<; M.vo~la<; ovofxa rrdvd* 6a a 6 Xdovo? 69 rov "Icrrpov ififidXXcov, vrrep re rrj$ AeXfiaria^ Kal vrrep rrj? MaKeSovta? rr)$ re SpaKT)?, diro T779 Uavvovia? d(f>opL^ei, crvyKe^doprjKev. Kal ecrriv iv avroi? aXXa re eOvrj rroXXa Kal oi TpifiaXXoi irore TrpocrayopevOevres, 0% re AapSdvioc Kal vvv oiirco KaXovfxevov, 76 BOOK LI land and from the Ister (the city is built upon B .c. 29 the river), and in a short time, though with much toil, despite the absence of Zyraxes, he took the place. The king, it seems, as soon as he heard of the Romans' approach, had set off with money to the Scythians to seek an alliance, and had not returned in time. These were his achievements among the Getae. And when some of the Moesians who had been sub- dued rose in revolt, he won them back by the aid of lieutenants, while he himself made a campaign against the Artacii and a few other tribes who had never been captured and would not acknowledge his authority, priding themselves greatly upon this point and at the same time inspiring in the others both anger and a disposition to rebel. He brought them to terms, partly by force, after they had made no little trouble, and partly by fear for their countrymen who were being captured. All these operations took a long time ; but the facts I record, as well as the names, are in accord- ance with the tradition which lias been handed down. In ancient times, it is true, Moesians and Getae occu- pied all the land between Haemus and the Ister ; but as time went on some of them changed their names, and since then there have been included under the name of Moesia all the tribes living above Dalmatia, Macedonia, and Thrace, and separated from Pannonia by the Savus, a tributary of the Ister. Two of the many tribes found among them are those formerly called the Triballi, and the Dardani, who still retain their old name. 77 BOOK LII Ta8e evsariv 4v irevryiKOGTy dcvTepcf) ru>v Atccvos 'PoofiaiKtav a. 'fls Kaiffap e^ovXeiaaro tV fxovapx'ia-v a<peivai. j8. 'Hs abroKpanap KdhitaQcu ^p^aro. XpSvov irXrjdos to \oittol ttjs Kafoapos rb e' Kal 1 Se^rou *A7rouXtfou inrarelas. 2 Tavra fiev ev T€ rrj ftaaikeia Kal ev rfj hrjfio- Kparla rat? re SvvacTTelais, rrevre re Kal eiKOcri Kal kiwaKOdloi^ ereai, Kal eirpa^av oi 'Pay/naioi Kal eiradov* sk he tovtov /JLOvapxeiadai avOi? aKpcftw? rjpgavTO, Katroi rov Kaicrapos /3ov\ev- aafxevov rd re oifka KaradiaOat Kal ra irpd- yjiara rfj re yepovaiq Kal ra> hrffim eiriTpe^ai. 2 iiroLrjaaTO he rrjv hidyvwaiv fxerd re rov ' Ay plir- 7rov Kal fxera rov MaiKrjvov (tovtoi? yap irdwa tcl cnTOpprjTa dveKOLvov), Kal avr(p 6 i ' Kypiinra^ irporepos elire roidhe- 2 <f Mrj Oavfidar)?, & YLalaap, el pLeXkw ae diro- Tpeireiv diro Tr)$ pLOvapyias, Kaiirep iroXka, Kal dyadh diroXavaas av air avrr}<? crov ye avrrjv exovros. el fiev yap Kal aol io^eXifxo^ yevrjae- adai e/ieWe, Kal irdvv av avrr)v ecnrovhaaa' 2 eireihr) S* ovhev ofiotov tols re avrap^ovat Kal 1 Ka\ supplied by R. Steph. 2 airovXetov vitarelas M, om. V. 78 BOOK LII The following is contained in the Fifty second of Dio's Rome : — How Caesar planned to lay aside his sovereignty (chaps. 1-40). How he began to be called emperor (chap. 42). Duration of time, the remainder of the consulship of Caesar (V) and Sextus Apuleius. (B.C. 29.) Such were the achievements of the Romans and b.c. 29 such their sufferings under the kingship, under the republic, and under the dominion of a few, during a period of seven hundred and twenty-five years. After this they reverted to what was, strictly speaking, a monarchy, although Caesar planned to lay down his arms and to entrust the management of the state to the senate and the people. He made his decision, however, in consultation with Agrippa and Maecenas, to whom he was wont to communicate all his secret plans ; and Agrippa, taking the lead, spoke as follows : " Be not surprised, Caesar, if I shall try to turn your thoughts away from monarchy, even though I should derive many advantages from it, at least if it was you who held the position. For if it were to be profitable to you also, I should advocate it most earnestly ; but since the privileges of a monarchy 79 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY to£? <}>l\oi<; <r(j)(ov irape^eTaiy aU' oi puev teal dveir i(f) 96v 0)9 teal dteivBvvcos TrdvO' oaa iOeXovat teapirovvTai, T0Z9 Be teal (f>66voi teal telvBvvoi <TV/JLf3aiV0V(TlV, OV TO i/JLCLVTOV IBtOV, SxTTTep Ol/Be €V T0Z9 aWois, dWa to o~bv to t€ koivov 7rpoiBea0ac eBtteatcoaa. 3 " Xteeyfrco/xeda Be icaff fovyiav irdvTa tcl irpoGovTa avTrj, teal oirrj ttot av 6 \oyto~fib<s f)fia<; dydyy TpairoofxeOa' ov yap irov leal i% airavTos Tpoirov (prjaei T£9 Belv rj/jLa<z eXeaOai 4 avTrjv, tedv fir) \vo~iTe\ovcra fj. el Be firj, 86%o- fiev 1 rjTOL t^9 T€ evirpaylas rjTTrjaOai /col virb to)v teaTCopdcofxevcov eteTrefy povrjteevac, f) teal irakai avTr)<; e<f)iefievoi tov 2 re iraTepa teal ttjv 69 avTOV evaefieiav iater)cj)Oat teal tov Brjfiov ttjv t€ yepov- criav Trpo fie j3Xr)o- 6 at, o£% tva avTOvs tcov €7rL- /3ov\evo~dvTCov o-fylcriv diraXKa^oofiev, d\\ y iva 5 eavTol? BovXcoacofieda. eteaTepov Be vTratTiov. Tt9 fiev yap ovtc av 3 dyavatcTrjaeiev dWa fiev opcov r)fid<; eiprjteoTa?, dWa Be alo-6av6fievo<; Treippovr)- teoTa<;; 7ra><; 8' ov/e dv fxaXkov vvv fxio~r\Geiev r)fid<; fj el teaT dp%d$ evOvs ttjv t€ eircOvfiiav dire- yvfivcoaafiev teal €7rl ttjv fiovapxlav dvTitepvs 6 wpfirjaafiev; to fiev yap fiLatov ti ToXfidv trpoa- rjteeiv 7Tft>9 Tjj tcov dvdpcloTTcov d>vo~ei, tedv irXeove- KTitebv elvai Botefj y TreirlaTevTar 7ra9 ydp irpo- (frepcov ev tivl irXeov d£ioi tov teaTaBeeaTepov e^eiVj teal teaTOpOtoaas Te ti 69 tt)v T779 i/^f%?79 4 1 U^v R. Steph., U&fitv VM. 8 rhy M, rb V. 8 supplied by St. 4 tyvx*) 5 Rk-> tvxvs VM. 80 BOOK LII are by no means the same for the rulers as for their b.c. 29 friends, but, on the contrary, jealousies and dangers fall to the lot of the rulers while their friends reap, without incurring either jealousies or dangers, all the benefits they can wish for, I have thought it right, in this question as in all others, to have regard, not for my own interests, but for yours and the state's. "Let us consider, now, at our leisure all the characteristics of this system of government and then shape our course in whichever direction our reasoning may lead us. For surely no one will assert that we are obliged to choose monarchy in any and all circumstances, even if it be not profitable. If we choose it, people will think that we have fallen victims to our own good fortune and have been bereft of our senses by our successes, or else that we have been aiming at sovereignty all the while, making of our appeals to your father and of our devotion to his memory a mere pretext and using the people and the senate as a cloak, with the purpose, not of freeing these latter from those who plotted against them, but of making them slaves to ourselves. And either explanation involves censure for us. For who could help being indignant when he finds that we have said one thing and then discovers that we have meant another ? Would he not hate us much more now than if we had at the outset laid bare our desires and set out directly for the monarchy ? To be sure, men have come to believe that it somehow is an attribute of human nature, however selfish that may seem, to resort to deeds of violence ; for every one who excels in any respect thinks it right that he should have more than his inferior, and if he meets with any success, he ascribes his success to the force 81 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ia'xpv dva<j>ep€Tai, Kal Sia/jLaprdov twos tt) tov 7 Saifiovlov (f>opa TrpoarlOeTat. 6 8e e£ iiri/BovXris teal KaKovpyias toiovto ti ttoicov irpcoTOV fiev BoXepbs teal gkoXlos Kal fcafcotfOrjs tcai fea/c6- rpoTTos eivai vopl^eraty airep ev oZS' otl irepl aov ovSeva av vTrofxelveias elireiv r) <j>povr)o-ai, ovB y el irao-ris i/c tovtov Trjs oiKovpLevrjs apgeias* eirecTa Se Kal KaTopQcoaas aSiKov ttjv irXeove^lav 7T€7rotrjadac Kal a(f>aXels StKavav ttjv KaKoirpayiav 3 eiXr)<f>evai hoKel* tovtov Se Si) oCtw? e^pvTos, ovSev av $)ttov iiriKaXeaeie tis rjfuv Kal el firjSev tolovtov dirb irpcoTrjs ivOvpLrjOivres eireiTa vvv €7ri6vpLT]aac/ji€V avrov. to yap toi tcov t€ irapbv- tcov viKao~Qai Kal pLrjTe eavTobs KaTeyeiv toi<$ t€ irapd t?i<; Tvxn$ Sodelai firj KaXcbs ^prjadac ttoXv 2 yjzlpbv 6gti tov €K KaKoir payias dStKetv Tiva* oi pev yap vtt avTciov tcov avpL^opcov iroXXaKis avayKa^ovTai irpbs ttjv tov avpL^epovTOS afaat, X?^ av Ka ^ aK0VT€<; TrXrjfifteXelvy oi S' iOeXovTal aKp&TOpe? eavTcov Kal irapa to XvavreXovv yi- yvovTai* tov$ he Srj pu}& cltcXott^tcl Tiva iv ttj "*k v XV %X 0VTa<; M T€ Ta hoOevTa afyiaiv dyadd pL€Tpidcrai 8vvap,evov$ 7rw? av tl? TrpocrhoKrjGeiev r)Toi tcov dXXcov ko\co<; rjye/xovevaew r) Tats 3 avjjicfropais opdeos XP^ a€a ^ aL > ®? p^l^eTepov avTtov ireirovdoTes, /-t^S' dXoycos ti irpd^ai eiri- 0v/jlovvt€<;, dXX* 6 ti ttot dv 0ovXevaajjL€voi<; tj/jllv dpicTTov <f>avf) tov0' alprjao/jLevoi, ttjv Sidyvooatv 82 BOOK LII of his own intelligence, whereas if he fails, he lays b.c. 29 the blame for his failure upon the influence of the divine will. But, on the other hand, the man who, in following such a course, resorts to plotting and villainy, is, in the first place, held to be crafty and crooked, malicious, and depraved, — an opinion which I know you would not allow anyone to express or to entertain about you, even if you might rule the whole world by such practices ; and, in the second place, if he succeeds, men think that the advantage he has gained is unjust, or if he fails, that his dis- comfiture is merited. This being the case, men would reproach us quite as much if we should now, after the event, begin to covet that advantage, even though we harboured no such intention at the outset. For surely it is much worse for men to let circum- stances get the better of them and not only to fail to hold themselves in check but to abuse the gifts of Fortune, than to wrong others in consequence of failure. For men who have failed are often compelled by their very misfortunes to commit wrongs even against their will in order to meet the demands of their own interests, whereas the others voluntarily abandon their self-control even when it is unprofitable to do so. And when men have no straightforwardness in their souls, and are incapable of moderation in dealing with the blessings bestowed upon them, how could one expect them either to rule well over others or to conduct themselves properly in adversity ? In the conviction, therefore, that we are guilty of neither of these shortcomings, and that we have no desire to act irrationally, but that we shall choose whatever course shall appear to us after deliberation to be best, let us proceed to make our decision 83 DICS ROMAN HISTORY avrov 7roL7)<Tcb/jL€0a. Xe^co Be /lera irapp^aia^ ovtc yap avrbs aXXco<; av tl elireiv BvvaLftrjv, ovie aol avvoiBa ra yfrevBr} fxera tcoXatceia? r)Beco<; dtCOVOVTL. 4 " f H fiev toLvvv laovo/xia to re Trpoaprjfia evco- vvfAov teal to epyov BitcaioTaTOv eyei. ttjv t€ yap (pvaiv ttjv avTijv Tivas eikr\yoTa^ teal 6fio- (f)v\ov<; dXXtfXoLS 6Wa?, ev tc tols avTOis rjdecri T€0pafifievov<; teal iv tois o/jlolols v6(jlol<; ireirai- 2 BevfievovSy teal tcoivrjv zeal ttjv tcov trcofiaTCOv teal ttjv tcov yjrv^cov %pr)aiv ttj iraTpLBi irapkypvTas, ttcos fiev ov BiteaLov teal TaXXa irdvTa KoivovtrdaL, 7rc5? S' oite apiaTov iv firjBevl 7rXrjv air dp€Tr}<$ 3 7rpoTifiacr0ai; rj te ydp iaoyovia icrofioipLa^ opi- yvcLTaiy teal Tvyovaa fiev avTrjs yaipsi, Biafiap- Tovaa Be d^OeTai' teal to dvOpcoireiov irdv, are etc T€ decov yeyovhs teal e? 0eov<$ a<f>rj%ov, dvco ftXeTrei, teal ovtc iOeXei vtto tov avTOv Sid TravTos 4 dp^ecrdaiy ovO* virofievei tcov fiev irovcov teal tcov tCLvBvVCOV TCOV T€ BaiTaVT] JMLTCOV fieTeyOVy T% Be tcoivcovia? tcov tcpeiTTovcov cTTepojjLevov, dXXd tcdv dvayteacrdfj tl tolovtov virocrT'rjvac, fiLcrel to /8e- fiiaafievov, tcdv tcaipov XdftrjTai, TificopeiTai to 5 fiefxicnjfievov. dpyeiv Te yap irdvTes d^covai, teal Bid tovto teal apyecrdai ev tco fiepeL virofievovai* teal TrXeovetCTelaOat ovk iOeXovcri, teal Bid tovto oiS* avTol nXeovetCTeiv dvaytcd^ovTai. Tais tc TifAai<$ t<x£? irapd tcov ofiOTLficov xalpovtri, teal 6 Ta? Ti/Jicopias Ta$ etc tcov voficov iiraLVOvai. tcdv ovtco TroXiTevcovTaiy tcoLvd 1 fiev Ta dyaOd tcoivd s 4 KOivh. Rk., KOi KOIPCL VM. BOOK LII accordingly. I shall speak quite frankly, for I could b.c. 29 not, for my part, speak otherwise, and I know you too well to think that you like to listen to falsehood mingled with flattery. " Equality before the law has an auspicious name and is most just in its workings. For in the case of men who are endowed with the same nature, are of the same race with one another, have been brought up under the same institutions, have been trained in laws that are alike, and yield in an equal degree the service of their bodies and of their minds to their country, is it not just that they should have an equal share in all other things also, and is it not best that they should secure no distinctions except as the result of excellence ? For equality of birth demands equality of privilege, and if it attains this object, it is glad, but if it fails, it is displeased. And the human race everywhere, sprung as it is from the gods and destined to return to the gods, gazes upward and is not content to be ruled forever by the same person, nor will it endure to share in the toils, the dangers, and the expenditures and yet be deprived of partner- ship in the better things. Or, if it is forced to sub- mit to anything of the sort, it hates the power which has applied coercion, and if it obtains an opportunity, takes vengeance upon what it hates. All men, of course, claim the right to rule, and for this reason submit to being ruled in turn ; they are unwilling to have others overreach them, and therefore are not obliged, on their part, to overreach others. They are pleased with the honours bestowed upon them by their equals, and approve of the penalties inflicted upon them by the laws. Now if they live under this kind of polity and regard the blessings and also the 85 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Be Kal ra evavTia vofii^ovTes elvai, oiire n kcucov ovBevl rcov ttoXctcov yiyveadac ftovkovrcu, Kal TravTCt ra /cpeLTTQ) iracriv avTois avvevyovrai. 7 Kal av re T£? avTO? dpeTrjv Tiva e)(rj f Kal irpo- <f>alvei avrrjv irpox^po)^ Kal aa/cel wrpo9v/jLCD<; Kal eTrtBeiKWO'iv aa/jb€V€crrara t av t€ kclL ev erepw iBrj, Kal irpodyei €tol/jlq)s Kal avvav^et o-irovBaico? 8 /cat TLfia Xa/JLTrpoTCiTa. Kal puevroi kclv KaKvvrjTaL Ti?, 7ra? avTov fiicrel, kclv Bvo-Tvxfj, thx? ekeel, Koivrfv tt)$ iroXeox; Kal tt)V tyjfiiav Kal ttjv ala")(vvrjv T7]v air' avrwv elvai vofit^cov. 5 " Avrr) fjuev r) tcov Brj/ncov KaTaaTao-i*;, ev Be Br) Tat9 TVpavviai itavra rdvavTia crvfi^atvei, Kal ra fiev 7ro\\d tl Bel firjKvvetv Xeyovra; to Be Br) Ke(j)d\aLov t xprjenov fiev ovBel? ovBev ovr elBevai ovr e\etv BoKeiv fiovXerai (iroXefitov yap avrcp irav iirl tovtw to KpaTOvv co? 7r\r)ffei yiyveTai), 2 tov Be eKeivov ti$ Tpoirov Kavova tov /3lov Trotrjo-d/iievos, o ti ttot av ekirLGrj Bt avTov 7r\eoveKTrjaa<; aKivBvvcos KepBavelv, peTepyeTai. Kal Bid TOV0* ol ir\eiov<; acfrcov to t€ KaO* eaurou? 1 fiovov o-TrevBovai Kal iravTa^ tov? aWou? /z£- o-ovo-i, Ta? T€ evTTpayia? avTcoy oiKeLas fa/ilas Kal ra? o-v/j,<popd$ HBta KepBrj Troiovpuevoi* 3 " Toiovtcov Be Br} tovtwv ovtwv ov% 6pa> tv ttot' av elKOTco? eirdpeie o~e fJbovapx r )°' at eTndv/Jbrjo-ai, 7rpo? yap tcd toi$ Brjfiois ^aXenrbv elvai to iroXl- Tev/na, 7ro\v Bvc^epecTTepov avT(p o~oi yevoiTO dv. 1 At this point a quaternion (containing the chapters down to 20, 4) is missing from M. L', the copy of M, here becomes of importance, since the scribe filled the lacuna in M from L, which was then complete. See vol. i. p. xxv. 86 BOOK LII opposite as belonging to all alike, they not only wish b.c. 29 no harm to befall any one of the citizens, but devoutly hope that nothing but prosperity will fall to the lot of each and all. And if one of them possesses any excellence himself, he readily makes it known, practises it enthusiastically, and exhibits it most joyfully ; or if he sees it in another, he readily brings it to the light, eagerly takes part in increasing it, and bestows the most splendid honours upon it. On the other hand, if any one shows himself base, every- body hates him, and if any one meets with misfortune, everybody pities him ; for each person regards the loss and the disgrace that arise therefrom as shared in by the whole state. "This is the character of democracies. Under tyrannies exactly the opposite conditions are found. But why go into all the details at length? The chief thing is that no one is willing to be thought to have any superior knowledge or possession, because the dominant power generally becomes wholly hostile to him on account of such superiority ; on the con- trary, every one makes the tyrant's character his own standard of life and pursues whatever objects he may hope to gain through him by overreaching others without personal risk. Consequently, the majority of the people are devoted only to their own interests and hate all their neighbours, regarding the others* successes as their own losses and the others' misfortunes as their own gains. " Such being the state of the case, I do not see what motive could reasonably induce you to desire to become sole ruler. For that system, besides being difficult to apply to democracies, would be vastly more difficult still for you yourself to put into effect. «7 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY fj ov% opq<$ 07ra)9 rf T€ ttoXis Kal ra Trpdyfxara 4 avTrjs ere Kal vvv rapdrreraL; teal xaXeTrbv fiev iari to tov o/JLiXov rj/nobv, too-ovtois ereaiv iv iXevOepla fiefiicoKOTa, KaraXvcrat, ^a\e7rbv Be teal TO TOU9 (TV/JL/JLaXOVS TOV<$ T€ V7T7] KOOV? > TOL>9 fJL6V airo iraXaiov Br)/no/cparov/ji€Vov<; tou9 S* ixfi r/ficov avrcov r/XevBepcofievovs, 69 BovXeiav av6i$ xara- o~Tr)o~ai, toctovtcov nrepit; 7roXejuicov r)fuv irpoa- K€t/il€VCOV. 6 " Kal iva ye drrb TrpdoTOV tov fipayyTaTQV ap^co/nac, xprjfiard goi iroXXa Kal iravjayoOev dvayKoiov ecrrat iropi^eiv dBvvarov yap ra<; vvv ovcra? 7rpoa6Bov<; 7rpo9 re TaXXa Kal irpbs rfjv to)v cTTpartcoTcov rpocf)r)p e^apKeaai. tovto Be eari /nev /cal iv Tat9 Brj/jLOKparLais* oi yap olov re 2 iroXiTeiav Tiva avev Barrdprj^ avo'T'fjvai. aXX' iv jxev eKelvais pudXiara jnev eKovres iroXXol TroXXa iiriBiBoaavv, iv fyiXoTifJbias /nepei to irpay/ia iroiovfievoL Kal Ttfias dvr avTCov d%ia<$ dvri- XajifBdvovTW av Be ttov koX dvayKalai irapa rravrcov iacfiopal yevoyvrai, eavrovs re 1 TrelOovres 3 Kal virep eavrcov crvvreXovvTes dve%ovTai. iv Be Br} Tat9 Bwaareiais to tc ap^ov Trdvres fiovov o!>9 Kal virepirXovTovv dfyoven BarravaaOai, ras fxev TTpocroBovs avTov eroLficDS i^epevvcofievoL, tcl S' dvaXcofiara ovkW* opboicds iKXoyt,%6fjLevor Kal ovt IBLa r)Beco<i r) Kal eKovres iTriBtBoacrt ti, ovre t«9 1 Tf R. Steph., ye VL'. 88 BOOK LII Or do you not see how the city and its affairs are b.c. 29 even now in a state of turmoil ? It is difficult, also, to overthrow our populace, which has lived for so many years in freedom, and difficult, when so many enemies beset us round about, to reduce again to slavery the allies and subject nations, some of which have had a democratic government from of old, while others of them have been set free by us our- selves. <( To begin first with the least important consider- ation, it will be necessary that you procure a large supply of money from all sides ; for it is impossible that our present revenues should suffice for the support of the troops, not to speak of the other expenses. Now this need of funds, to be sure, exists in democracies also, since it is not possible for any government to continue without expense. But in democracies many citizens make large con- tributions, preferably of their own free will, in addition to what is required of them, making it a matter of patriotic emulation and securing appro- priate honours in return for their liberality; or, if perchance compulsory levies are also made upon the whole body of citizens, they submit to it both because it is done with their own consent and because the contributions they make are in their own interests. In monarchical governments, on the other hand, the citizens all think that the ruling power alone, to which they credit boundless wealth, should bear the expense ; for they are very ready to search out the ruler's sources of income, but do not reckon his expenses so carefully ; and so they make no con- tributions from their private means gladly or of their own free will, nor are the public levies they make 8 9 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 fcoiva? avvreXelas avOaiperovs iroiovvrai, i/celvo pev yap ovr av ideXtfaeie t*9 (pvBe yap ovS* opoXoyrjaecev av j)aBL(o<; rrXovrelv) oiire avpcfrepei tw tcparovvri yiyveaQai* avrl/ca yap av Bogav irapa rofc iroXXoU o>9 /cal fyiXoiroXi? e^cov 6y/c(a0elrj /cal vecorepiaeie, to 8' erepov irdvv toi'9 iroXXovs fiapvvec, /cal pokieS* on rrjv pev typlav avrol viropevovci, to Be Brj /cepBos erepoi 5 Xapftdvovaiv. iv pev yap rats Brjpo/c parlay /cal arparevovrac a>9 irXrjffei ol ra %pr)para avvea- </>e/0O^T€9, Gt)0~T€ TpOTTOV TLVCL avffl? aVTCL CLITO- \ap/3dvovo-LV iv Be rats povapyiais aXXoi pev a>9 to iroXif real yecopyovac koi orfptovpyovai /cal vavrlXXovrai /cal iroXirevovraiy irap Sivirep teal al Xrjyjrei? pdXiara ylyvovrai, dXXoc Be ra oirXa e'xpvai teal rbv piaObv <f>€povo~iv. 7 " tV Ei^ pev Br) rovro rotovrov ov it pay para gov irapeget,, erepov Be i/ceivo. irdvrcos pev riva Bel Bl/crjv rbv aei /ca/covpyovvra BiBovat* oiire yap i/c vovdeaias oiire i/c irapaBetypdrcov ol iroXXol craxppovL^ovraii dXXa dvdy/cr) irdaa avrov<> /cal dripiq /cal <j)vyfj /cal davdrw ^rjpiovo-0ac, ota ev re apyri rrjXi/cavrr} /cal iv irXr)0et dv0pd>ircov roGovrWy 1 aXXcos re /cal iv perafHoXf) iroXireias, 2 <f)iXei o~vpftalvetv. rovrois 2 B' av pev erepovs Bifca&ras /caOltys, diroXvoivro re av BiaairevBo- pevoi, /cal pdXiara oaovs av iyOpaiveiv vopiaOy^* real yap irpoairolrjalv riva i%ovala<$ ol Bi/cd^ovres Xapfidvovaiv, orav ri irapa to Bo/covv rq> 3 /cparovvri 7roiijo-coar icav dpa rives dXla/ccovrai, 3 1 TOCOVTCi) St., TO(TOVT(»V VI/. 2 TOVTOIS Xyl., To6tOVS VI/. 8 aXia-Kiovrat R. Steph. , a\i<TKovrai VI/. 90 BOOK LII voted of their own free choice. As for the voluntary b.c. 29 contributions, no citizen would feel free to make one, any more than he would readily admit that he was rich, and it is not to the advantage of the ruler that he should, for immediately he would acquire a re- putation for patriotism among the masses, become conceited, and incite a rebellion. On the other hand, a general levy weighs heavily upon the masses, the more so because they suffer the loss while the others reap the gain. Now in democracies those who contribute the money as a general rule also serve in the army, so that in a way they get their money back again ; but in monarchies one set of people usually engages in agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, and politics, — and these are the classes from which the state's receipts are chiefly derived, — and a different set is under arms and draws pay. "This single circumstance, then, which is as I have described it, will cause you trouble. But here is another. It is by all means essential that whoever from time to time commits a crime should pay some penalty. For the majority of men are not brought to reason by admonition or by example, but it is absolutely necessary to punish them by disfranchise- ment, by exile, or by death ; and such punishments are often administered in an empire as large as this is and in a population as great as ours, especially during a change of government. Now if you appointed other men to judge these wrongdoers, they would vie with each other in acquitting the accused, and particularly all whom you might be thought to hate ; for judges, you know, gain an appearance of authority when they act in any way contrary to the wish of the ruler. And if an VOL. VI. 9i D DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Bid ce Bo^ovcriv eic KaTacrKevdcrpLaTOS fcareyfrr]- cpladai. av avrbs Bi/cd^ys, iroXXovs dvay- Kacrdijcrrj xal rcov o/jlotljjlwv fcoXd^eiv {rovro Be ovk evrvxes), zeal irdvrco^ Tivas avrcov opyfj 4 jjlclXKov rj Bi/camcrec Sofet9 1 evOvvetv rov<; yap j3id%e<r8ai Bvvafievovs ovBeU Bitcd&vras Biicaio- Trpayecv Tricrrevei, aXX' ocovrat irdvre*; avrovs cr^fjfjia feat cr Kiay patyiav 7roXireia<; alcryvvr} irpb ttJ? dXrj0eia<; irpoTreravvvvTa^, ovofxan evvopLay 2 BiKacrrrjpiov rrjv eavro)V eirtOvfilav diroirifji- irXdvai, ev fiev ovv rafc p,ovapyiai$ ravO* ovrco 5 yiy verar iv Be Brj xa?9 Br} p,otc parlay, dv t* IBlq, Ti? dBiKelv alrlav Xdfirj, IBLav Bitcrjv irapa ,Biica- arals icois cftevyet,, av re Brj/xoala, teal e/ceiv<p StKaarrai /ca0L^ovaLv 3 i/c tcjv 6jjloio)v OU9 av 4 6 fcXfjpos diroBeL^rj, ware paov rd dirofSaivovra air avrwv tou9 dv0pcl)7rov^ (pepetv, firfr Icyyi Baca- (ttov firjre ydpiri dvayKaarrfj 5 vop.L^ovrd<; rc ireirovdevat. 8 " "Eri TolvVV 7ToXXol X W P l< * T ™ V TL dBl/COVVTCiOV, ol fxev yevei, ol Be irXovrto, ol Be erepw riv\ eirai- pofievot, dXXws fxev ov tcaKoi dvBpes, rjj Be Br) irpoatpeaei rfj 7-779 piovap^la^ ivavrloi (pvovrar /cat avrovs ovr av^eaOai ris icov dcrcfraXws Bvva- rai %r)v f ovt av icoXoveiv eiriyeip&v BiK,aiu><$ 1 5<f£ets L', £>o£i7s V. 2 ewnucp Naber, tvvofxov VL'. 3 KaQtCovcriv Rk., KaBtfcatv VL'. 4 ovs hv Xyl., oZ<tq.v VL'. & avayKaar^ I/, ava/yKacrBq V. 92 BOOK LII occasional criminal is *in fact convicted, it will be b.c. 29 thought that he has been condemned deliberately, in order to please you. But if, on the other hand, you sit in judgment yourself, you will be obliged to punish many also of your peers — an unfortunate situation — and you will certainly be thought to be calling some of them to account through resentment rather than through a sense of justice. For no one believes that those who have the power to use com- pulsion are acting honestly when they give judgment, but all men think they are led by a sense of shame to spread out before the truth a mere semblance and illusive picture of a constitutional government, and under the legal name of a court of justice are but satisfying their own desires. This, then, is what happens in monarchies. In democracies, on the other hand, when any one is accused of committing a private wrong, he is made defendant in a private suit before a jury of his equals ; or, if he is accused of a public crime, in his case also a jury of his peers, men whom the lot shall designate, sits in judgment. It is therefore easier for men to bear the decisions which proceed from such juries, since they think that any penalty dealt out to them has been inflicted neither by a judge's power nor as a favour which a judge has been forced to grant. "Then again, apart from those who are guilty of wrongdoing, there are many men who pride them- selves, some on their birth, others on their wealth, and still others on something else, who, though in general not bad men, are yet by nature opposed to the principle of monarchy. If a ruler allows these men to become strong, he cannot live in safety, and if, on the other hand, he undertakes to impose a 93 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 2 TOVTO TTOielv. tL hot ovv *tovtoi<; XPV^Vi 7r< ^? avrov<; /A€Tax€ipL<TT] ; av iiev ydp rd re yevrj <r<f)(ov teaOeXys teal tou9 ttXovtovs eXaTTcoarjs rd re ^povrffxara Taireivwarj^ , oiSe/Jiiav av evvoiav irapd tcov dp^ofievcov Xa/3ot9* 7rei>9 ydp, el /jl^t€ yev- vr]6rjvai tw teaXm fiTjre TrXovTT]aai htteatcos, fiyr lor^vpa) firjT dvhpeiw firjTe crvvercp yeveaOai i^etrj; 3 av he id(rr}<; Tav(f a>9 eKacrra avgeiv, ovte av pcthlca avra hiddoto. /cat yap el avTo<; }i6vo<; irp6<; T6 to 1 ra ttoXltikcl teal irpb<; to rd iroXe- fiLfcd teaXcbs koX Kara teatpbv irpdrreLV e^ripteeis, teal firjhevb*; arvvepyov TTpbs fjiTjhev avTcov e^p^fe?, 4 eVepo? av rjv Xoyov vvv he iracrd ae dvdyterj crvvaycdviaras iroXkov*;, are ToaavTrjs olteov fjuevq? dp^ovra, 2 e^eiv, Kal irpo<yr)it£i irov Trdvras avTohs Kal dvhpeiovs teal <j>povifiov<; elvai. ovtcovv av fxev TotovTois rial rd re (TTpaTevfiara teal Ta? dpxas iy^etpL^r)^, tetvSvvos ecrrai teal <rol teal ttj 5 TroXtrela tearaXvdfjvar ov yap eo~Tiv ovt dvev <f)poi>tfpaTO<; dgioXoyov avhpa <f>vvai, ovt av <fipov7]fia fieya Xaftelv e/c hovXoTrpeirovs eiri- Tr}hevo-e(o<;> ov JjLtjv ovhe cf) povi}fiaTiav y€v6fX€VOV fit] oite eXevdepias i7U0vfirjo~aL teal irav to he- 6 ariro^ov fitarrjcFai. av he hrj tovtois fiev firjBev eTUTpeirys, toIs he hrj fyavXois Kal to?9 Tvypvai Ta wpdyfiaTa TTpoaTaaarj^^ TayiGTa fiev av opyrjv irap iteetveov a>9 dTrtarTOVfievcov XdjSois, TayiGTa 7 S* av iv Tot9 /Jieyio-TOLS 7TTaL0~eia<;, tl fiev ydp av dyaObv d/jLaOrjs rj dyevvrjs 3 dvOpcoTro? epydaaiTo; Tt9 ovte av teaTa<\> povrjcreiev avTOv to>v TroXeficcov; 1 rb supplied by Bs. 2 Hpxovra Leuncl., HpxovTas VIZ. 3 aytvv)]s V, ayevfys L'. 94 BOOK LII check on them, he cannot do so justly. What, then, b.c. 29 will you do with them? How will you deal with them ? If you root out their families, diminish their wealth, and humble their pride, you will not have the good-will of your subjects. How could you have it, if no one is permitted to be born to noble rank, or to grow rich honestly, or to become strong or brave or intelligent ? Yet if you allow these various classes to grow strong, you will not be able to deal with them easily. True, if you alone were equal to carrying on the business of the state and the business of warfare successfully and in a manner to meet the demands of each situation, and needed no assistant for any of these matters, it would be a different matter. As the case stands, however, since you would be governing this vast world, it would be quite essential for you to have many helpers ; and of course they ought all to be both brave and high-spirited. Now if you hand over the legions and the offices to men of such parts, there will be danger that both you and your government will be overthrown. For it is not possible either for a man of any real worth to be naturally lacking in spirit, or on the other hand for a man sprung from a servile sphere of life to acquire a proud spirit ; nor, again, if he proves himself a man of spirit, can he fail to desire liberty and to hate all mastery. If, on the other hand, you entrust nothing to these men, but put affairs in charge of common men of indifferent origin, you will very soon incur the resentment of the first class, who will think themselves distrusted, and you will very soon fail in the greatest enterprises. For what good thing could an ignorant or low-born person accomplish? Who of our enemies would not hold him in con- 95 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY T19 av TTeidap-^rjaeUv 1 ol tcov cvfifid^v; T6? 8* ovk av Kal avTcov tcov o-rparicoTcbp dTra^iooaeiev V7T0 TOLOVTOV TLVOS dp^eaOat; KOI firjV OCTCt ifC tovtov Kcuca ylyveaOat 7re<£i>/ce, ra fxev d\Xa 8 ovBev Beofial aoi tra^w? elBoTi Biriyeio-Oai, i/celvo Be Br) fxovov dvayKalo)? ipw, otl av fiev firjBev Beov 6 ToiovTO? irpaTTri, ttoXv TrXelco av ae twv 7roXe- fiLwv fiXd^eiev, av Be ti tcov 7rpoar}KovTcov iroif), Kal avrbs av ctol <po/3epb$ i/c(ppovrjaa$ vir airai- Bevalas yevoiTO. 9 " Ov fievTOL Kal reus BrjfAOKpaTiaLS toiovto ti irpocFecrTiVy aU' ocrco av irXeLovs Kal ttXovtooo-l Kal dvBpl^covTai, toctco fjudXXov avToL re <\>lXoti- fjiovvrai Kal rrjv ttoXlv av^ovai^ Kal a<f>icri Kal eKetvrj Kexpryrai Kal yalpei> TrXrjv av tls rvpav- vlBos eTnOvfirjarj* tovtov yap la%vpcb$ KoXd^ovai. 2 Kal otl TavS* ovtcos e^et Kal ttoXXco KpeiTTOVs ai Brj/iOKpaTLai tcov pbovapyioov elcri, BrjXol fiev Kal to ^EXXtjvckov T€0)9 p>ev yap ovtcos iiroXtTevovTO, ovBev fieya KaTeirpa^av, iweiBrj Be eKelvoos 2 £fjv 3 rjp£avTo> bvofiaaTOTaTOt eyevovTO* BrjXol Be Kal Ta tcov aXXcov dvdpcoircov, cov ol jxev ev Tvpavvlai Kal vvv €TL BiayofAevoi del T€ BovXevovcri Kal del tols apxpvcnv einftovXevovo-iv, oi Be Br) irpo- o~TaTelai<$ eireTrjaloL^ rj Kal eirl irXelco Tivd xpovov y^poofievoi Kal eXevOepoi Kal avTovo/iot BiaTeXovaiv 4 6We<?. dXXa tl Bel r){ia<; dXXoTploi^ irapaBel- yp,aaiv oiKela eypvTas yjp^aOai; r)puei\ yap avTol ol 'Fay/jLaloL aXXco? to irpcoTOV iroXiTevofievoi, 1 ttaQapx"i]<Tii^v {TtiBapx'hctiUv) L', Tri6dpxv a ' €lf V. 2 6/C€iVa)S L', 4k€7vOS V. 96 BOOK LII tempt? Who of our allies would obey him ? Who b.c. 29 even of the soldiers themselves would not disdain to be ruled by such a man? And yet I need not explain to you all the evils that naturally result from such a condition, for you know them thor- oughly ; but this one thing I shall say, as 1 am con- strained to do — that if a minister of this kind failed in every duty, he would injure you far more than the enemy, while if he met with any success in the conduct of his office, his lack of education would cause him to lose his head and he as well would prove formidable to you, " Such a situation, however, does not arise in demo- cracies, but the more men there are who are wealthy and brave, so much the more do they vie with each other and upbuild the state, and the state, on its part, rejoices in them, unless one of them conceives a desire for tyrannical power; for the citizens severely punish such an one. That this is so, now, and that democracies are far superior to monarchies, is shown by the experience of Greece. For as long as the people had the monarchical form of government, they accomplished nothing of importance ; but when they began to live under the democratic system they became most renowned. It is shown also by the experience of the other races of mankind. For those which still live under tyrannies are always in slavery and are always plotting against their rulers, whereas those which have governors chosen for a year or a longer period continue to be both free and in- dependent. But why should we resort to examples furnished by other peoples when we have examples here at home ? We Romans ourselves at first had a different form of government, then later, after we 97 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY €TT€CTCL €7T€^ TToXXa Kal SeiVCb iirda^XPfXeV, T6 iXevdepta? eiredvfxrjaaiiev Kal Xa06vT€<; avTtjv 5 7T/509 TOGOVTOV OyKOV TT pOT)X6 fl€V , OVK ClXXoi? tigiv fj to £9 €K rfjs hrjpuoK paria? dyaOols lo"xy- aavTes, e£ wv r) T6 1 yepovaia TrpoefiovXeve Kal 6 Brj/AOS €1T€/CVpOV TO T€ Q~T pCLT€VQ[JL€VQV 7TpO€0V fl€LTO Kal to CTpaTrjyovv i^CXoTLfxelTO. a>v ovSev av ev TvpavvLZi irpaxQelr). 2 dfieXet togovtov avTr}? Sea TdVTa fiLcros oi irdXat, ^Vcdfialoi ecrypv &GT6 kcu eirdpaTov to iroXiTevfia iroirjaaaOai, 10 " Xcopis Be tovtcjv, el Set tl kcu irepl tcjv IBia goI clvtQ> GVfi(ji€p6vTO)v elireiv, 7ra>9 jxev av v7rofieiv€Las ToaavTa koX fieO* rjfiepav Kal vvKTcop SioiKcov, 7TW9 S' av fir) vyiaivwv e^apK€G€ta<;; tivos 8' av twv dyadebv tcjv avOpwjrivwv diro- \avo~eias, 7r&>9 8' av GTepofievos aifTwv evhaifio- vrjo-eias; tIvi 8' av atepift&s r)o-0€L7)<;, ttotc S' ovk 2 av lo"xypo)<; XvTrr)6elr)s; iracra yap dvdyKrj tov TH)\iKavTt]v dp%r)v eyovTa Kal (jypovTL^ecv TroXXa Kal BeSievat vroXXd, Kal twv fiev r)hLo-TO)V iXd- %io~Ta diroXaveiv, tcl he Zva^epeaTUTa del Kal iravTa^ov Kal aKOveiv Kal opdv Kal iroielv Kal Trdayeiv. odev, ol/xai, Kal "EXXyve? Kal /3dp- fiapoi Ttves ovhe hihofxeva? acf)iac fiacriXeias eSe- %avTo. 3 "TavT ovv it polhofievos 3 nrpo^ovXeva av irplv ev avTois yeveadai* alo~j(pov ydp, fiaXXov ck Kal dhvvaTov eo~Ti TrapaKvyfravTa Ttva dira^ €9 aifTa 98 1 ^ T€ L', *} T6 ^ V. 2 trpaxOelr) V, irpoaxOelr) L'. 3 irpo'i^6[xivos Bk., irpo*iS6ju.6VQS VL\ BOOK LII had gone through many bitter experiences, conceived b.o.'29 a desire for liberty ; and when we had secured it, we advanced to our present proud eminence, strong in no advantages save those that come from democracy. It was on the strength of these that the senate deliberated, the people ratified, the soldiers in the ranks were filled with zeal and their commanders with ambition. None of these things could happen under a tyranny. At any rate the ancient Romans came to feel so great a hatred of tyranny for these reasons that they even laid that form of government under a curse. " And apart from these considerations, if one is to speak about matters which touch your personal in- terests, how could you endure to administer affairs so manifold, not only by day but also by night ? How could you hold out if your health should fail ? What human blessings could you enjoy, and how could you be happy if deprived of them ? In what could you take genuine pleasure, and when would you be free from the keenest pain ? For it is quite inevitable that a man who holds an office of this kind should have many anxieties, be subject to many fears, and have very little enjoyment of what is most pleasant, but should always and everywhere both see and hear, do and suffer, only that which is disagreeable. That, I imagine, is the reason why, in certain instances, among both Greeks and barbarians, men have refused to accept the office of king when it was offered to them, " Therefore I would have you foresee all these disadvantages and take counsel before you become involved in them. For it is disgraceful, or rather it is quite impossible, for a man to withdraw when 99 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY dvabvvai. firjBe ere e^airaTrjarj fjLrjre to fieyeOo? rfjs e%ovaia<; firjd^ rj irepiovaia tcov fCTrj/jLarcov, firj to cnityos tcov acofiaro^vXaKayVj fxrj o 1 0^X09 4 tcov OepairevovTttsv. oi re yap ttoXv Swd/ievoi 7roWa irpdyfxaTa e^owi, Kal oi (rvyya, k€Kttj- fxevoi (jvxya dva\Lo~Keiv dvayKa^ovTai, Ta tc' 7r\r}9r) to)V Sopvcf)6pcov Sid Ta irXfjdr] tcov eiri- /3ov\6v6vtci)v ddpoi%€Tai, /cat oi Ko\aKevovTe<$ iiri- Tpiyfreiav dv Ttva fiaXKov rj acocreiav 2 &a6* evefca fxev tovtcov ovS* dv eh ev (ppovcov avTap- 1 1 r )(fi <jaL iTTiOvfitfaetew el qti /cat TrXovTi^eiv Kal adi^etv Tivds dWa T6 iroWa Kal dyad a Spdv oi tolovtoi SvvavTai, Kal vi) &ia Kal v/3pi%eiv afyiai Kal tcafccos TTotelv bv dv eOeXtfcroycriv e^ecrTiv, d^iav Ti<i hid TavTa o~7rov$r)<; ttjv TvpavvlSa eivat vofii- 2 fe*, tov iravTO^ dfiapTavei. to fxev yap dae\- yalveiv Kal KaKov ti Troieiv oud* &>9 ala^pd ov0 y d)9 o~(f>a\epa Kal fxefiiarrjfieva Kal 7T/0O? decov Kal 77/009 dvOpdyirtov io-Ti t Beo/iai aoi Xeyeiv ovTeydp a\\o)9 toiovtos el, ovt dv hid return /xovap^rjaai eXoio* TTpor)p7)ixaL T€ iya> vvv ov irdvQ* oaa dv t*9 KaK&s to Trpdyfia fieTa^eipi^o/jbevo 1 ; itjepydaaiTO elireiv, d\\ y oaa Kal oi irdvv dpiaTa ai)TW y^p&yuevoi Kal 3 iroielv Kal irdayeiv dvayKa^ovTai. to S' eTepov, to Ttva d(f>06vco<; evepyeTeiv e^eiv, d^ioairovBa- otov fxev, d\\ 9 iv jjiev ISicoTi} ytyvofxevov Kal koXov Kal aejivov Kal evKXees Kal dacfraXes eaTiv, iv Be $7) ra?9 ixovapyiais irpcoTOV fiev ovk dvT~ 1 b supplied by Bk. 2 i-rriTpixpiiav . . . cuattav Dind., iitiTptyattv . . . <r(v<rai€V VL'. TOO BOOK LI I once be has entered upon the position. And do b.c. 29 not be deceived, either, by the greatness of its authority or the abundance of its possessions, or by its array of bodyguards, or by its throng of courtiers. For men who have much power have many troubles ; those who have large possessions are obliged to spend largely ; the multitude of bodyguards is gathered merely because of the multitude of con- spirators ; and as for the flatterers, they would be more likely to destroy you than to save you. Con- sequently, in view of these considerations, no sensible man would desire to become supreme ruler. But it the thought that men in such a station are able to enrich others, to save their lives, and to confer many other benefits upon them — yes, by heaven, and even to insult them and to do harm to whomsoever they please — leads anyone to think that tyranny is worth striving for, he is utterly mistaken. I need not, indeed, tell you that the life of wantonness and evil- doing is disgraceful or that it is fraught with peril and is hated of both gods and men ; for in any event you are not inclined to such things, and you would not be led by these considerations to choose to be sole ruler. And, besides, 1 have chosen to speak now, not of all the mischief one might work who managed the task badly, but only of what even those who make the very best use of the position are obliged both to do and to suffer. But as to the other consideration, — that thus one is in a position to bestow favours in profusion, — this is indeed a privilege worth striving for; yet however noble, august, glorious, and safe it is when enjoyed by a private citizen, in a king's position it does not, in the first place, counterbalance the other considerations 101 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY a%iov to)v aXXcov tq>v ajoircoTepcoVt a>are Ttva Btd tovto /cat etceiva 1 eXecrOat, aXXco? re teal fieWovra ttjv fiev i/c tovtov dirokavaiv errepois 12 Scoaetv tt)v he i£ itceivoov drjhtav avrov egeiv, eireiTa S' oiS* dirXovv, a>9 ti$ oteTat. ovtc yap dv irdat t<h? heofievot^ tlvo? eirapKeaete tls. oi fiev jap dfjtovvTes tl nap avrov Xapbf&dveLv TrdvTe? &)? elirelv elatv avOpcoTroi, kclv /jajSe/xia 2 ev6u$ evepyecrLa avTOts ocfreiXrjTav 7ra? yap <j)v<T€t Kal avrbs iavra> dpeaKet, Kayadov tl iiravpeaOat irapa tov hovvat Bvva/juevov /3ov~ Xerar a he ivhexerai avrols hLhocrdat (rifid? re /cat a/3%a? Xeyoy, Kal eariv ore Kal XPV/ Jiara ) irdvv dv evaptdfirjTa a>9 irpb<i roaovro TrXrjdo? evpedetrj. tovtov t€ ovtco? k'xovTos e)(8o<; dv airro) irapa tcov SiafiapravovToov wv XPV% ovaL p.dXXov rj (f)t\ta irapa t&v TvyyavovTasv virdp- 3 l~€L€V. ol fxev yap, <£>9 Kal ofyeiXopLevov tl Xa/jt- fidvovres, ovt aXXcos fieydXrjv olovrat heiv tg> SlBovti avTO 2 %dptv €%€tv are fiiqhev irapa ho^av evpicrKOfjLevoi, Kal irpoaeTL Kal oKvovat tovto irotelv, tva jjlt) Kal dva%tov<; iv tovto> <7<£a9 tov 4 KaXcos irdo~x eLV dirotpjjvcoaiv* 3 oi he ojv iXirt- fyvaiv aTVXpvvTes XvirovvTai Kar dp,$>oTepa, TOVTO /JL€V a>9 OtKCtOV TLVO$ GTepLG KOfieVOL (irdvT€^ yap h'x^tv rjhr) vofit^ovatv &v dv eiridviArjacoai), tovto he a>9 Kal ai/Tol 4 eavTCov dhiKiav Ttva 1 Sio tovto Kal *Ke7va Bk., St* iKttva, Kal tovto VL', 2 avTO I/, clvtu> V. 8 curocpiivwo-iv St., airo<pavovaiP VL'. 4 avTut U t iavTol V". 102 BOOK LII of a less agreeable nature, so that a man should be b.c. 29 induced for the sake of gaining this advantage to accept those disadvantages also, especially when the sovereign is bound to bestow upon others the benefit to be derived from this advantage and to have for himself alone the unpleasantness that results from the disadvantages. In the second place, this advan- tage is not without complications, as people think ; for a ruler cannot possibly satisfy all who ask for favours. Those, namely, who think they ought to receive some gift from the sovereign are practically all mankind, even though no favour is due to them at the moment ; for every one naturally thinks well of himself and wishes to enjoy some benefit at the hands of him who is able to bestow it. But the benefits which can be given them, — I mean titles and offices and sometimes money, — will be found very easy to count when compared with the vast number of the applicants. This being so, greater hostility will inevitably be felt toward the monarch by those who fail to get what they want, than friend- liness by those who obtain their desires. For the latter take what they receive as due them and think there is no particular reason for being grateful to the giver, since they are getting no more than they expected ; besides, they actually shrink from showing gratitude for fear they may thereby give evidence of their being unworthy of the kindness done them. The others, when they are disappointed in their hopes, are aggrieved for two reasons : in the first place, they feel that they are being robbed of what belongs to them, for invariably men think they already possess whatever they set their hearts upon ; and, in the second place, they feel that, if they are 103 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Karaytyvcoa/covTes, av paBi'ox; eirl tg> /jltj TV%eiv 5 £)V av TrpoahotcrjGCdcri <f>ep(t)o~i. teal yap 6 6pd<os SiBovs ra TOiavra to t€ /car d^lav etedaTOV SrjXov oti Trpb irdvTcov it poo~ Koirel, teal tol»? fiev Tifia tovs Be irapopa, ware teal cte t/?9 iteeivov yvco/Xr]^ tois fiev <j)p6v7)/jba to?9 dyavdfCT7](Tiv vtt* avTOv rod o~vvei- 80T09 a(j)G)v irpocryiyveadai, o>? av ye ti<; tovt ev\aj3ov/Ji€VO<; dvco/jbdXw avra Siave/Jbetv edeXrjarj, 6 to cvjJiTTav djiapTrjaerar 01 re yap irovrjpol irapa to irpoarfKov TificjfievoL yetpov^ av, rjTOL teal eTratvelcrOai cb<; dyaOol rj irdvTO><z ye QepaizeveaOai o>9 <j>o/3epol So/eovvres, ylyvoiVTO, teal oi xprjcrTol fitjSev irXelov avrcov evpicrteofievoi, dXX* ej taov a(j)L(riv dyo/xevoL, fiaXXov av ete t^<? 7T/oo? eteeivovs laofioLpia^ XwttoIvto rj tw 1 teal avroL rivos d£iov- 1 aOai %aipoLev, 2 tedte tovtov tyjv re eiriTrjhevcnv twv tepeiTTovwv ewev av teal rrjv ^rjXwcriv twv %eip6v(DV p,eTep-){oivTO, teal ovtw teav 3 ef avTwv twv Tificov ovd y oi Bi86vT€<; avTcis dyaOov ti teapirolvTo teal oi Xap,/3dvovT€<; teateiovs ylyvoiv- to, wo~T€ aoL tovto, b fidXiaTa av tigiv iv Tat? fiovap^LaL^ dpeaeie, BvafxeTa^eipiaTOTaTov avfJL^rjvai, 13 " TauTtt Te ovv teal TaXXa a putepw irp6a0ev 1 supplied by Pflagk. 2 x ai P 0l€U R« Steph., x ai P 0l€ "VI/, 8 kkv V, /cal L'. 104 BOOK LII not indignant at their failure to obtain whatever they b.c. 29 expect to get, they are actually acknowledging some shortcoming on their own part. The reason for all this is, of course, that the ruler who bestows such gifts in the right way obviously makes it his first business to weigh well the merits of each person, and thus he honours some and passes others by, with the result that, in consequence of his decision, those who are honoured have a further reason for elation, while those who are passed by feel a new resentment, each class being moved by their own consciousness of their respective merits. If, however, a ruler tries to avoid this result and decides to award these honours capriciously, he will fail utterly. For the base, finding themselves honoured contrary to their deserts, would become worse, concluding that they were either being actually commended as good or at any rate were being courted as formidable ; and the upright, seeing that they were securing no greater consider- ation than the base but were being regarded as being merely on an equality with them, would be more vexed at being reduced to the level of the others than pleased at being thought worthy of some honour themselves, and consequently would abandon their cultivation of the higher principles of conduct and become zealous in the pursuit of the baser. And thus the result even of the distribution of honours would be this : those who bestowed them would reap no benefit from them and those who received them would become demoralized. Hence this advantage, which some would find the most attractive in mon- archies, proves in your case a most difficult problem to deal with. " Reflecting upon these considerations and the i°5 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY eVnov ivOvjxriOels (ppovrjaov eco? e^eaTi ctol, Kal dlToBo^ TO) StffJLG) KOl Tfl OTtXu KCLl TCL €0V7) KOI ra? ap%as Kal tcl xprj/uaTa. av jiev yap rjBrf re real i/ccov avTO Troirjcrys, eVSofoTaTo? Te dfxa dvOpooTTcov ear) /ecu da^aXeaTaTO^' av S' dva- ILeLvrj? (Slav Tivd aoi Trpoaa^drjvai, Ta% av tl 2 Beivov fiera KaKoBo^ta^ irdOot^. TeKfirjpiov Be, Mdptos fiev teal 2i/\\a? Kal MeTeXXos, /cat Uo/a- irrjios to 7rpcoTOV f iv tepdrei toov irpayfiaT^v yevd\ievoi ovt rjOeXrjaav Swaarevaat. ovt eiraOov wapd tovto Beivov ovBev Ktprn? Be Br) /cat 2t/)«- yS&w, o Te Ma/Oio? o ere/oo? Kal 6 XepTcopios, o re Yiofinrrjio<; auro? fxera ravra, Ttj<; Bwacrreias eVt- 3 8vjjirj(Tavre^ ^a^w? dird>XovTO. 8va%epe<; % ydp €0~Tt TTjV TTOklV TaVTTJV, TOCTOVTOl<; T€ €T€(Tl BeBfJ- fMOfcpaT7]fjL€vr]v Kal toctovtcov dvOpcoTTcov dpypvaav, BovXevaai tivi ideXrjcrai. /cal d/coveis fiev oti tov KdjiiXXov vTrep(opio~av, eireiBr) XevKoi? Xitttoi^ 4 rd eitiviKia ixprjaaTO, d/covet? Be ore tov 2am- Tricova /caTekvaav, iireiBrj Tiva irXeove^iav avTOv /caTeyvcoaav, /jLe/jLvrjaai Be 07ra)? T<p rraTpL o~ov TTpocrrivexQ r ) (Tav > °* TL riva viro^'iav e<? avTov fxovap- yias eo~x ov ' ^aiTOi tovtcov puev dfxeLvov*; avBpe? ovBeves aXXoc yeyovacriv. 5 " Ov fievTOL Kal a*7r\ft)? ovtco o-v/jifiovXevay croi ttjv dp%r)v d<f>elvat,, dXXa irdvTa Ta avfjt,(j)epovTa tw BrjfiocriG) TTpoirpd^ai Kal Boyfiaa-t Kal vofiois a irpoarjKei KaTaKXelaac, Kaddirep irov Kal o %vX- Xct9 iirobjcre' Kal yap ei Tiva avTcov fieTa TavTa 106 BOOK LII others which I mentioned a little while ago, be b.c. 29 prudent while you may and duly place in the hands of the people the army, the provinces, the offices, and the public funds. If you do it at once and voluntarily, you will be the most famous of men and the most secure ; but if you wait for some compulsion to be brought to bear upon you, you will very likely suffer some disaster and gain in- famy besides. Consider the testimony of history : Marius and Sulla and Metellus, and Pompey at first, when they got control of affairs, not only refused to assume sovereign power but also escaped disaster thereby ; whereas Cinna and Strabo, 1 the younger Marius and Sertorius, and Pompey himself at a later time, conceived a desire for sovereign power and perished miserably. For it is a difficult matter to induce this city, which has enjoyed a democratic government for so many years and holds empire over so many people, to consent to become a slave to any one. You have heard how the people banished Camillus just because he used white horses for his triumph ; you have heard how they deposed Scipio from power, first condemning him for some act of arrogance ; and you remember how they proceeded against your father just because they conceived a suspicion that he desired to be sole ruler. Yet there have never been any better men than these. "Nevertheless, I do not advise you merely to relinquish the sovereignty, but first to take all the measures which the public interest demands and by decrees and laws to settle definitively all important business, just as Sulla did, you recall ; for even if some of his ordinances were subsequently overthrown, i Cf. xliv. 2S, 1. 107 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY averpdir^y dWa rd ye ifKeioa teal p,€i%Q) Siafievei. 6 teal fir) etirrj^ ore teal &)? CTTaviacrovcri rives, "va fir) teal iyo) avOis elttco qti 7ro\\a> fiaWov ovk av dvdayoLvro fiovap^ovfievot. o>9 etye irdvS* oaa evhe)(€Ta,i riai <ivveveyQr\vai TrpoatcoTroifieOay aXoycorara av ra? Si^oo-rao-ia? Ta? i/c rijs Srj/jLOtcpaTLas avjjifiatvovcras (poftrjOeirujiev av fiaX- Xov ff Ta? rvpavvihas ra? ite tt/9 pLOvapylas 7 i/c(f)vofjLeva<;. irepl &v tt}? BeivorrjTos ovSe iwe- ^eiprjad ti elirelv ov yap Si) 1 teai tearahpafxelv aWcos evKarrjyopTjrov ovtg) TTpayfia rj6e\r]aa t dWa hel^ai crot tov6' otl tolovtov iari ttj <j>vaei (bare fjLtjBe rovs ^prjarovs avBpas 2 • . 14 " (. . . ovre irelaal ti paStco? vtto Trapped las tovs ov% 6/ioiovs Bvvavrai) tedv rais rrpd^ecriv are /zi) ojAoyvcofiovovvrcov <T<f)(bv tearopdovaiv. &<rre et ti K7)$r] rrjs TrarplhoSy virep fjs toctovtovs iroXifMovs ireTToXeprfKaSt virep rjs teal rrjv ^rv^rjV rjSecos av iiriholr)?, fieTappvOfitaov avrrjv koX KaratcoafiTjaov 2 irpbs to (TGMppoveaTepov. to yap e^elvai Ti<r,& 1 8), R. Steph., 5e? VL'. 8 L' iudicates a lacuna at this point, V does not. In their common archetype L one folio was lost, containing some sixty lines. Zonaras' epitome at this point is as follows : 6 5e MaiK7]t>as rovvaprlov ffvvc&ovhtvev, atrav titrtav ^5tj r)]V fxovapx^ av ^ 7r * iroXv StoiKjjaai avrhv kcl\ avayKaiov clvai Hvoiv ddrepov, ^ fxuvai rwv abrwv $ airo\4<r8cii ravra "rrfwtitevov, K.T.X. 108 BOOK LII yet the majority of them and the more important b.c. 29 still remain. And do not say that even then some men will indulge in factional quarrels, and thus require me, on my part, to say once more that the Romans would be much more apt to refuse to sub- mit to the rule of a monarch. For if we should undertake to provide against all possible con- tingencies, it would be utterly absurd for us to be more afraid of the dissensions which are but incidental to democracy than of the tyrannies which are the natural outgrowth of monarchy. Regarding the terrible nature of such tyrannies I have not so much as attempted to say anything ; for it has not been my wish idly to inveigh against a thing that so readily admits of condemnation, but rather to show you that monarchy is so constituted by nature that not even the men of high character. . 1 "(. . . nor can they easily convince by frank argument those who are not in a like situation) and they succeed in their enterprises, because their subjects are not in accord with one another. Hence, if you feel any concern at all for your country, for which you have fought so many wars and would so gladly give even your life, reorganize it and regulate it in the direction of greater moderation. For while 1 The conclusion of Agrippa's speech is missing in our MSS., as is also the earlier portion of that of Maecenas together with the introduction to it. Zonaras' brief risumi (down through chap. 17) is as follows: "But Maecenas advised the contrary course, declaring that he (Caesar) had already for a long time been directing the monarchy, and that he must inevitably do one of two things — either remain in the same position or abandon his present course and perish." • 109 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY trdvff* v a7rXco9 oaa 1 fiovXovrai teal troietv teal Xeyeiv, av fiev eVi reov ev (frpovovvTcov i^era^y*;, evBaifiovias airaaiv ainov yiyverai, av Be iirl twv dvotfrcov, av/jL<j)opa<;' teal Bia tovto 6 fiev rot? toiovtois TTjV e^ovaiav BiBovs iraihl Br} tivi teal fiaivofievq* fi^o? opeyei, 6 8' iteeivois rd re aXXa teal aurou? tovtov? teal fir) fiovXo/ievovs crco^ei. 3 Bioirep teal ere agio* fir) 7r/?09 Ta? exjirpeireia^ r&v ovofidrayv d'irofiXi'tyavTa aTrarrjOfjvai, dXXa ra yiyvbfxeva e£ avrcov irpOdKoirr^eravTa Tr\v re 6pa- crvrrjTa tov 6/ilXov it ava ai teal ttjv BioLterjaiv reov teoivwv eavrqy re teal rofc aXXois rot'; dpiGTovs irpoaOelvai, Itva fiovXevcoai 2 fiev oi tfypovificoTaroi, apxwai Be oi arpaTrjyitecoTaTOL, (rrpaTevayvrai Be teal fiLado(f)op(0(TLp oi re ia-^yporarot teal oi ireve- 4 araroi. ovro) yap rd re i7rij3dXXovrd o~<f>io~iv eteao-roi TTpodv/ico? Troiovvres, teal ra? axpeXia^ dXXrjXois eroifioos clvtiBiBovtcs, ovre twv eXaTTco- fiaT(ov, iv oh KaraSeoval tivwv, eiraiaffrjaovTai, teal rrjv Brjfioteparlav rr)v dXrjOr) rrjv re iXevdepiav 5 tt)v da^aXfj terrjo-ovTar etceivrj fiev yap r) tov o-^Xov eXevOepia tov re fieXriaTou BovXeia iritepo- Tdrrj yiyverai teal kolvov dfi<j)otv oXeOpov <f>ep€i, avTT) Be to re aco(j)pov iravTaypv irpOTifioyaa teal to iaov diraai teara ttjv d%Lav airovifiovaa irdvTa^ 6fiOLco<; evSaifiovas rou? xpco/ievovs avTrj iroiel. 1 airXws Zcra Pflugk, Stro an\ws VIA &ov\*va)Ci R. Steph., fiov\cvov<ri VI/. TIO BOOK LII the privilege of doing and saying precisely what one b.o. 29 pleases becomes, in the case of sensible persons, if you examine the matter, a cause of the highest happiness to them all, yet in the case of the foolish it becomes a cause of disaster. For this reason he who offers this privilege to the foolish is virtually putting a sword in the hands of a child or a madman : but he who offers it to the prudent is not only preserving all their other privileges but is also saving these men them- selves even in spite of themselves. Therefore I ask you not to fix your gaze upon the specious terms applied to these things and thus be deceived, but to weigh carefully the results which come from the things themselves and then put an end to the insolence of the populace and place the management of public affairs in the hands of yourself and the other best citizens, to the end that the business of deliberation may be performed by the most prudent and that of ruling by those best fitted for command, while the work of serving in the army for pay is left to those who are strongest physically and most needy. In this way each class of citizens will zealously discharge the duties which devolve upon them and will readily render to one another such services as are due, and will thus be unaware of their inferiority when one class is at a disadvantage as compared with another, and all will gain the true democracy and the freedom which does not fail. For the boasted freedom of the mob proves in experience to be the bitterest servitude of the best element to the other and brings upon both a common destruction ; whereas this freedom of which I speak ever} T where prefers for honour the men of prudence, awarding at the same time equality to all according to their deserts, and thus gives happiness impartially to all who enjoy this liberty. DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 15 " yap toi olr)0r}<; on TVpavvr)craL <roi, top re Bfjjxov teal rrjv fiovXrjv BovXcoaafievo), irapaivco. rovro /jl€v yap ovr av iyco irore elnrelv ovr av av Trpa^at ToXpLr)creia<z % eteelva Be Br) teal teaXa teal Xprjaifia teal crol teal rfj iroXei yevono av, to T6 iravra tcl TTpoarjteovTa avrov ere /lera ra>v dpiarcov dvBpcov vofxoOerelv, pirjBevbs tg>v iroXkwv /x,t]T avriXeyovros avrols firjT 1 ivavriov/jievov, 2 teal to tou9 iroXepLous Trpbs ra vfierepa /3ovXr]~ /jiara BtoiteeiaOat, irdvrcov avTLtea ra>v aXX<ov to teeXevofJLevop iroiovvreov, to T6 Ta? tcov dpypwrasv aipeaeis e<$> vjxiv elvat,, teal to Ta? rifia? rd$ re TifjLcopi'as u/ia? opl^eiv, iva teal v6p,o$ evOv? $ itav o re av /3ov\evcrafjL€V(i) <roi p,erd tcjv ofMorifKov 3 apecrrji teal oi iroXe/jLioi tcpvfya teal Kara teaipbv irokepLtidVTaL, oi re ri ey^eipL^op^evoL air aperr}? dXXa fjtT] teXrjpo) teal airovhap)(La diroBeLKvvcovTai, teal oi fiev dyaOol avev <f)06vov rtfMcovraL, oi Be 4 teateol avev crvo-Tacreoos teoXdfavrai. ovroo yap av paXiara rd re irparTOfieva 6p6a)<; BiocterjOeir), firjre e? to kolvov dva^epofieva jjurjre iv ra> <f)avep<0 f3ov\ev6fieva firjre rol? 2 irapateeXevaToh eTTiTpeirofieva firyre ite (f>iXoTi/j,ia<; KLvBvvevopLeva, teal tcov vTrap^ovTcov r)pXv dyaOcov r)Bi(*)<;' diro- Xavaaifiev, fxr)Te TroXe/Aov? eiriteLvBvvovs firjre 1 M V Bk., m& VL\ 2 rots Xyl., iv rots VL'. 112 BOOK LII "For I would not have you think that I am advising B .c. 29 you to enslave the people and the senate and then set up a tyranny. This is a thing I should never dare suggest to you nor would you bring yourself to do it. The other course, however, would be honour- able and expedient both for you and for the city — that you should yourself, in consultation with the best men, enact all the appropriate laws, without the possibility of any opposition or remonstrance to these laws on the part of any one from the masses 1 ; that you and your counsellors should con- duct the wars according to your own wishes, all other citizens rendering instant obedience to your com- mands ; that the choice of the officials should rest with you and your advisers ; and that you and they should also determine the honours and the punish- ments. The advantage of all this would be that what- ever pleased you in consultation with your peers would immediately become law ; that our wars against our enemies would be waged with secrecy and at the opportune time ; that those to whom any task was entrusted would be appointed because of their merit and not as the result of the lot or rivalry for office ; that the good would be honoured without arousing jealousy and the bad punished without causing re- bellion. Thus whatever business was done would be most likely to be managed in the right way, instead of being referred to the popular assembly, or de- liberated upon openly, or entrusted to partisan dele- gates, or exposed to the danger of ambitious rivalry ; and we should be happy in the enjoyment of the blessings which are vouchsafed to us, instead of being embroiled in hazardous wars abroad or in 1 Probably a reference to the tribunes. "3 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 5 (Travels dvoaiovs ' irotovfievot. ravra yap iraaa fiev ByfioKparta e^er ol yap Bwardorepot, rcov re irpcoretcov 2 opeyojievoL teal rovs dadevearepovs /niaOovfievot, rrdvra dveo kcu fedrco <j>vpovar irXelara Be Br) Trap rj/xlv yeyove, teal ovtc eartv 6 ottcos aXXcos iravaerat. reK/irjptov Be, irdpuroXvs e£ ov xpovo? Kal iroXepiovfJiev Kal araaid^ofiev. alriov Be to T€ TrXfjOo? tcov avO pcoircov /cat to fieyedos tcov irpayfidrcov* etcelvol t€ ydp iravro- Barrol koX ra yevrj koi ras <f>va€i<; ovres Kal TroiKiKas koX ra? opyas Kal ras irriOv/itas e^ovai, /cal ravra e? roaovrov rrporjKrai coare Kal irdvv Bva^epcos av Stoi/crjOfjvai. 16 " Kal otl ravra dXrjOfj Xeyco, fiaprvpel rd yeyovora. recos fikv yap ovre iroXXol r)/iev ovre jieyaXoo rivl tcov irX^ato-^copcov Stecpepo/Jtev, KaXcos re erroXiTevofxeOa koi rrdaav oXlyov ttjv 'lraX'tav 2 Karearpe^rdfieO a* d(f>* ov Be e£co avrrjs i^fj^drjfiev, /cat eirl 7roXXa teal tcov r)rrelpcov Kal tcov vrjacov iirepatcodrj/iev, Kal Traaav fiev ttjv ddXaaaav Traaav Be ttjv yrjv Kal tov 6vop,aro<; Kal rrjs Bvvdjiecos ijficov iveTrXrjaajJLev, ovBevbs ^prjarov fieTea^rjKafiev, dXXa to fiev rrpoorov oikoi koi evrbs tov ret^ovs Kara avardaeis iaraatdaa/jLev, eiretra Be Kal is tcl arparorreBa to voarjjxa tovto 3 7rpor)ydyo/j,ev* Kal Bid ravO* r) 7r6Xis rjficov, coairep oXKas fieydXr) Kal rrXrjpTjs 6%Xov iravroBairov X W P^ Kvftepvrjrov, iroXXas rjBrj yeveds iv kXvBcovi ttoXXw (f>€po/jL6V7) aaXevet T€ kol arret Bevpo KaKelae, KaOdirep dvepfidriaros ovaa* fitjr ovv 4 X€Ljj,a&fievr)v er avrrjv TrepdBrjs, 6 pas ydp cos 1 avoaiovs Bk., avoalas VL'. 2 irpurtluv Rk., irpdruv VL\ 114 BOOK LII unholy civil strife. For these are the evils found in b.c. 29 every democracy, — the more powerful men, namely, in reaching out after the primacy and hiring the weaker, turn everything upside down, — but they have been most frequent in our country, and there is no other way to put a stop to them than the way I propose. And the evidence is, that we have now for a long time been engaged in wars and civil strife. The cause is the multitude of our population and the magnitude of the business of our government ; for the population embraces men of every kind, in respect both to race and to endowment, and both their tempers and their desires are manifold ; and the business of the state has become so vast that it can be administered only with the greatest difficulty. " Witness to the truth of my words is borne by our past. For while we were but few in number and differed in no important respect from our neighbours, we got along well with our government and subjugated almost all Italy ; but ever since we were led outside the peninsula and crossed over to many continents and many islands, filling the whole sea and the whole earth with our name and power, nothing good has been our lot. At first it was only at home and within our walls that we broke up into factions and quarrelled, but afterwards we even carried this plague out into the legions. Therefore our city, like a great merchantman manned with a crew of every race and lacking a pilot, has now for many genera- tions been rolling and plunging as it has drifted this way and that in a heavy sea, a ship as it were without ballast. Do not, then, allow her to be longer exposed to the tempest ; for you see that she "5 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY virepavTkos €<tti, prjTe irepl ep/na Trepcppayrjvat ea<r?79, cradpa yap icrrc /cal ovSepa ert ypovov avTiayelv Svvtjaerar a\V eTreihrjirep oi Oeol i\er)<javre<; avTtjv /cal iiriyvodpiovd ae /cal iiri- ardrrjv avrf)? iirecrTrjaaVy put) 7rpo$(p$ ttjv TrarpiSa, %v SxTirep vvv 8ta ere putepbv dvaTrkirvev/cev, ovrco /cal top \oiirbv altova per dafyaXelas hiaydyrj. 17 " "Otl p,ev ovv 6p8w<s goi Trapaivu), pLOvapyelaO at rov 8t]pLov d^icov, irdXat cre rjyovpai Treireia-6ar tovtov Brj ovtox; e*)(pvTO<s ical iroip,co<; ical 7rpo0vpL(o<; rrjv irpoaraaLav aurov dvdSegat, p,a\- \ov Se pLrj TTpofj. ovhe yap ov& virep rov \afielv ti f3ov\ev6p€0a, aXV virep rov pit] a7ToXecrai teal 2 7rpO(T€Ti teal fciv&vvevaai. 7x9 yap crov <f>€i<T€Tai t dv re 69 rov Brjpiov rd irpdypar dvcaarj^y dv re 1 /cal erepqy Tivl eTrirpe^rrj^, TrapiroXXwv p.6v ovrcov roiv V7TO aov \€\v7rt}p,evcov, iravroyv S' a>9 eliretv r^9 piovapyLa^ dvT lit oirja op,evtov, a)v ovBels ovre pur] dpvvaaOai ere icj> 0I9 ireiroL^Ka^; ovt dvrc- 3 iraXov viroXnrko-dat ideXijaei. T€tep,rfptov Se on ical 6 YlopTrrjio? itco-rds t^9 hwaareia^ /cal tcare- <j)povrjdrj /cal €7r€f3ov\€v6r], /cd/c tovtov p,r)tC€T avrrjv dvaXaftelv SvvrjOels i(j)0dpr) t /cal 6 K.alo~ap 6 irarrjp 6 <709 to avrb tovto Trotrjaas 2 irpoa- airdyXero. iravTcos 8' dv /cal 6 Ma/oto9 /cal 6 XvXXas opboia avTols eireTrovQeaav, el ptrj irpoeTe- 1 irpdy/xar avrfxrys &v T€ Bk., ir pay jxara u>$ -ficrav t« VIZ. * iroiT]cras V, iroirjcrat 4d€\i}<xas Jj\ Il6 BOOK LII is waterlogged. And do not let her be pounded to b.c. 29 pieces upon a reef 1 ; for her timbers are rotten and she will not be able to hold out much longer. But since the gods have taken pity on her and have set you over her as her arbiter and overseer, prove not false to her, to the end that, even as now she has revived a little by your aid, so she may survive in safety for the ages to come. " Now I think you have long since been convinced that I am right in urging you to give the people a monarchical government ; if this is the case, accept the leadership over them readily and with en- thusiasm — or rather do not throw it away. For the question we are deliberating upon is not whether we shall take something, but whether we shall de- cide not to lose it and by so doing incur danger into the bargain. Who, indeed, will spare you if you thrust the control of the state into the hands of the people, or even if you entrust it to some other man, seeing that there are great numbers whom you have injured, and that practically all these will lay claim to the sovereignty, and yet no one of them will wish either that you should go unpunished for what you have done or that you should be allowed to survive as his rival ? Pompey, for example, once he had given up the supreme power, became the object of scorn and of secret plotting and conse- quently lost his life when he was unable to regain his power. Caesar also, your father, lost not only his position but also his life for doing precisely what you are proposing to do. And Marius and Sulla would certainly have suffered a like fate had they not died 1 Cf. Thucydides vii. 25, a passage which Dio seems to be imitating. 117 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 OvrjKeaav. kciItoi tov SvXXav (pacrl tivc<; avTo tovto l <f)o/3r)0€VTa <f)0r)vai koX eavTov dvaxpV' aacrBar (rv^ya yovv tcov vofioOerrjdivTcov vtt avrov foWo? er avrov Xvecrdai rjpgaTo. coarz zeal av ttoXXovs fjuev A€7tl8ov$ ttoXXov? Be Xep- Twpiovs B/ooutov? Kaaaiovs yevrjaeaOal <roi Trpoa- Bo/ca, 18 " Tavrd t€ ovv IBcbv /cal TaXXa iravra XoyLcrd- fievos, fir) irpofj Kal creavrbv Kal rr)v irarpiha, iva 1 fir) Sogys rtalv iOekovaio? t^9 apXV* €<j)€LG0CU. TTpCOTOV fl€V yap* c\v Kal TOVTO T£? VTTOTTTeVCTr), OVT CLTTO TOV dvOpCOTTeiOV TpOTTOV TO i7ri0vfir)/j,d io~Ti, Kal /caXo? 6 kLvBvvos avTov' eirena Be Tt? ovk olBe Tr)v dvdyKTiv i<ft rjs €? tcl 2 irpdyfjuaTa TavTa Trporjx^V^f coo~T€ €L7rep 2 ti acTLafia avTr)<; cgtl, to£? tov iraTpo? crov a<j>a- yevcrL BiKaiOTaTa dv tj? avTo eyKaXeaeiev el yap €K€LVOl fXTjT d&l/CCd? fJLTjT OlfCTptoS OVTG)? CLVTOV dire/cToveaav, ovt dv tcl oirXa dvTr)pa> f ovt* dv tcl o-TpaTevfictTct crvveXega), ovt 7 dv z *Avtg>vL<£> /cal AeniBa} avviOov, ovt dv aiiTovs i/celvov<t rjfivvco. 3 /cal otl fiev opdw /cal Sifcalco? irdvTa TavT eiroiriaa^i ovBels dyvoel' el B ovv ti teal TreTrXrjfi- i fieXr^Taiy dXX* ovtl 4 Kal /xeTaOiadaL €T do-<j)aXa)<z j Bvvdfie$a, a>o~Te Kal r)fia>v avTcov eve/ca /cal t?}? ; TroXecos ireiaOoyfiev Trj TvyjQ Tjj ttjv fiovapyiav aoL 4 BtBovo-rj. /cal X^P LV 7 e P*y<&V v avT?) excofiev, otl pr) fiovov T(ov /ca/caiv tcov ififyvXitov direXvaev^ 1 Xva L', Tva 5^ V. 2 Stare eftrep R. Steph., &trwepYTJ. 3 kv supplied by St. 4 otf-n Dind., oil rot VI/. 6 once\vO€v Bk., avt-Kkytrev VL'. n8 BOOK LII first. And yet some say that Sulla, fearing this very b.o. 29 fate, forestalled it by making away with himself j 1 at any rate, much of his legislation began to be undone while he was yet alive. Therefore you also must expect that there will be many a man who will prove a Lepidus to you and many a man who will prove a Sertorius, a Brutus, or a Cassius. " Looking, then, at these facts and reflecting upon all the other considerations involved, do not abandon yourself and your country merely in order to avoid giving the impression to some that you deliberately sought the office. For, in the first place, even if men do suspect this, the ambition is not inconsistent with human nature and the risk involved is a noble one. Again, what man is there who does not know the circumstances which constrained you to assume your present position? Hence, if there be any fault to find with these compelling circumstances, one might with entire justice lay it upon your father's murderers. For if they had not slain him in so unjust and pitiable a fashion, you would not have taken up arms, would not have gathered your legions, would not have made your compact with Antony and Lepidus, and would not have had to defend yourself against these men themselves. That you were right, however, and were justified in doing all this, no one is unaware. Therefore, even if some slight error has been com- mitted, yet we cannot at this time with safety undo anything that has been done. Therefore, for our own sake and for that of the state let us obey Fortune, who offers you the sole rulership. And let us be very grateful to her that she has not only freed us from our domestic troubles, but has also placed in 1 This tradition is found here only. 119 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rffia^y dXXd fcal Ttjv Kardaraaiv tt)? iroXiTeia? €7rl croi TreirotrjTai, tv eTrLfieXrjOel^ avTrjs &a"irep irpoaijfcei, Bei^rjs airaaiv dvdpd>7roi<; otl ifcelva fiev aXXot kol irdpa^av kcli e/caKovpyr}o~av, ait Be By XprjaTO*; el. 5 " Kcu fxrj fjioi to fieyeOos t?}? dp^r}? <j>o/3r)dj)<;. 6<j(p re yap irXeicov 1 virdpyety toctg) TrXeLw real to, aco^ovra e%«, fcal fuiKpa) to (j>vXd^at ti tov KTY)o~ao-6ai paov eaTi* 7Tp6<; fiev yap to rdWorpia irpoairoirjaaaOai Ka\ 7rovcov koX kivBvvwv Bel, 7Tyoo9 Be to To, vtt dp^pvi a aoiaai fipayela (f>povrl<; 6 apKei. fir} fievroc firjBe Belay? ore ovyl teal da^aXearara ev avrfj ftmcrr} ko! uovtohv to>v iv dv6 pdoiTois dyaOcov diroXavcreiS) dv ye eOeXrjarj? avrrjv a)? irapaiveaco croi Bioi/crjaai. /caL fie fit} vopLarj? dirapTav 2 diro ttj? irapovo-rj^ viroOeaew? 7ov Xoyov, dv iirl irXeiov col irepl avrrjv Bia- 7 Xe^Oco' ov yap ttov ko! vtt dBoXeo")(i,a<z twos aXXct)? toOto TroiijaQ), a\V iva d/cpi/3a)<; fcara- fiddrjs oti koi BvvaTov real paBiov rw ye e/ufipovi to teal fcaXcos teal dtcivBvvws dp^ai ecrri. 19 " (Prj/jl Tolvvv xprjvat a~e Kara irpcoras evOvs to ftovXevTi/chv irav teal $>vXoKpivr}aai z koi BiaXe^ai, eireiBr) Ttves ov/c eTriTrjBeioi Sid Ta? crToVe*? /3e- fiovXevfcao-t,, /cat tou? fiev dpeTijv Tiva avTCov e)(0VTa<; KaTacFyelv, tou? Be Xoiirovs diraXel^rai. 2 firj fjievToi fcal Bid irevlav Tiva dyaffov ye dvBpa bvTa diraXXd^r}^, dXXd fcal y^prjfiaTa ai)TQ) Ta dvay/caia So?, dvrl Be Brj tmv aXXcov tov? tc yevvaiOTaTovs /cat tov? dpiaTov? tov? tc ttXov- 1 ir\*'i<tiv V, ttXzlov L\ 2 airaprav L', airavrav V. * <pv\0Kpivrj(rat V, <pt\oKpivT](rai I/. 120 BOOK LII your hands the organisation of the state, to the end b.c 29 that you, by bestowing due care upon it, may prove to all mankind that those troubles were stirred up and that mischief wrought by other men, whereas you are an upright man. " And do not, I beg you, be afraid of the magnitude of the empire. For the greater its extent, the more numerous are the salutary elements it possesses ; also, to guard anything is far easier than to acquire it. Toils and dangers are needed to win over what belongs to others, but a little care suffices to retain what is already yours. Moreover, you need not be afraid, either, that you will not live quite safely in that office and enjoy all the blessings which men know, provided that you will consent to administer it as I shall advise you. And do not think that I am shifting the discussion from the subject in hand if I speak to you at considerable length about the office. For of course my purpose in doing this will be, not to hear myself talk, but that you may learn by a strict demonstration that it is both possible and easy, for a man of sense at least, to rule well and without danger. "1 maintain, therefore, that you ought first and foremost to choose and select with discrimination the entire senatorial body, inasmuch as some who have not been fit have, on account of our dissensions, become senators. Such of them as possess any excellence you ought to retain, but the rest you should erase from the roll. Do not, however, get rid of any good man because of his poverty, but even give him the money he requires. In the place of those who have been dropped introduce the noblest, 121 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY (Tiwrdrov^ dvreadyaye, fit] jjlovov eve T779 'IraXias aXXa /cat irapd rcov avfi/xd)((ov tg>v re v7rrjKocov 3 eTTike^dfJLevos' ovto) yap <rv re 7ro\\ols avvepyols Xpijo-rj, Kal Tou? /copv(f)aiov<; i% airavTcov rcov eOvwv iv da<pa\6L iroirjarji teal ovre ixelva veo- X/jicoaei ti fjLTjheva iWoyifxov Trpoardr^v €%oi>Ta, Kal oi TrpcoTevovTes Trap 1 avTOis ^tX^o oval ae are real koivwvol aot Trjs dpxfj<; yeyovores* 4 *'Td Be avTa ravTa teal iirl tcov imre&v ttoitj- <tov. tovs yap rd Bevrepela kKavTayoOi real yivei teal apery teal ttXovtg) <f>epo/jLevov$ e<? ttjv linrdha /cardXegov, Toaovrov? e/carepov? dvreyypd^ra^ ocroi ttot dv dpe'acoaC <T€, firfhev irepl rov irkri6ov<$ avrcov aKpifioXoyovfJievos* oato yap dv irkeiovs evhoKifioi avhpes avvfoai <roi, to<tovto) paov a&Tos 5 re iv heovji iravja BioiKrjaeis, Kal toi>9 dpyo- fievovs 7T€L(T€i<; otl ovre o>9 Bov\oi$ acpiaiv ovS* &>9 yeipoal 7T7) fjfi&v ovai XPV> dWd rd re d\\a dyadd udvTa rd virdpypvTa r)fuv Kal ttjv rjye- fxovlav avTOi? 1 koivol, otto*? &>9 oixeiav avrtjv 6 a-TrovBd^coai. Ka\ roaovrov ye Seco rov6* &>9 oxjk 6p6o)<; elprfjievov dvadiaOai, ware Kal t^9 7ro- Xireias irdaL acfricri fieraSoOfjval <f)7]fM Beiv, 7va KUt TaVTTJS i<TOJJLOipOVVT6<; ttkttoI (rVflfia^OL 7}fUV axTiv, coairep rivd fiiav rrjv rffieripav 7t6\lv oikovvt€<;, Kal Tavrrjv fiev 6Vto)9 tto\cv rd Be Brj <r<p€T€pa d'ypovs Kal KcbfAa? vo/jll%ovt€<; elvai* 1 avrois L', auTTjs V, 122 BOOK LIIi the best, and the richest men obtainable, selecting b.c. 29 them not only from Italy but also from the allies and the subject nations. In this way you will have many assistants for yourself and will have in safe keeping the leading men from all the provinces ; thus the provinces, having no leaders of established repute, will not begin rebellions, and their prominent men will regard you with affection because they have been made sharers in your empire. "Take these same measures in the case of the knights also, by enrolling in the equestrian order such men as hold second place in their several districts as regards birth, excellence and wealth. Register as many new members in both classes as you please, without being over particular on the score of their number. For the more men of repute you have as your associates, the easier you will find it, for your own part, to administer everything in time of need and, so far as your subjects are con- cerned, the more easily will you persuade them that you are not treating them as slaves or as in any way inferior to us, but that you are sharing with them, not only all the other advantages which we ourselves enjoy, but also the chief magistracy as well, and thus make them as devoted to that office as if it were their own. And so far am I from retracting this last statement as rashly made, that I declare that the citizens ought every one actually to be given a share in the government, in order that, being on an equality with us in this respect also, they may be our faithful allies, living as it were in a single city, namely our own, and considering that this is in very truth a city, whereas their own homes are but the countryside and villages. VOL. VI. 123 E DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY t6 'AXXa irepl fiev 1 tovtov avOis dtepifteaTepop ateetyofieOa a ^pr) 7rpa!;ai>> wa fir) teal nravra 20 dOpoa adroit yapiawfieQa* tearaXeyeadaL Se %pr) €9 f*tv TYjV iinraha dteToyteaiSeteereL?, iv yap ravrrj tjj rjkueia fidXiara r) re tcov acofiaTwv avrcov evened teal r) tcov yfrv^cov iiTLT^SeLOTr)^ SicHpaLverat,, €9 Se to crvveSpiov irevTeteateLteocrieTew 7TW9 yap ovte alcr^pov teal acfraXepov dart ra fiev olteeia firjSevl irpo ravTif}? Tr}$ r)Xiteia<; iiriTpeTreaOai, to, Se Srjfioaia KaX vecorepois tlctIv iyxeipt&aOai; 2 Tafit,€vcraPT€<? re teal ayopavofirjcravT€<; i) Sr)fiapxv~ aavT€$ crTpaTrjyeiTcocrav, 2 TpiatcovTovrai yevo- fievoi. Tavras re yap ra9 apX a< * Kai TL0V virdroyv fiovas oiteoi, rrj<; re tcov irarplcov /ivr)fir)<; evetea teal rov fir) iravTeXcos ttjv iroXiTeiav fjueraX- XuTreiv hoteelv, am ohutcvvvai ae cpr)fit, y^prfvai. 3 avrbs fiivroi av irdvra^ avTOvs alpov, teal fir)Te iirl tco irXrjdei i) teal tw Bijficp eTi Tiva avTCOv Troirjcrr)* VTaaidaovai ydp, fir)Te iirl tco crvveSpicp, SiaairovSaaovrac yap, fir) fievToi teal ra? hvvd- fieis crcf>cov t«9 dp^aias tt) priar)?, iva fir) ra avrd avdis yevrjTai, dXXa rr)v fiev rifirjv cpvXagov, rrj? S' lajfio? irapdXvGOv toctovtov octov firyve tov d^HOfiaros tl avTcov dc\>aipr]crei teal tols vecoTeplaai i ti iOeXijaovcrt fir) eV^r/je^e*. 4 earat Se tovto, av 1 1T€pt fx\v L', fx\v TT€p\ V. 2 ffTpaTfiyciraxrav L', ffTparyy-fiToeffav V. 3 TTOir\ari St., Troiiiarjs VL'. * exirpe^et V, i-mrpe^T) I/. 124 BOOK LII " But regarding this matter we shall at a later time b.c. 29 examine more carefully the question of what measures should be taken to prevent our granting the people every privilege at once. As for the matter of eligibility for office, now, we should put men on the roll of knights when they are eighteen years old, for at that age their physical soundness and their mental fitness can best be discerned; but we should not enrol them in the senate until they are twenty-five years old. For is it not disgraceful, and indeed hazardous, to entrust the public business to men younger than this, when we never commit our private affairs to any one before he has reached this age ? After they have served as quaestors and aediles or tribunes, let them be praetors when they reach the age of thirty. For it is my opinion that these offices, and that of consul, are the only ones at home which you ought to fill by election, and these merely out of regard for the institutions of our fathers and to avoid the appearance of making a complete change in the constitution. But make all the appointments yourself and do not any longer commit the filling of one or another of these offices either to the plebs or to the people, 1 for they will quarrel over them, or to the senate, for the senators will use them to further their private airbitions. And do not maintain the traditional powers of these offices, either, for fear history may repeat itself, but preserve the honour attaching to them, at the same time abating their influence to such an extent that, although you will be depriving the office of none of its prestige, you will still be giving no opportunity to those who may desire to stir up a rebellion. Now 1 i.e. to the concilium plebis or to the comitia. 12s DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rd T€ dXXa teal ivSrjfiov? avrovs diro^rjvr)^, teal fjL7]T€ iv tco Trjs ap%r)<; tcaipco oirXa tlvI avTcov iyXeipLo-ys p,r}T€ €v9v<;, dXXa %povov hieXOovTos, ocrov av avTctpfer) e/edo-Tco acfrobv vofxicrri^ elvai. OVTCO yap OVT€ TLV€? V€0%/jL(!>(TOV(TI, 0~T paTOTTehcOV KVplOl iv TCp TCOV OVOfJL&TCdV pOV nfj fXai I y€V0fJL€V0l, koX yjpbvov Tiva IhicoTevaavTe? ireiravdrjaovTai. 5 teal ovtol pLev Tas re Travrjyvpeis, 01 ye teal irpoarjtcovTes acpiaiv, iirLTeXeiTcocrav, teal T<Z9 Si'tea? iravre? co$ eteaaroc, irXrjv tcov (povi/ecbv, iv to) t^9 ivhrjfiov dpxfjs XP° V( P Sifca^eTcoaav o~vva- yeaOco fiev yap Stteao-Tijpia teal i/e tcov aXXcov fiovXevTcov tcov re tinricov, to 8' oXov 69 iteeivovs dva/celaOco. £1 " HoXlapxos Se St; t*9 €te re tcov irpor^KOVTcov teal ite tcov irdvTa tcl teadij/eovra irpoTreTroXLTevjue- vcov aTToheuevvaOco, ovy^ iva dTroSrj/jLTjadvTcov ttov 2 tcov vTraTcov a>pXV> dXX y iva Ta T6 aXXa del ttjs TroXecos TTpoaTaTrj, teal ra9 St/eas Ta9 re Trapa irdvTcov cov elirov dpyovTCOv icfrecrl/jLov? t€ teal dvaiTopmiiLov^ teal Ta9 tov OavaTOv Tofc T€ iv ttj TroXel, irXr)v cov av €L7rco, teal T049 €f~a> avTrjs p<k%pi irevTTjteovTa teal kiTTateoaicov 1 aTaSicov olteovai Kpivrj. 3 " f/ ET6po9 T6 TL<i i/e tcov 6/jlolcov teal avTos ai- pelaOco coaT€ Ta tc yevrj teal Ta9 ovaias tou9 re 1 cwTaKoatuv Casaub., ^aKO<ri<av VM. 126 BOOK LII this will be accomplished if you assign them on b.c. 29 appointment chiefly to home affairs and do not permit any of them to have armed forces during their term of office or immediately afterward, but only after the lapse of some time, as much as you think sufficient in each instance. In this way they will never be put in command of legions while still enjoying the pres- tige of their official titles and thus be led to stir up rebellions, and after they have been private citizens for a time they will be of milder disposition. Let these magistrates conduct such of the festivals as naturally belong to their office, and let them all severally sit as judges in all kinds of cases except homicide during their tenure of office in Rome. Courts should be established, to be sure, with the other senators and knights as members, but final authority should rest with these magistrates. "As for the prefect of the city, men should be appointed to that office who are leading citizens and have previously passed through the appropriate offices ; it should be the prefect's duty, not to govern merely when the consuls are out of town, but in general to be at all times in charge of the affairs of the city, and to decide the cases which come to him from all the other magistrates I have mentioned, whether on appeal or for review, together with those which involve the death penalty ; and his jurisdiction should extend, not only to those who live in the city, except such as I shall name, but also to those who dwell outside the city for a distance of one hundred miles. " Let still another magistrate be chosen, this man also from the class described, whose duties shall be to pass upon and supervise all matters pertaining to 127 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rpoirov*; teal tcov ftovXevrcov teal tcov lirirecov, dv- Bpcbv re o/iotco? teal iraLBcov yvvaiKcov t€ tcov trpocr- 4 rj /cover cbv avTOis, i^erd^eiv re /cat liner Koiretv, teal ra [ilv avTOV eiravopdovv Sera fjLrjre twos TtficopLas a%id eerib teal irapopcofieva iroXXcbv teal fieydXcov tea/ccbv airia ylyveTai, to, Be Brj fiei^co erol iirucoi- vovcrdai. fiovXevTrj yap tivi, teal tco ye dpterTco fiera top iroXiapyov y fidXXov fj tivi twv iinrecov 5 Trpoo-TeTa^Oac tovto Set. teal to ye ovojia dirb t?}<? crrjs TiiLapyias (irdvTcos yap ere irpoeaTavai tcov TLfirjerecov Trpoerrffcei) eltcoTCOS av Xdftoi, cocne vTTOTi/JirjTr)*; tcaXeierOai. dp%eTcocrav Be Brj ol Bvo OVTOL 1 Bid /3iOV, CIV y€ fit) /catevvOr} tis avTcov Tpoirov Tivd r) fcal voacbBrjs r) teal vjrepyrjpcos 6 yevrjTai. ifc /xev yap Trjs %povlov dp^r)? oiBev av BetvoVy are 6 pXv iravieXcbs doirXos &v, 6 S' oXvyovs re erTpaTicoTas eycov koX ev to?? erols 7 bfyOaXfiols to TrXelerTov ap^cov, ipydcraiVTO* etc Be Brj tov eTelov 2 teal otcvrfereiav 3 av irpoertcpoverai tivi teal <f)o/3r)6elev ippcofievcos ti it palpal, ttjv T6 eavTcov IBicoTelav teal ttjv dXXcov 4 tlvcov Bvva- erTetav 7rpoopco/JL€VOL. teal /nierBov ye Tiva tpepe- Tcoerav teal tyj<; der^oXias evetea teal tyjs djjtcoerecos. 8 " Uepl fxev Br) tovtcov TavTrjv eroi tt)v yvcoyurjv 3 ovtoi M, om. V. 2 4t€iov Sauppe, tr4pov VM. 3 bKvr)<T*iav Dind., OKvi]<raiiv VM, 4 IxWwv Leuncl., Aw^f^/M, 128 BOOK LII the families, property, and morals both of the senators b.c. 29 and of the knights, alike of the men and of their wives and children. He should personally correct such behaviour as deserves no punishment, yet if neglected becomes the cause of many evils; but about the more important matters of misconduct he should confer with you. For the officer to whom these duties are assigned should be a senator, and in fact the best one after the prefect of the city, rather than one of the knights. As for the title of his office, he would naturally receive one derived from your censorial functions (for it is certainly appropriate that you should be in charge of the censuses), and be called sub-censor. 1 Let these two, the city prefect and the sub-censor, hold office for life, unless one of them becomes demoralized in some way or is incapacitated by sickness or old age. For no harm could result from their holding office for life, since the one would be entirely without armed forces and the other would have but few soldiers and would be acting for the most part under your eyes ; whereas the effect of the yearly tenure would be that they would shrink from offending any one and would be afraid to act with energy, since they would be looking ahead to their own retirement to private life and to the exercise of the power of the office by others. They should also draw a salary, not only to compensate them for the loss of their leisure but also to enhance the prestige of their office. "This is the opinion I have to give you in regard 1 Cf. Suetonius, Aug, 37. In practice there were six of tbem— three to nominate senators and three to hold a review of the knights. 129 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 8l8(0/ju> ol Se 8r) (TTpaT7}y)](TavT€^ dpyeTcocrdv Tiva apxh v * v T0 ^ V7T7jk6oi<; {irplv yap arpaTTjyijaaL crcpas ov% rjyov/Jbat, Seiv tovto ylyvetrdar ifceivoc 6° vttogt partly eiTwo-av 0Z9 av ei7rco t teal airat; Kal Sevrepov), eld* ovtco? virarevirciXTav, av ye Kal op#to9 Sidpi-cocri, real fiera ravra t«9 22 fjyefiovias XapLfBaveTcocrav. coSe yap av fiftovXevco col Stard^ai. rrjv re 'IraXi'av iracrav ttjv virep irevrrjKovTa fcal kuTaKOCiov^ dirb t?}9 iroXeax; Grahiovs ovaav, Kal TaXXa irdvTa rd re iv rafc vr)croi<$ Kal Ta iv rah 1 rjireipois 6/xoXoyovvra rj/jilv, Kardveifiov eKaaTaypQi tcard re yevrj zeal eOvr), rd<; re 2 TroXeis dirdcra^y 6Va9 ye Kal avrapKes iariv vcf> evb<; dvSpbs avroreXovs apxe- 2 crdav KavravOa o-rpartcora^ iyKaTaaTTjcrov, Kal dpyovia*; KaS* eKacrrov<; eva pev Ik tcov vira- reuKorcov iirl iracri ire/Aire, hvo he €K tcov ecTTparrjyrjKorcov, 3 tov fiev apn e'/c ttj^ 7r6Xeco$ e^iovra, Kal avTCp rd re ISicoriKa Trpdyjiara Kal r\ rcov eTTiTrjheiiov TrapaaKevrj 7rpocrK€ia0co, rbv Se €K TCOV TOVTO TTeir0l7)K0TC0V , 09 Tft T€ KOlVCb TCOV iroXecov hioiKTjaei Kal tcov arpaTicoTcov ap^ei, 3 wXrjv oca aTiplas rj Oavdrov e%erai. Tavra yap €9 fiovov tov viraTevKOTa ap^ovTa dv7]Kerco f irXrjv irepl T€ tcov eKaTOVTap^cov tcov iv T0Z9 KaTaXoyot? ovTcov Kal Trepl tcov IhicoTcov tcov Trap eKacrTOis irpcoTcov tovtovs yap &}} €KaT€pov$ firjhevl aXXcp 1 rais R. Steph. , rots VM. 2 re supplied by Oddey. 3 cVl na<ri — i<TTpaT7]yr}K6rwp M, om. V # I30 BOOK LII to these officials. As for those who have served as b.c. 29 praetors, let them hold some office among the subject nations (before they have been praetors I do not think they should have this privilege, but they ought first to serve for one or two terms as lieu- tenants to the ex-praetors just mentioned) ; then they should next hold office as consuls, provided that they have proved satisfactory officials to the end of their terms, and after that they should receive the more important governorships. I advise you, namely, to arrange these positions as follows. Take Italy as a whole (I mean the part of it which is more than one hundred miles from the city), and all the rest of the territory which owns our sway, the islands and the continents, and divide it into districts, in each case according to races and nations, and take also all the cities that are strong and in- dependent enough to be ruled by one governor with full powers. Then station soldiers in them and send out as governor to each district or independent city one of the ex-consuls, who shall have general charge, and two of the ex-praetors. One of the latter, fresh from the city, should be put in charge of all matters pertaining to persons in private life and of the com- missary ; the other, a man who has had special training for this work, will administer the public business of the cities and will have command of the soldiers, except in cases that involve disfranchisement or death. Such cases, of course, should be referred to the ex-consul who is governor, and to him alone, except where the persons involved are centurions recruited I from the levies or private persons of prominence in their respective communities ; as for both these classes, I do not allow anybody but yourself to punish them, DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY KoXd^eiv eirnpe^rr}^, iva fjurj ovrco riva avTcov 4 (f>o/3(ovTai wane ttotc teal kcltcl gov tl irpd^at. b 8' €17T0V, OTl TOV €T€pOV TCOV iaTpaTrjyTjKOTCOV €vl T0Z9 (TrpaTiwra^ iiriTeT dj(6 ] ai Bel y toiovtov icrriv. av fxev oXiyoi rives iv %eviKol<; reL^eaiv r) Kal iv evl itoXitikco aTparevcovTac, KaXcos e^t rovro ylyveaOar av Be Bvo iroXniKa (TTparev/JLara iv ravrw Wvei yeijxd^ri (irXeico yap tovtcov ovk av avpftovXeuaaipLL aoi tco avTCp ap^pvri eTriTpeyjrai), 5 Serfaet, ttov tov<; Bvo tov$ earTpaTTjyrj/coras Kal ifcelvcov, IBLq, e/carepov, teal tcov aXXcov rcov re ttoXitikcov teal rcov IBicotikcov 6/aolcos irpo'tdTaadai. 6 £' ovv biraTevKco? ravrd re ... 1 Kal 7rpoaert Kal t«9 BLicas Ta9 re ifCfc\i]TOV<; Kal tcls dva7rofnri/uLov<; tcls dirb 2 rcov arparriycov avTco 3 (potrdxras Kpive- 6 tco. Kal firj Oavpbaarjs el Kal rrjv 'IraXiav roiavra fiepT] velfxal aoi irapaivco' iroXXrj re yap Kal iroXvdvOpcoiros ovaa dBvvaros ecrriv virb tcov iv tQ> darei dpypvTcov KaXco<; BioiKei<r0ai. Bel yap toU re Br}p,ot<; tov dpyovra del irapelvai Kal rot? dpxovcri rd Bvvard irpoardacrecrdai, 23 " Aa/iftaveTcoaav Be /jlhtOov vravres ovtol oi rd<; ejjco Trjs iroXecos dp^a? iirirpeTrofievoh irXeico p,ev oi /AeL&vs, iXdrrco Be oi KaraBeearepoi, fiecrov Be oi pueaor ovre yap dirb tcov oiKeicov olov Te iaTiv avTovs iv tj) dXXoTpta aTToKrjVy ovr dopLcrTco Kal 2 daTaOfi^TCp dvaXcofiaTC coairep vvv yjpr\aOai t Kal dpyeTcoaav firjTe eXaTTOv ircov rpi&v, el fit] T£? dhtKrjaeii Tt, firjre irXelov irevre, to /xev on ai 1 Lacuna recognised by Bk. 2 Inrb Rk M vrrb VM. 9 ai>T(p Rk., aifTov VM. 132 BOOK LII lest they come to fear some of these officials to such an b.c. 29 extent as to take ^measures, on occasion, against you as well as against them. As for my suggestion that the second of the ex-praetors should be put in charge of the soldiers, it is to be understood as follows : if only a small body of troops is serving abroad in the military posts or at home in a single post, my proposal is satisfactory ; but if two citizen legions are wintering in the same province (and more than this number I should not advise you to trust to one commander), it will no doubt be necessary for both the ex-praetors to hold the command over them, each having charge of one, and for each to have his share of authority similarly in matters affecting either the state or private citizens. Let the ex-consul, accordingly, [have] these [duties], and let him also decide the cases which come to him on appeal and those which are referred to him by the praetors for review. And do not be surprised that I recommend to you the dividing of Italy also into these administrative dis- tricts. It is large and populous, and so cannot possibly be well administered by the magistrates in the city ; for a governor ought always to be present in the district he governs, and no duties should be laid upon our city magistrates which they cannot perform. " Let all these men to whom the commands outside the city are assigned receive salaries, the more important officers more, the less important less, and those between an intermediate amount. For they cannot live in a foreign land upon their own resources, nor should they indulge, as they do now, in unlimited and indefinite expenditure. They should hold office not less than three years, unless they are guilty of misconduct, nor more than five. The reason is that *33 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY eviavtrioi Kal oXiyoyfibvioi dpyai BiBd^aaal Tivas tcl avayKala duoirepmovo-i irplv ri avTcov diroBet- %0r]vai, to Be otl at fAatcporepai teal iroXvy^povico- Tepai iiraipovai iron? iroXXobs teal €9 vecoTepoirodav 3 i^dyovcrc, Bioirep ovBe eVaXX^Xa? ra? fie'i^ovs rjyefxovias olfiai rial irpoo-rffceiv 1 BlBoaOai. otrre yap Biacpepei ti av re iv tw avTcp eOvei av re real iv irXeiocriv icpegrjs iirl fiaKporepov tov Bcovto<; apX&ar Kal dfxelvove^ yLyvovrai, iireiBav BcaXi- ttcocfl 2 re Tiva yjpovov Kal oiKaBe eiraveXOcoai Kal lBlG)T€VO~COLTl. "Tou? fjuev Brj ovv /3ov\evTa<; z ravrd re Kal ovrco 24 Bievretv <f>r)/nl ^pr/vat, tcov Be Br) lirirecov Bvo tou? dpi<TTOV<$ t?}? 7r€pl ere <f>povpa$ apyeiv to T6 yap evl civBpl avTrfv iniTpeiretTOaL crcpaXepbv Kal to 2 irXeLocTL rapayfoBes eari. Bvo re ovv ecrrcoaav oi eirapxoi ovroi, iv av Kal 6 erepo? avTcov eirai- trOriTai ti tco acbfiari, /jltjti 41 ye Kal ivBerjs tov <f)vXd^ovr6<; ere etrj^ Kal Kadiardadcoaav eK tcov TToXXaKiq re earp are vfievcov Kal 7roXXd Kal dXXa 3 Blcoktjkotcov. dpyeTcotrav Be Br) 5 tcov re Bopv<f>6p(ov Kal tcov Xoittcov cTTpaTicoTcov tcov iv tjj 'iTaX/a irdvTcov, colttc kal OavaTovv tou? dBiKovvTas avTcbv 7rXr)v tcov tc eKaTOVTap^cov Kal tcov aXXcov tcov toZ? €K tov fiovXevTtKov apypvai TrpotTTeTa- 4 y/ievcov. tovtov? fiev yap avTol eKelvoi BiKaiov- 1 irpo(TT)K€tp Bk., irpoarrjKOV VM. 2 BiakUooal Bk., StaKefawtrl VM. 3 o6v £ooA€i/Tas Bs., (Tuju^ouAevToy VM. * jui-fin Dind., /A-f}Tot VM. 6 5^ M, om. V. 134 BOOK LII offices held for only one year or for short periods b.c. 29 merely teach the officials their bare duties and then dismiss them before they can put any of their acquired knowledge into use, while, on the other hand, the longer terms of many years' duration somehow have the effect, in many cases, of filling the officials with conceit and encouraging them to rebellion. Hence, again, I think that the more important posts ought in no case to be given consecutively to the same man. For it makes no difference whether a man is governor in the same province or in several in succession, if he holds office for a period longer than is advisable ; besides, appointees improve when there is an interval between their incumbencies during which they return home and resume the life of ordinary citizens. "As regards the senators, therefore, I declare that they ought to discharge the duties named and in the way described. Of the knights the two best should command the bodyguard which protects you, for it is hazardous to entrust it to one man, and sure to lead to confusion to entrust it to more than two. There- fore let the number of these prefects be two, in order that, if one of them feel indisposed, you may still not lack a person to guard you. And men should be appointed to this office who have served in many military campaigns and have, besides, held many administrative positions. And they should have com- mand both of the Pretorians and of all the other soldiers in Italy, with power even to put to death any of them w ho do wrong, with the exception of the centurions and of those in general who have been assigned to the staffs of magistrates of senatorial rank. For these soldiers should be tried by the 135 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Tcocrav, iva dirpofyaGLaTw*; afyiai %pf)cr0cu, are Kal tcokaaai /cat rtfirjo-ai cr<j) a 9 igovaiav e^o^re?, BvvcovTar tcov S' aWcov t&v iv ttj 'IraXta (Trpa- ticotcjv ol virapyoi i/ceivoi Trpoa-rareLTcoaav, virdp~ X 0V< S €%0^T€?, KCU TTpOC7€TL Kal TO)V KaUTapeiCOV 1 To>v re iv ttj Oepairela aou Svtcov Kal tcov dXKcov 5 tcov \6yov Tivbs d^lcov. ravra yap Kal irpoarj- kovtcl fcai avTap/crf avrois Bcdyeiv ecrrai, 2 iva firj Kal ifkelco irpdyfiara cov Ka\co<; <f)ipeiv Svvrjaovrai 67r it a^Oevre^ aa^oXot 7rpb<; rd dvayicaia rj fcal dBuvaroL irdvTcov avTcov TrpotaraaOai yevcovTac. 6 /ecu ovtol fi€p Sid /3/of, coairep irov Kal 6 irokL- apXOS O 0* V7TOTL/jL7)Tr)<i t ■ TT}V dpyr)V e%6TCr)crav vvKTocfrvXag Se eVe/?09, Kal iirl tov ctltov tt;? re dyopd<; rrj<; \oi7rrj<? ere/509 €K re tcov IttttLcov tcov TTpCOTCOV (X€T €K€LVOV<Z Kal €9 TaKTOV XpQVOV dltO- SecKvvcrOcdo-av, KaOdirep ol €K tov /SovXcvtikov 25 7rpOX€ipi&/JL€POl. Ta? T€ hlOLKrj(T€L^ TCOV Xp7]fJ,d~ tcov, tcov re tov hrjfiov Kal tcov t?}? Xiyco, Kal Ta? iv Ttj r Pco/jLrj ttj t€ aXXy 'iTaXla Kal Ta? 2 €%co irdaa^ ol r7T7r//9 3 hiaxeipL^eTcoaav, Kal fxiadbv ovtol t€ Kal ol aXXoL 7rdvT€<; ol eK tov avTOv TiXovs hioiKOVVTes Tt, ol fi€V irXelova ol he iXaT- Tova* 77/50? T6 to d^icofxa Kal 7rpo9 to fieyeOo? T779 3 TTpd^ 60)9 <f>€p€TCOO~aV, TOVTO jJL€V OTl 5 0U% 010V T€ 1 KaurapelcDV H. Steph., Kcuaapltev VM. 2 Sidyeiv €<rrat Bs., biaylueadai VM. 8 iirirrjs M (/tit?)**), iirireis V. 4 ikd-T-Tova K Steph., rhv ikdrrova VM. 6 %ri M, om. V. 136 BOOK LI I senatorial magistrates themselves, in order that the b.c. 29 latter, by virtue of the authority they would thus possess of dealing out punishments to them as well as honours, may be able to command their un- hesitating support. Over all the other soldiers in Italy, however, the prefects I have mentioned should be in command, having lieutenants under them, and likewise over the Caesarians, both those who are in attendance upon you and such of the others as are of any account. These duties will be both fitting and sufficient for them to discharge, for if they have more responsibilities assigned to them than they are able to carry satisfactorily, there is danger that they may have no time for the essential things, or, if they have, may prove incompetent to exercise oversight over all their duties. These prefects also should hold office for life, like the prefect of the city and the sub- censor. Let another official be appointed to be com- mander of the night-watch 1 and still another to be commissioner of grain 2 and of the market in general, both of them from the equestrian order and the best men after the prefects, and let them hold their posts for a definite term, like the magistrates elected from the senatorial class. The management of the public funds, also, — I mean both those of the people and those of the empire, not only in Rome but also in the rest of Italy and outside Italy, — should be entirely in the hands of the knights, and they, as well as all the other members of the equestrian order who are charged with an administrative position, should be on salary, greater or less in proportion to the dignity and importance of their duties. The reason for the second part of this suggestion is that it is not possible 1 Prae/ectus vigilum. 2 Praefectus annonae. 137 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY icrriv avrovs, are teal irepeaTepovs tcop /3ovXevTcop oVra?, airo tcop ol/eeicop, ovSe iv tj) ^cojiy tl TrpcLTTOVTas, dpaXiateeiP, eteelpo he otl fxrjTe hvpa- TOP fJLTjTe aVfl(j>€pOV icTTL CTOt T0U9 CtVTOVS TCOP T€ 1 hvpdfiecop teal tcop ^prjfjidToyp tevpiovs yiypeaffai. 4 7rpb<z S' en teal teaXcos %x eL irXeiopcop irdpra ra rfj 2 dpxfl Trpocrrj/eoPTa hidyeadai, ott<o<; teal cocjyeXcopTai ajjua avypol teal eyuneipoi tcov irpa- y/jbdrcop yiyvcoprav ovtco yap 01 re dpyoyLevoi fxaXXop evporjaovcri aoi, TroXveLhr) cnroXavtrip tcop koipcop dyaOcop teapirovjAepoi, teal av d^dopcorara rot? del dpi(TTOi$ 7rp09 irdpTa ra dvayieala XPfov* 5 aTToxprj he ep jxep tt) iroXei teaO* e/eacrrop XPV~ fiaTLcrecos elSo?, e^co Be teaO* e/caarop edpo$, el9 Tt9 ifc tcop LTTTrecop, vTrofxelopas ocrov? dp rj %peid aTraiTT] 8 etc re tcop linTecop teal etc tcop igeXev- Oepcop gov e%cop' Sel yap teal toiovtov? Tipds av^evypvpai <T§iaip> Xpa r) re OepaireLa aov a0Xop ti dpeTfjs e'xv* Kat M aTTOprj? Trap" cop teal dteoPTCop T7)p dXrjQeiap, ap ye tl TrXrj/i^eXTjffrj, fia0elp hvprjerrj. 6 ' ff 'OcTT£9 S 1 ap tcop linrecop hid ttoXXcop hiegeX- dcop eXXoyi/jLOs coaTe teal fiovXevaai yeprfraiy /jajhev aifTOP r) rjXiteLa ifxirohi^eTco irphs to fir) ov teal e? to crvpeSpiop teaTaXexdrjpai, dXX* iaypacj>ecrOcoaav teal ercelpcop, kclp XeXoxayrjteoTes tipc? ep tol$ ttoXitikoi? cTTpaTOTrehoi'i coat, ttXtjp tcop ep tm 7 TeTayfxepco eaTpaTevfievcop* tovtcop fiep yap tcop 1 T« M, om. V. 2 to t$ M, to iv TTJ V. 8 ctirotT]) V, dirotTfi M. 13s BOOK LII for the knights, since they are poorer than the b.c 29 senators, to meet their expenditures out of their own means, even when their duties keep them in Rome, and for the first point, that it is neither practicable nor to your interest that the same men should be given authority over both the troops and the public funds. And, furthermore, it is well that the whole business of the empire should be transacted by a number of agents, in order that many may at the same time receive the benefits and gain ex- perience in public affairs ; for in this way your subjects, reaping a manifold enjoyment of the common blessings, will be more favourably disposed towards you, and you will have at your disposal in the largest measure those who are at any particular time the best men for all urgent needs. One official of the eques- trian order is sufficient for each branch of the fiscal service in the city, and, outside the city, for each pro- vince, each one of them to have as many subordinates, drawn from the knights and from your own freedmen, as the needs of the case demand ; for you need to associate with the officials such assistants in order that your service may offer a prize for merit, and that you may not lack those from whom you may learn the truth, even contrary to their wishes, in case any irregularity is committed. " If any of the knights, after passing through many branches of the service, distinguishes himself enough to become a senator, his age ought not to hinder him at all from being enrolled in the senate. Indeed, some knights should be received into the senate, even if they have seen service only as company com- manders in the citizen legions, except such as have served in the rank and file. For it is both a shame 139 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY /cat cfropficHpoprjadpToov Kal XapKo<popr)o~dpTG)p real alajtpov fcal €7top€lSlo-t6p eGTip iv ra> fiovXevTiKco rivas i^erd^ecrdar etc Be. Brj tcov cltt dp)(r)<; itca- TOVTapyr)<jdvT(&v ovBep KcoXvei to?)? iXKoyc/icord- toi/9 avrov jjL€Ta\a/j,ftdv€iv. 26 " Uepl fiev ovv tcov fiovXevTcop to>p tc liriTecop ravrd croi crvfifiovXeveip e%ft>, Kal prj Ala Kal i/celpa, 1 iva ecos re en TralBes elcrtp, e? rd BiBa- axaXela ctv/jl^oitohti, Kal eireiBdp e*9 fiecpd/cia ifc/3d\cocrip, eiri re tou9 Xttttov^ real eirl ra oirXa Tpeirtoprai, BiBacrKaXovs e/carepcDP Brjfioo'ievoPTa^ 2 i/uLfiiadovs e%o^T€9. ovtco yap evOv? ifc iraLBcop irdpO' oaa XPV avBpas avroits yevo/utevovs iiri- rekelp teal /xadopres Kal fxeKerrja-avTe^ eViT?; 1 BetoTepoi croc irpos irav epyov yeprjaoPTai* top yap ap^opTa top apicrTOP, ov t£ ti o<£eXo9 eaTi, Bet 2 fit) fjuopop avTOP irdvG* a it pocrrjicei iroielp y dXXd Kal tcop aXXcop, oirco^ &>9 otl /3e\Tt,o~TOi 3 yiyvcoPTai, irpovoeiv. tovto S' vnap^eiep dp croi ovk ap idaa<; 3 avTOvs oaa fiovXoPTai TTpaTTeiP, eireiT eiriTip,a$ tois dfiapTapovarip, aU' dp irpip ti TrXrjfjL/jLeXeLadai, irpoBiBdaKys irdpO* oaa dener)- aaPT€<; xprjcrifidyTepoi real eavTOis koI aol yevrj- croPTai, Kal /nrjBepl ye to irapdirap irpocjyaaip 4 7mpe^779, 4 fjarjTe Bed ttXovtop pLrjTe Be evyevelap fMi]Te Bt aXXo ti dpeTrjs eyopepov, paOv/xlap fj jxaXaKiap rj Kal ijrcTrjBevalp Ttpa KiftBrjXop irpocr- TroietcrdaL. TroXXol yap (j)o/3ov/JL€voi p,}) Kal Bia 1 Kal v)\ A fa koX itceiva M, om, V. 2 Serflor., huv VM. 3 ovk av ideas Rk., ovk av ido"r)is VM flor. (cod. B), ti ovk av kdai)is flor. (cod. A). * irapcxy* R« Steph., xapcxois VA1. 140 BOOK LII and a reproach that men of this sort, who have carried b.c. 29 faggots and charcoal, should be found on the roll of the senate ; but in the case of knights who began their service with the rank of centurion, there is nothing to prevent the most notable of them from belonging to the senate. "With regard, then, to the senators and the knights, this is the advice I have to give you, — yes, and this also, that while they are still children they should attend the schools, and when they come out of child- hood into youth 1 they should turn their minds to horses and to arms, and have paid public teachers in each of these departments. In this way from their very boyhood they will have had both instruction and practice in all that they will themselves be required to do on reaching manhood, and will thus prove more serviceable to you for every undertaking. For the best ruler, — the ruler who is worth anything, — should not only perform himself all the duties which devolve upon him, but should make provision for the rest also, that they may become as excellent as possible. And this title can be yours, not if you allow them to do whatever they please and then censure those who err, but if, before any mistakes are made, you give them instruction in everything the practice of which will render them more useful both to themselves and to you, and if you afford nobody any excuse whatever, either wealth or nobility of birth or any other attribute of excellence, for affecting indolence or effeminacy or any other behaviour that is counter- feit. For many persons, fearing that, by reason of 1 The Greek term indicates approximately the age of fourteen. 141 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY tolovto tl teal <f)9ovt]6a)ac teal KivBvvevcraxri, TroXXa teal dvd^ia eavrwv ttqiovgiv o>? teal dcrfya- 5 Xearepov air aurcov ftiGsaojievoL* tedtc tovtov iteelvoL fxev iXeovvrcu 009 teal avrb tovto dBtteov- fievoiy to fir) hotcelv i^etval afyicriv o/?#w? %r) v > T £ 5' apyovri avrcov teal fyjfila a/jua dyaOcov dvBpcov GT€pOjJL€V<p KCU teateoBo^la T% CUT t,d<T€CQ<; (TVfJL^aiveL, fxrjT ovv irepdhrjs irore tovto irpayOkv, pur\T av Belays otl Tpa<f>e£<; re ti$ teal TraiBevdels 0L9 €760 6 Xeyco 1 v€a>T€p6v tl ToXfirjaei. irav yap TOvvavTiov tov<Z T€ dfiaOel^ Ka\ tou9 daeXyels vttotottsIv Set' 2 ol fiev yap toiovtol irdvTa a7rX<u9 teal tcl alayiaTa teal tcl SeivoTaTa, irpoiTov p,ev 69 acfrds avrovs €7T€iTa Be teal eV tovs aXXovs, paBlco? iroielv irpo- dyovTaiy ol Be Br) teaXcos Tpa<f>evTe<; t€ teal iraiBev- OevTes out dXXov Tivd dBiteeiv TrpoaipovvTai, teal irdvTusv r\teiGTa top Trjs t€ Tpo(j>rj$ teal T/79 irai- 7 Betas ai)T(ov einfieX^devTa, av S' ovv w teal teateb$ teal dydpiGTQS y&vrjTai, firjhev avTG> tolov- tov Ittit pe^rfS eg ov BeLvov ti Bpaaai BvvrjaeTai' teav ye teal a>9 veoj^fidaarj tl, teal iXey^dt]Tco teal teoXaa0r}T(o. fir) yap Br) cf>o/3r)6fj<; otl ae aWidaeTal r*9 errl TovTCpi dv ye irdv6 y oo~a eiprjtea TTpaTTys. 8 av fiev yap ovBev d/jLapTrjar) top dBitetfaavTa Tifxcoprjadfievos, &airep ovBe 6 larpbs teavaas Tivd teal TEfiddV iteelvov Be Br) irdvTes Biteaicoaovaiv, 1 \4yu> R. Steph., VM. 2 5e? M, 5J) V. 142 BOOK LII some such advantage, they may incur jealousy or b.c. 29 danger, do many things that are unworthy of them- selves, expecting by such behaviour to live in greater security. As a consequence, not only do they, on their part, become objects of pity as being victims of injustice in precisely this respect, that men believe that they are deprived of the opportunity of leading upright lives, but their ruler also, on his part, suffers not only a loss, in that he is robbed of men who might have been good, but also ill-repute, because he is blamed for the others' condition. Therefore never permit this thing to happen, and have no fear, on the other hand, that anyone who has been reared and educated as I propose will ever venture upon a rebellion. On the contrary, it is the ignorant and licentious that you should suspect ; for it is such persons who are easily influenced to do absolutely any and every thing, even the most disgraceful and outrageous, first toward themselves and then toward others, whereas those who have been well reared and educated do not deliberately do wrong to any one else and least of all to the one who has cared for their rearing and education. If, however, one of these does show himself wicked and ungrateful, you have merely to refuse to entrust him with any position of such a kind as will enable him to do any mischief ; and if even so he rebels, let him be convicted and punished. You need not, I assure you, be afraid that anyone will blame you for this, pro- vided that you carry out all my injunctions. For in taking vengeance on the wrongdoer you will be guilty of no sin, any more than the physician is who resorts to cautery and surgery ; but all men will assuredly say that the offender has got his deserts, M3 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY on real rpo<f)ri<; Kal iraiheLas rrjs avrr]<; rots aXXois fieraa^cov eTrefiovXevcre aoi. " Uepl fiev ovv rovs ftovXevrds rovs re liriTeas 27 ravra yiyveaOco* rovs Se %rj arpancoras dOavd- TOf?, €K T€ TO)V TTOXlTOOV tcdfC TCOV VTT7]k6wV TCOV T€ ovjxiidytoV) rfj fxev irXeiovs rfj Be eXdrrovs, kclO* eKaarov eOvos, orrcos av V %peia rcov rrpaypbdrcov 2 dirairfj, rpecpeaOai irpoarjKei, /ecu avrovs deL re ev rols ottXois elvai Kal rrjv dcrKrjo-iv rcov rroXefiiKcov Bed iravrbs iroielaOai Bel, yeip,dZid re ev rots eiri- Kaipordrots ^copLOLs Karea icevacr /xevovs Kal yjpovov tcuctov crparevofxevovs, ware n avrols Kal rrpb 3 rov yrjpcos rrjs rfXiKias mepielvai. ovre yap eirl rcov Kaipcov fiorjdelais nalv en XP*}°~Q aL Bvvd- fieda, avrol re rocrovrov diro rcov rrjs apxfc ea^ancov a7rr]pTr)fievoi Kal iroXejitovs eKaaraxbOi rrpoaoiKovvras exovres* dv re emrpe-^rcofiev rrdcri rols ev rfj rfXiKiq oval teal rd orrXa KeKrrja0ai koi rd e/x7ro\efiLa dafcelv, ardaeis Kal iroXefioi 4 air* avrcov epLcpvXioi del yevrjaovrai. Kal /nevroi kclv KcoXvaavres acpas ravra iroielv eireira cv/jl- fiax^ns Tivbs rrap avrcov SerjOco/Aev, KivBvvevao- fiev 1 direipois re Kal dyv/xvaarois ctt pandora is del Xpcbfxevoi. Sid fiev Br) ravra yvcofxrjv rroiovpuat rovs fiev aXXovs rrdvras dvev re oitXcov Kal dvev reix&v ffiv, rovs Be ippcofxeveardrovs Kal fiLov fxdXiara Beofxevovs KaraXeyeaOal re kol daKeiv. 5 avrol re yap d/xeivov iroXefirjaovai rovrco fxovco 1 Kivfivvcvffojj.ev R. Steph., Kivdvvevawficp VM. 144 BOOK LII because, after partaking of the same rearing and b.c 29 education as the rest, he plotted against you. " Let this be your procedure, then, in the case ot the senators and the knights. A standing army also should be supported, drawn from the citizens, the subject nations, and the allies, its size in the several provinces being greater or less according as the necessities of the case demand ; and these troops ought always to be under arms and to engage in the practice of warfare continually. They should have winter-quarters constructed for them at the most advantageous points, and should serve for a stated period, so that a portion of life may still be left for them between their retirement from service and old age. The reason for such a standing army is this : far removed as we are from the frontiers of the empire, with enemies living near our borders on every side, we are no longer able at critical times to depend upon expeditionary forces ; and if, on the other hand, we permit all the men of military age to have arms and to practise warfare, they will always be the source of seditions and civil Avars. If, however, we prevent them from all making arms their pro- fession and afterwards need their aid in war, we shall be exposed to danger, since we shall never have anything but inexperienced and untrained soldiers to depend upon. For these reasons I give it as my opinion that, while in general the men of military age should have nothing to do with arms and walled camps during their lives, the hardiest of them and those most in need of a livelihood should be enlisted as soldiers and given a military training. For they will fight better if they devote their time to this one 145 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY t&> epycp ayoXd^ovre^, tcai oi XotiroX paov yeiopyr}- aovat kcli vavriKovvrai TCL T€ CtWcL TCL TJJ eipTjVTJ irpoar]Kovra irpd^ovat \xr\re €Kf3or}0€iv avaytca^o- fxevoi fcal tt po(j>v\afcd<; acf)cov erepovs eypvre^, to re aKfiaioTCLTOV koX iayyporarov Kal €k Xrjareia^ fidXiara %fjv dvayKa^o/xevov akvirw^ Tpatyrjaerai, real to Xotirbv ttclv dfeivSvvcos ficctiaerat. 28 " Yiodev ovv xptf/xara Kal rovrov s Kal e? ra aWa ra, avay/caicos dvaXcoOrjaofieva carat; iycj /cal rovro SiSd^co, apiiKpbv ifcelvo vTrenrcov, Sri kclv BrjfjLOKpaTrjd(Ofi€V s TTapray; irov xprj/xdrcov Serjao/JbeOa- 1 ov yap olov re ovr dvev arpari(ora>v rjfjia<; ado^eaOat ovr ajJuaOl 2 rivas 3 arparev- 2 eaOat. fif] ovv a>? real rfj pbovapyla fiovrj rrj<; dvayKaia? rcov xprjpbdrcov dffpoiaecos irpoar^Kovarj^ ftapvvtopeOa, pirjSe 8t avrrjv teal cltt €K€Lvr}<s aTTOTperrddpieOa, aXX' /cat iravroa^ avayicalov ov fjfuv, oVo)? ttot av irdXtrevdapbeOa, Kal dpyv- 3 pL^eaOaL rtva, ovrco 4 fiovXevcopieOa. (j>rjpu roivvv yprjvai ae irpcorov fiev dirdvrcov ra Krrjfiara ra iv to5 &r)/jLoa[(p ovra (woWa Se ravra opco Sia, TOU9 7ro\ep,ov<; yey ovora) TTcoXrjaat, 7r\rjv oklycov rcov Kal irdvv yprjaipLcov aot teal dvayfcaccov, Kal to dpyvptov rovro itclv iirl perpiois rtal tokoi? 4 exSavetaai. ovrco yap rf re yrj ivepyo<; carat, ZeaTrorais airovpyoi<; hoOeiaa, Kal itcelvot d<j)op- jjltjv \a/36vre<; evTTopcoTepot yevrjaovrat s to re 1 8cr}<r6fie0a Dind., S€7]6-n<r6jj.e6a VM. 2 aixiaOt St., ajxitrOd VM. 3 rivas M, rivet V. * ovtco M, ovtws V. 146 BOOK LII business, and the rest will find it easier to carry on b.c. 29 their farming, seafaring, and the other pursuits appro- priate to peace, if they are not compelled to take part in military expeditions but have others to act as their defenders. Thus the most active and vigorous element of the population, which is generally obliged to gain its livelihood by brigandage, will support itself without molesting others, while all the rest will live without incurring dangers. " From what source, then, is the money to be pro- vided for these soldiers and for the other expenses that will of necessity be incurred ? I shall explain this point also, prefacing it with a brief reminder that even if we have a democracy we shall in any case, of course, need money. For we cannot sur- vive without soldiers, and men will not serve as soldiers without pay. Therefore let us not be oppressed by the idea that the necessity of raising money belongs only to a monarchy, and let us not be led by that consideration to turn our backs upon this form of government, but let us assume in our delibera- tions that, under .whatever form of government we shall live, we shall certainly be constrained to secure funds. My proposal, therefore, is that you shall first of all sell the property that belongs to the state, — and I observe that this has become vast on account of the wars, — reserving only a little that is distinctly useful or necessary to you ; and that you lend out all the money thus realized at a moderate rate of interest. In this way not only will the land be put under cultivation, being sold to owners who will cultivate it themselves, but also the latter will acquire a capital and become more prosperous, while the treasury will gain a permanent revenue that will M7 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Brjfioaiov Biapfcrj real aOdvarov irpoaoZov €%ei. elra avXXoyiaaaO at ravrd re Kal TaXXa oaa €K re fieraWela*; Kal el drj iroOev akXoOev /3e/3at&)<? 5 Svvarai irpoaievai, Kal fieja tovto dvTtXoyiaa- aOai fir) fiovov ra aTpaTccoTiKa dXXa Kal TaXXa irdvra ht cov /caXcos ttoXis ol/ceirai, /cal irpoaeTL /cat oaa e? re ra? alcpviSiovs GTparelas /cal e<? ra Xonrd oca elcodev iirl /caipov avfiftaiveiv, dvay- 6 /calov earai Bairavaa0ar kclk tovtov 7rpb<; irav to Xeiirov cf>6pov re eiriTa^ai iraaiv dirXcos to?<? iTTi/capirlav 1 Tivd tw KCKTrjfievcp avrh Ttapk^pvai, /cal TeXrj /caraarrfaaL irapa iraaiv cov dpyofizv {jcal yap /cal Si/catov /cal irpoarjKov iari firjSeva avTcov dreXrj elvai, fir) i&icottjv, fir) Sfjfiov, are /cal ttjs chcfreXias tt)s air avrcov ofioicos rot? aXXois 7 diroXavaovra^ 2 ), /cat acf>cov i/cXoyias toi>9 €tti~ TpoirevaovTas h/cacnayoQi 7roir)aai } coare avrovs irav to rep T7/9 iiriTpOTrelas avrcov %povco irpoaf)- kov diraacov tcov irpoaohcov ecrirpaTTeiv. tovto yap /cal i/ceivois paco rrjv eairpa^tv iroirjaei /cal tois BcSovat ri cocpeXlav ov/c iXa^iarrjv irape^et' 8 Xeyco Se to 3 /caT oXvyov a<f)a<; iv Tals Ta^eaiv oaa ofyeiXovaiv iacpipeiv, /cal pur}, ftpa^vv paOv- fiijaavras %povov ) iirt/cecj^aXaicoOevTa iravra ead- Trat; diraiTelaOai. 29 " Kal ov/c dyvoco fiev otl Tives tcov re cj>6pcov /cal tcov TeXcov Kadiarajxevcov dyQea6r)aovrai' dXXa Kal i/c€ivo olBa otl, av firjTe irpoaeirriped^covTaL Kal tco epyco iretaOcoaiv otl irdvTa Tavra Kal 1 iTTLKapirlav M, ivl KapTiav V. 3 airoKaxxTovras R. Steph., ano\av<ravTas VM. 8 rb R. Steph., toD VM. 14B BOOK LII suffice for its needs. In the second place, I advise b.c. 29 you to make an estimate of the revenues from this source and of all the other revenues which can with certainty be derived from the mines or any other source, and then to make and balance against this a second estimate of all the expenses, not only those of the army, but also of all those which contribute to the well-being of a state, and furthermore of those which will necessarily be incurred for unexpected campaigns and the other needs which are wont to arise in an emergency. The next step is to provide for any deficiency by levying an assessment upon absolutely all property which produces any profit for its possessors, and by establishing a system of taxes among all the peoples we rule. For it is but just and proper that no individual or district be exempt from these taxes, inasmuch as they are to enjoy the benefits derived from the taxation as much as the rest. And you should appoint tax-collectors to have supervision of this business in each district, and cause them to exact the entire amount that falls due during the term of their supervision from all the sources of revenue. This plan will not only render the work of collection easier for these officials, but will in particular benefit the tax-payers, inasmuch, I mean, as these will bring in what they owe in the small instalments appointed, whereas now, if they are remiss for a brief period, the entire sum is added up and demanded of them in a single payment. " 1 am not unaware that some will object if this system of assessments and taxes is established. But I know this, too, — that if they are subjected to no further abuses and are indeed convinced that all these contributions of theirs will make for their own 149 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY virep t?}? (TQ)T7)pla<; acfrcov teal virep rov ra Xonra 2 dhecos tcapiTOvadai o~vvecroio~ovcrL, teal rrpoaeri 1 rd 7r\el(o air&v ov% erepoi rives dXX* avrol eiceZvoL, ol fiev apypvres oi he eirirpoirevovres oi he (TTparevo/JievoL, Xyyfrovrac, teal rrdvv rroXXrjv ydpiv etaovrai o~oi, ftpayea dirb ttoXXoov &v av /jLTjSev eirrfpea^ofievoi tcapireovrat, hihovres, aXXoo? re tcdv opaxri ere aa)cj)p6v(os re hiairatfievov teal 3 firjhev fJLCLTrjv irapavaXicrtcovra, rfc yap oiftc av IScov ere rrpbs fiev ra ol/cela (peihcoXorarov 737509 he ra koivcl acfreihecrrarov ovra, edeXovrl avvreXeaeie n, teal aa(j)dXeiav real evrroptav eavrov rb ae irXovrelv elvai vo/jli^cov; 30 " yi.prjjxara fiev hr) teal rrdvv rroXXa ite rovrcov virdp^eiev av ra he hrj Xonra rovhe rbv rporrov htoiteelv cot rrapaivw* rb fiev dcrrv rovro fcal /car ate bafiei rrdcrrj rroXvreXeia teal emXafirrpwe ixavrl elhet iravqyvpeaiv rrpoarjKei re yap rjfia? ttoXXcov apypvras ev iracri rrdvrcdv virepe^eiv, teal (f>epei 7TC09 teal ra roiavra rrpos re rov? crvfi- fidyovs aihco teal 777)09 rovs iroXefiiov? Kara- 2 ttXtj^iv, ra he hq ra>v aXXcov a>he hieire. irpcorov fiev oi hrjfioi firjre tcvpioi rivos e&rcoaav firjre €9 e/cfcXrjaiav rb irapdirav fyoirdraxrav ovre yap dyadbv 2 ovhev fypovrjaeiav av teal crvyya av del 3 rapd^ecav. oOev ovhe rbv rrap fjfiiv hrjfiov ovre 4 €9 hitcao~rrjpiov ovre €9 dpyatpecrLa^, ovre €9 aXXov riva rocovrov crvXXoyov ev <p rt teal %pr}fiari- 1 trpocrkri R. Steph., vpbs ivl VM. 2 ayadhv M, om. V. 8 ael M, om. V. 4 otire R. Steph., ovte VM. *5° BOOK LII security and for their fearless enjoyment of the rest b.c. 29 of their property, and that, again, the larger part of their contributions will be received by none but them- selves, as governors, procurators, or soldiers, they will be exceedingly grateful to you, since they will be giving but a slight portion of the abundance from which they derive the benefit without having to submit to abuses. Especially will this be true if they see that you live temperately and spend nothing « foolishly. For who, if he saw that you were quite frugal in your expenditures for yourself and quite lavish in those for the commonwealth, would not willingly contribute, believing that your wealth meant his own security and prosperity ? " So far as funds are concerned, therefore, a great abundance would be supplied from these sources. And I advise you to conduct as follows the administration of such matters as have not yet been mentioned. Adorn this capital with utter dis- regard of expense and make it magnificent with festivals of every kind. For it is fitting that we who rule over many people should surpass all men in all things, and brilliance of this sort, also, tends in a way to inspire our allies with respect for us and our enemies with terror. The affairs of the other cities you should order in this fashion : In the first place, the populace should have no authority in any matter, and should not be allowed to convene in any assembly at all ; for nothing good would come out of their deliberations and they would always be stirring up a good deal of turmoil. Hence it is my opinion that our populace here in Rome, for that matter, should not come together either as a court or to hold the elections, or indeed in any meeting whose object is 151 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 3 aOrjvdi Set, crvvikvai <j>rjfu %pr)vai. eireira Be pbrjr oiKoSoprjpdrcop TrXrjdeaiv rj Kal 1 pbeyedeaiv virep Tavaytcaia XpijadcDcrav, pLrjT dywvcov TroXXoov Kal TTavToBairoiv dvaXdopuaaL Sa7ravdcrdcoaav f iva p,rjT€ cnrovSals fiara'tais iKTpvywvTai fxtjre (fciXoripiiais 4 aXoyois TroXepLcovrac i^ercoaav fiev yap Kal Travrjyvpet? Kal QewpLas 7ivd<$, X^P 1 ^ T % Itttto- Spopias t?}? Trap rjplv Troiov/jLevrjs, firj pevroi &<jt€ Kal to Sypoaiov rj /cal tov$ ISlovs ottcovs XvpuaL- vecrdat,, %evov re riva dvay/cd^eadac Trap 1 avTols Kal otlovv dva\iaK€iv t teal aiTrjcriv dOdvaTov TrdcFiv drrXcof; tols dywvd nva vi/crjaaai SISoadai. 5 tou9 T€ yap eviropovs aXoyov iartv k'^co rt ra>v TraTpiScov dvayfeaarovs Zairavdv, Kal rots dyco- vicrravs dTro^pV dOXa rd nap eKaaioi^ TiOipeva, %&>yok rj ei tl<? avrcov 'OXvpLiria r) 6 Wvdia r) riva ivravda dycova dveXotro' 2 rov$ yap roiovTOvs fiovovs criTeicr&ai Bel, "va firjre ai iroXeis fidrrjv €7T lt piftcovrai pLrjre e^co t*9 t6)v d%iovtKG)v daKr} t Bwdfjuevos dXXo ti XprjaLpoorepov Kal eavrto Kal ra> kolvco pertevat, irepl pev ovv tovto>v 7 ravra yiyvdxrKO), t#9 o° Itt it oh popular Ta9 dvev rayp yvpuvLKOiv dywvcov eV ireXov p,€va$ ov% r/yovptaL helv dXXy tlvI TToXei Troielv iTriTpeiretv, 07r&)9 p^rjre XprjpLara 7rapb7rXrf0r} eiKy TrapaTroXXvrjrai pLr)d* 1 not M, om. V. 8 avi\oiTo Rk., h.v ikoiro V, h.v eAoiro M. 15^ BOOK LH to transact business. In the second place, the cities b.c. 29 should not indulge in public buildings unnecessarily numerous or large, nor waste their resources on expenditures for a large number and variety of public games, lest they exhaust themselves in futile exertions and be led by unreasonable rivalries to quarrel among themselves. They ought, indeed, to have their festivals and spectacles, — to say nothing of the Circensian games held here in Rome, — but not to such an extent that the public treasury or the estates of private citizens shall be ruined thereby, or that any stranger resident there shall be compelled to contribute to their expense, or that maintenance for life shall be granted to every one without exception who has won a victory in a contest. For it is unreasonable that the well-to-do should be put under compulsion to spend their money outside their own countries ; and as for the competitors in the games, the prizes which are offered in each event are enough, unless a man wins in the Olympian or Pythian games or in some contest here in Rome. For these are the only victors who ought to receive their maintenance, and then the cities will not be wearing themselves out to no purpose nor will any athlete go into training except those who have a chance of winning ; the rest will be able to follow some occupation that will be more profitable both to themselves and to the commonwealth. This is my opinion about these matters. But as to the horse- races in connection with which there are no gymnastic contests, 1 I think that no city but Rome should be permitted to have them, the object being to prevent the wanton dissipation of vast sums of money and to 1 He has reference to the Circensian games in Rome. 153 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ol avOpcoTTOi kcucoos ifcfjuatvcovrai, /cat to fteyicrTOV, iv ol arparevo/jievoc tol? dplcrTOLS Xttttois d(f)06- 8 VG)<$ Xpfjo-0ai 6")(COCTl. TOVTO fJL€V &7) Sid TCIVT dirayopevco TvavTairacrL fiySafioOi dXXofft, irXr)v ivravOa ylyvecrdai, to, Be Srj Xoittcl ifieTpLacra, Xv evSairdvovs ra<? d7roXavo~ei<? teal tcov decoprffidrcov teal tcov d/covo-fidrcov a>9 e/cacrrot Troiovjievoi teal ccofypovecrTepov teal daTacriacTTOTepov Stdycocro. 9 " Mrjre Be vo/xio-fiara rj tca\ o-raOfxa rj fierpa ISia T£9 avTCOV £)(6Tcd s dXXd TOt? r)fjL€T€pOt,<Z KOI 6K6CVOI Trdvres ^prjaOcoaav /j,r)T€ it peer fieLav Tivd trpos <re, irXrjv el 7r pay fid tc Siayvcocrecos e\o\xevov eirj, TrefnreTayaaVy dWd tw t€ dpyovTi acpcov SrjXov- Tcocrav ocra ftovXovTai, fcal oY i/celvov 1 cot 2 xa? dgicocreis, oaa? av BoKifidcrrj, 7rpocr(j>€peTcoaav, 10 ovtco yap ovt dvaXcocrovcri tv ovt alcr^pco^ 8ia- Trpdgoprai, dXX y dxepalov? Ta? diro/cpco-ei? dvev ZaTrdvqs rj koX irpaypLarela^ tlvo^ XrjtyovTai, 31 " Kat fievroi Kal raXXa cob" dv /jloi So/ceZ? 3 dpLcna hiard^aiy dv TtpcoTOV fiev xa<? Trpecrfielas to? re irapd tcov iroXefilcov teal xa? irapa tcov ivcnrovScov Kal /3acriXecov KaX hrjficov dcf>iKVOV/jL€va<t e? to avveSpiov iadyrj^ (rd T€ yap aXXa Kal crefivbv Kal d^ioXoyov icrTi to t€ ttjv fiovXrjv TrdvTcov Kvplav Sokciv elvai, Kal to ttoXXov? tow? 1 itcttvov M, ckuvovs V. 54 (rot V, <rov M. 8 d0K€?S Bk., $OK7jtS VM. 154 BOOK LII keep the populace from becoming deplorably crazed b.c. 29 over such a sport, and, above all, to give those who are serving in the army an abundant supply of the best horses. It is for these reasons, therefore, that I would altogether forbid the holding of such races anywhere else than here in Rome ; as to the other games, I have proposed to keep them within bounds, in order that each community, by putting upon an inexpensive basis its entertainments for both eye and ear, may live with greater moderation and less factious strife. "None of the cities should be allowed to have its own separate coinage or system of weights and measures; they should all be required to use ours. They should send no embassy to you, unless its busi- ness is one that involves a judicial decision; they should rather make what representations they will to their governor and through him bring to your attention such of their petitions as he shall approve. In this way they will be spared expense and be prevented from resorting to crooked practices to gain their object ; and the answers they receive will be uncontaminated by their agents and will involve no expense or red tape. " Moreover (to pass to other matters), it seems to me that you would be adopting the best arrangement if you should, in the first place, introduce before the senate the embassies which come from the enemy and from those under treaty with us, whether kings or democracies ; for, among other considerations, it is both awe-inspiring and calculated to arouse com- ment for the impression to prevail that the senate has full authority in all matters and for all men to be fully aware that those envoys who are unfair in their VOL, VI. r 55 F DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY avriiraXovs rol<; ayvcofMovovaiv avTOiV (fcaiveadat), 2 enrevra he av iravra tcl vofJuoOerovfieva Si avTcov Troifj, /cat fjLrjSev to irapdirav aWo eirl irdvTas ofJboiG)? (jyeprj irXrjv TOiv i/C€LV7]<; hoyfiaToav ovtco yap to T€ a^Layfia to 7*779 * &PXVS fioXKov civ fiejSaioiTO, nal tcl hiKaid^iaTa tclk tcov vo/acdv ical dvapb^LXoya fcal 8id$7]\a iracriv ajua yiyvoiTo} 3 TpCTOV, av tov? re /3ov\evT<i<; TOU9 e/e Trjs yepov- alas ical tovs TraiSas ra9 Te yvvalicas avT&v, av ttot€ Tiva aWiav fiapvTepav, &o~T€ tov akovTa o~<f)(0V aTipiav fj (ftvyrjv rj koI OdvaTov otyXeiv, \df3coo~iv, vtto re to /3ov\evTijpiov V7rdyrj<; fjLrjSev 4 TTpoicaTayvov<$i ical i/celvq) iraaav ttjv Trepl avTcjv 8iay}r7]<j)t,o~iv dicepaiov iirtTpi'Trr}^, iv ot tg dSiicovv T69 ti iv irdat toi$ ofiOTLpiois eXeyxofievot /co\d~ %(DVTai %<wpt9 tov crov (j>96vov, teal oi aXkoi Tav6* opcovTG? fteXTiovs yiyvcovTat (f>6fi<p tov /jltj icai aifTol €KSrjfjioo-L6v0r]vai, 5 " Kal TavTa fievTOi Trepl e/celvGov tcov aSircr)- /jLaTcov, irepl cbv oc tc vojjlol iceivTai ical ai KpLaeis ai KaT avTOv^ ylyvovTat } \eyco. to yap oti Ti9 iXotSoprjcre ere teal eTepdv tl dveTriTr)heiov elire, firiT dfcovarjs TTOTe icaTrjyopovvTos tivo<$ pLrjTe 6 eTre%e\8r}<$. alaxpov jjlcv yap to iriaTeveiv oti -U9 firjTe tl dhiKovvTa ere fcal evepyeTOVVTa TrdvTa^ 1 yiyvoiro St., ylyvoivro VM. 156 BOOK LII dealings will have many to oppose them. In the second place, you would do well to have all your legislation enacted by the senate, and to enforce no measure whatever upon all the people alike except the decrees of this body. In this way the dignity of the empire would be more securely established and the judgments rendered in accordance with the laws would instantly be free from all dispute or un- certainty in the eyes of all the people. In the third place, it would be well in the case of the members of the senatorial order who are actually members of the senate, 1 their children, and their wives, if ever they are charged with a serious offence for which the penalty on conviction would be disfranchisement, exile, or even death, that you should bring the matter before the senate without prejudgment against the accused, and should commit to that body the entire decision uninfluenced by your opinion. The purpose of this is, that the guilty, thus tried by a jury consisting solely of their peers, may be punished without there being any resentment against you, and that the others, seeing this, may mend their ways through fear of being publicly pilloried themselves. "These suggestions have to do only with those offences regarding which laws have been established and judgments are rendered in accordance with these laws. For as to a charge that some one has vilified you or in some other way has used unseemly language regarding you, I would have you neither listen to the accuser nor follow up the accusation. For it is disgraceful for you to believe that any one has wantonly insulted you if you are indeed doing no 1 As distinguished from those of the senatorial order who have not yet gained admission to the senate. 157 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7T poeirifkaKKre, teal fiovot rovro ttolovctlv oi Ka/CQ)<; dpX 0VTe< >' ire yap rod ctvv€i86to<; fcal rb ttlgtov 7 r&v XeyopAvcov elprjcrOav reKfialpovrai' heivbv Se real rb ycCkeTraiveiv eiri to?9 roiovrois, a el fiev dXrjOr] eirj, tcpelrrov eari p,r) iroielv, el he yfrevSr) s fir) TTpoviroieladai, o>9 7roXXoi ye tjBtj Sid rovrov 7roXv 7r\eico real 'yaXeircoTepa Xoy otto tela 6at icaQ* 8 eavrcov eizoirjaav, irepl fiev ovv rwv Xoycp ri 7rp07rrj\aKL^eiv air ia^o fiev cov ravr eya) (j>pova>* Kpeirrco re yap ical v^rrfKorepov irdvrjs vftpecos elvaL ae XPV> Kai f 17 )^ & evvoidv irore firjr avrbv afyiKveladai fxryre tov$ aXXov? rrpodyew on SvvaraL ri? daeXydval ri €9 ere, Iv &>9 irepl rcov decbv, ovrco 1 teal irepl aov (j>povo)aiv on Geirrbs 9 eh av Be Srj ri? iirifiovXevecv croi air lav Xdfirj (yevoLTo yap dv ri koX tolqvtov), avrbs fiev firfSe irepl i/celvov ri firjre $i/cdcrr}<; firjre irpoSiayv&s (aroirov yap rbv avrbv fcal /carrjyopov KaX St/ca- crrjv yiyvevdai), virb 2 Se Sr) rr)v /3ovXr)v avrbv dyaycov diroXoyr]aaa6al re iroirjaov, fedv eXeyx@V> KoKaaov fierpidaas &>9 olov re eari rb rtfiooprjfia, 10 tva /cat iriGrevdfi rb dSiKrjfia, x a ^ e7rc ^ Tara yap ol iroXXol ireiOovrai on ri? doirXos &v iiri/Sov- Xevei too a)TrXio~ fievoy teal fiovcos av ovrw? avr&v TU%ot9, el firyre irpb<; opyr)v firjr dvr)tceo-T(£>$> e<f oaov ye tca\ eVSe^eTcu, rrjv rifiwplav avrov iroiolo, Xeyco Se ravra x w P^ V € * ™ 9 crrpdrevfid ri ex* 01 1 o0Tw M, om. V. 2 M Bs., itr\ VM. 158 BOOK LII wrong and are but conferring benefits upon all, and b.c. 29 it is only those who are ruling badly who believe such things ; for they draw evidence from their own conscience of the credibility of the alleged slanders. And it is, furthermore, a dangerous thing even to show anger at such imputations (for if they are true, it were better not to be angry, and if they are false, it were better to pretend not to be angry), since many a man in times past has, by adopting this course, caused to be circulated against him- self scandals far more numerous and more difficult to bear. This, then, is my advice concerning those who are accused of calumniating you ; for you should be superior to any insult and too exalted to be reached by it, and you should never allow your- self even to imagine, or lead others to imagine, that it is possible for any one to treat you with contumely, since you desire that men shall think of you, as they do of the gods, that your sanctity is inviolable. If, however, any one is accused of plotting against you (and such a thing might also happen), refrain, in his case also, from either giving judgment yourself or prejudging the charge (for it is absurd that the same man should be both accuser and judge), but bring him before the senate and let him plead his defence there, and, if he is convicted, punish him, moderating the sentence as far as possible, in order that belief in his guilt may be fostered. For most men are very reluctant to believe that an unarmed man is plotting against one who is armed ; and the .only way you can win them to the belief is by showing, so far as possible, neither resentment nor the desire to exact the utmost when you inflict the penalty. But I make an exception to this rule in *59 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY avTiKpv? iiravaaTairf ovhe yap hiKa^eadai tov •TOIOVTOV 7TOV 7TpO(T7]/C€V, a\V 6V TToXefxLoV fJLOLpa 32 " Tavrd re ovv ovrca, Kai raXXa Ta TrXelcrra Kai /jbeyiara to)v tw SrjfjLoaicp 7rpoar)KovT€ov, Tjj yepovaLa avaridei' rd re yap Kotva koivco? Sioi- Keladai Se£, Kai eari ttov ttclgiv dvOpooTroi? €fi- (f>vrov zeal to 'xaipeiv i(j) y 0*9 av irapa tov Kpeir- tovo<; o>9 Kai Ictoti/jloi avrw 6Vt€9 dgia)6a>o~i, Kai to irdvra rd fierd o~<f>wv tivc yvcoo~6evTa Kai iiraivelv a>9 OLKeta Kai dyairdv &>9 avOaipera. 2 €9 f^ev ovv to ^ovXevTTjpiov Ta TOiavTa io~<f)€pe- adat cfrrj/jLL %pfjvai t Kai irepl fiev tcov dXXoyv ndvTas ofxoioo? .toii? irapovTas yvcojoirjv hihovai, OTav Se Br) KaTTjyoprfTal t*9 avT&v, fir) irdvTas, ttXtjv av w rj firjBeirw fiovXevrj i) Kai iv to?9 3 TGTa/jLievKoo-tv €Tt &v KpcvrjTai. cltoitov yap TOV fjL7}S€7T(o SeBrffjuap^rfKOTa r) rjyopavofjirjKoTa tyrjfyov KaTa tivos twv toiovtcov (pepeiv, r) vrj Ala tovtcdv Tiva KaTa tcjv io-TpaTrjyrjKOTcov, rj Kai iKeivcov KaTa tcov vrraTevKOToov. a\V ovtol fiev eVt irdvTas Trjv tov tl a7ro(f>rjvaa0ai i^ovaiav e^€T&>- o~av, oi S' dWoi iirL T€ tou9 ofioLovs Kai iirl TOU9 vTToSeeaTepowi. 33 " AiKa^e Se Kai avTO<z ISia Ta t€ ifyeaipLa koi Ta dvatTOjiiTtiJLa, oo~a av irapd T€ tcov fiei^ovcov 160 BOOK LII the case of a commander of an army who openly b.o. 20 revolts ; for of course it is fitting that such an one should not be tried at all, but chastised as a public enemy. " These matters, then, should be referred by you to the senate, and also those others which are of the greatest importance to the state. For interests which are shared in common should be administered in common. Besides, it is doubtless a quality implanted by nature in all men that they take delight in any marks of esteem received from a superior which imply that they are his equals, and that they not only approve of all decisions made by another in consultation with themselves, as being their own decisions, but also submit to them as having been imposed by their own free choice. Therefore I say that such business ought to be brought before the senate. Furthermore, all the senators alike, that is, all who are present, should vote on all other matters ; but when one of their own number is accused, not all of them should do so, unless the one who is on trial is not yet sitting as a senator or is still in the ranks of the ex-quaestors. For it is absurd that one who has not yet been a tribune or an aedile should cast a vote against men who have held those offices, or, worse yet, that any one of the latter should vote against men who have been praetors, or one of these last against men who have been consuls. Rather, let the ex-consuls alone have authority to render deci- sions in the case of all senators, and let the rest of the senators vote only in the cases of senators of a rank equal or inferior to their own. "But do you judge by yourself alone the cases which come to you on appeal or reference from the higher 161 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY dp^bvrcov ical rrapd rcov imrpbrrcoVy rov re Troktap'Xpv /cal rov VTrortjJtrjrov ical rcov irrdp^cov rov re rov Gtrov iirtG/coirovvros ical rov vv/crocf>v- Xaicovvros, d^ttcvrjrar firjre yap airoSticos firfr avroreXrjs ovrco rts to rrapdrrav- ear on coare fir) 2 ov k i<f>eaifjLOV air airov St/crjv yiyveaOai. ravrd re ovv fcpive, 1 /cal rrepl rcov tmrecov rcov re e/carov- rdpxoov rcov etc rov icaraXbyov /cat rcov ISicorcov rcov irpcorcov, orav irepl Oavarcoaecos r) teal dri/jttas rtvbs dycovifavrat. Gol yap Srj 2 rd rotavra pbvco irpoatceiaOco, /cal jjtrjSels dXXo? rrepl aircov airbs xaO* eavrbv, Bt drrep elirov, Btica^erco. 3 fierd yap Brj gov del /Jtev oi ivrtptbraroi /cal rcov /3ovXevrcov ical rcov iinrecov, rjBr} Be /cal erepot rives e/c re rcov virarevKorcov /cal i/c rcov earpa- rrjyrjtcorcov aXXot aXXore Biaytyvcoa/cercoaav, iva av re rovs rpbirovs aircov dfcptftearepov iv rovrco Trpo/carajnavOdvcov bpOcos cr(f)iaiv %pv)vdai> /cal i/cetvot m pOGvyyiyvbjievoi 3 rots re rjOeai ical rots fiovXevpiacrL gov ovrcos is ras rcov idvcov 4 rjye/jiovtas egicoai. ras fievroi yvcofias aircov fir) 4 (j)avepcos, oaat ye ical iirta-Ke^recos d/cpi/3earepas Beovrat t BtanrvvOdvov, iva firj rots irporjicoval 5 G(j)cov i^eirbfievot /caro/cvcoGi Trapprjaid^eadai, dXX* is ypajjtjuareta ypafofievas, ols airbs fiovos ivrvyoov> vrrep rov firjBevl aXXcp i/cBtfXovs air as ytyveaOat, eiOecos airas drraXe'tfyeaBat /ceXeve* ovrco yap dv fidXiara rrjv eicdcrrov yvebptrjv Biaicpi- 1 Kp7ve R. Steph., Kplvai VM. 2 R. Steph., Set VM. 8 tr poa vyyiyv 6 fxevot Xyl., irpo(rcrvyyiyv6fx€Pot VM. 4 ju$? M, om. V. 5 trpO-flKQVffl Rk., *pQffj}KQV(rt VM. 162 BOOK LII officials and the procurators, from the prefect of the b.c. 29 city, the sub-censor, and from the prefects in charge respectively of the grain-supply and the night-watch. 1 For none of these should have such absolute juris- diction and final authority that an appeal cannot be made from him. Do you, therefore, pass upon these cases and those which involve knights and centurions recruited from the levies and the foremost private citizens, when they are defendants on a charge punishable by death or disfranchisement. For such cases should be committed to you alone, and for the reasons mentioned no one else should judge them solely upon his own responsibility. Indeed, in the rendering of decisions generally you should be brought into consultation, invariably by the senators and knights of highest rank and also, as occasion calls for one or another, by the other senators who are ex- consuls and ex-praetors, the object being twofold : that you on your part may first become more in- timately acquainted with their characters and may then be able to put them to the right kind of employment, and that they, on their part, may first become familiar with your habits of mind and your plans before they go out to govern the provinces. Do not, however, ask for a public expression of their opinion on any matter that requires an unusually careful consideration, lest they hesitate to speak freely, since in giving their opinions they follow their superiors in rank ; make them, rather, write their opinions on tablets. These you should read in private, that they may become known to no one else, and should then order the writing to be erased forth- with. For the best way for you to get at each man's 1 Praefectus annonae and praefectus viyilum. 163 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY j3d>aeia<;, €i dvekeyKrov avrrjv irapd row aWots iriaTevaeiav eaeaOai. 5 " Kal /jlcvtol teal 7rpb<? to.? 6Y/ca9 rd<; re iiri- (TTo\a<$ /cal ra ijr7)(f>Lcr{iaTa twv iroXecov Ta9 re apxrjs hioacrjcrei irpocrrjKeiy avvepyovs re rivas /ecu v7rrjp€Ta<; etc rcov iiTTrecov e%€* paov re yap outo)9 go9 e/caara hiaxwpriaei, Kal crv ovr avToyvco- 6 pLOvebv a<j)a\7](jr) ovr avrovpycov eKKafifj, rtfv re irapprjcriav iravTi ra> /3ov\o/j,ivq) koX otiovv avfx- $ov\evaai aot [xera aSe/a? ve/JL€' dv re yap dpeaOfis rot? Xex^elaiv vir avrov, iroWd oocpe- Xijcrrjy 1 dv re /cat fir] ireiaOf)^, oit&ev fiXa/S^ay. 7 koX tou9 {aw Tvyovras t^9 yvcofjuy)*; /cat iiraivei Kal rlfia (rol<f yap i/ceivcov i%6vpr)p,aaiv avrbs ev8o/cifJLij<Tet<;), tov<; 6° d/naprovras /htjt aTLfidarj^ 7TOT€ fJitfr alriday rrjv yap hidvoiav avrcov Set a/coTrelv, dXX! ov rr)v ov/c iirirvyLav jiefxtyeaOai. 8 to S* avro tovto Kal iirl twv TrokefiiKwv (f>v\arT€, /cal firjTe eirl hvarv)(ia a/covaLcp ^aXeirrjvr)^ tlvI firjTe eir evTV)(La fydovrjcrrjs, iva /cal 7rpo6vfjLQ)<; Kal rfSew^ irdvTes virep crov KivSvvevcoai, ttig- TevovTSS oti ovt€ irralcravTh tl KoXaaOrfaovrai 9 ovre KaropdcoaavTes iir ifiovkevd rjaovTai, iroWol yovv rbv nrapd to>v to tepdros i%6vrcov <f)06vov 1 u)<pek-f)<ry R« Steph., ixpeA-ftffei VM, uxpeArjOiiart flor. 164 BOOK LII precise opinion would be to give him the certainty b.o. 29 that his vote cannot be detected among the rest. " Moreover, for your judicial work and your cor- respondence, to help you attend to the decrees of the states and the petitions of private individuals, and for all other business which belongs to the ad- ministration of the empire, you must have men chosen from the knights to be your helpers and assistants. For all the details of administration will move along more easily in this way, and you will neither err through relying upon your own judg- ment nor become exhausted through relying upon your own efforts. Grant to every one who wishes to offer you advice, on any matter whatever, the right to speak freely and without fear of the con- sequences ; for if you are pi eased with what he says you will be greatly benefited, and if you are not convinced it will do you no harm. Those who win your favourable opinion for their suggestions you should both commend and honour, since you your- self will gain credit through their discoveries ; but do not treat with disrespect or criticise those who fail of your approval, since it is their intentions that you should consider, and their lack of success should not call forth your censure. Guard against this same mistake in matters of warfare, also ; give way neither to anger against a man for an unin- tentional misfortune nor to jealousy for a piece of good fortune, that all may zealously and gladly incur danger for your sake, confident that if they meet with any reverse they will not be punished for it and that if they gain success they will not have snares laid for them. There have been many, at any rate, who through fear of jealousy on the 165 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY <f>o/3ovpevoi a(j>aXrjvai ti pdXXov rj tear air pd^ai irpoeikovTOy Kate tovtov to pev da<f>aXes avrol eayov, to Be Br) 1 typtcopa iteetvoi? Trpoaerpl- ^Jravro. ware giuto? to wXetov aii dp<f)OTepo)v opotcos teal rcov yeipovatv teal rcov dpeivovcov duo- Xavaoov, prjBe7roT eOeXrjar)^ Xoytp pev dXXot? epyco Be aavra) <f>6ovr}aaL. 34 " Tidvff* oaa tol>9 dpyo pevov? teal fypovelv teal TTpaTTeiv /SovXei, teal Xeye teal irolei. ovtco yap av pdXXov 7raiBevaeias av70v<$ rj tcu9 ete rcov vopcov Tip,cdpLai$ 2 Beiparooaeias' to pev yap £fjXov to Be <f>6$ov e%e£, teal paov Tt9 pipelrai tcl fcpetTTQ), optov epyw yiyvopeva, rj tyvXajreTai rd 2 yeipoi, dteovcov Xoyw teetecoXvpeva. teal avTos pev atcpificos irdvra 7rpaTre f prjBeplav avyyvebprjv aeavrop 3 vepoov, coare teal ev elBco? on irapa- Xprfpa Travres teal oaa av elirr]^ teal oaa av Troirjarjs pa6r]aovrai. teaddirep yap iv kvl tlvl t?)<; b'Xrjs otKovpevi]^ 0edrpa) ^rjarj, teal ov% olov T€ aoi earai ovBe /3pa%vTaTov dpaprovri Bia- 3 XaOecv ovre yap Kara pova$ irore dXXa teal perd avyy&v del n irpd^eis, teal iroXvirpa- ypovoval 7ra>9 ra viro rcov dpypWTO&v yiyvopeva teal oi Xonrol iravre^ rjBtara, &ar av dira^ teara- pd&coai ere aXXa pev avTots irpoayopevovTa aXXa Be avrbv iroiovvra, ov rd? direiXd*; aov <f>oftr)dr)- aovrai 4 dXXa ra epya piprjaovraL. 4 " Tov Be Br) tcov aXXwv /3lov eiriaKoirei pev> prj pevroL teal yaXeirw e^era^e, dXX' oaa pev av v^> 1 577 M, om. V flor. 2 Ttfxwplais flor., om. VM. 8 creavT$ flor. B, eavT<p VM flor. A. * <f>oPr)6-f)<rovTai VM, <pof&T)CovTai flor. 166 BOOK LII part of those in power have chosen to accept defeat b.c. 29 rather than achieve success, and as a result have gained safety for themselves while inflicting the loss upon their rulers. Therefore, since you yourself stand to reap the major part of the fruits of both outcomes, the failures as well as the successes, you should never consent to become jealous, nominally of others, but really of yourself. « Whatever you wish your subjects to think and do, this you should always say and do yourself. In this way you will be educating them, rather than in- timidating them through the punishments prescribed by the laws. The former policy inspires zeal, the latter fear; and one finds it easier to imitate that which is good when he sees it actually practised than to avoid that which is evil when he hears it forbidden by mere words. Be scrupulous yourself in all your actions, showing no mercy to yourself, in the full assurance that all men will forthwith learn of whatever you say or do. For you will live as it were in a theatre in which the spectators are the whole world ; and it will not be possible for you to escape detection if you make even the most trivial mistake. Indeed, you will never be alone, but always in the company of many when you do anything ; and since the remainder of mankind somehow take the keenest delight in prying into the conduct of their rulers, if once they ascertain that you are recommending to them one course but are yourself taking another, instead of fearing your threats they will imitate your actions. "You should, of course, supervise the lives of your subjects, but do not scrutinise them with too much rigour. Sit in judgment upon all offences reported 167 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY eripcov tlvcov iadyrjTai, /cplve, 1 ocra S' av vtto firjSevbs aLTtd^yrai, purjSe irpoairoiov elSivaty 5 twv e? to Stjjjloctiov TrXrj/ifieXovpiivcov, ravra puiv yap rfjs TrpocrrjKovarj^ inLarpo(f)rj<; f /cav /JLijSeh iytcaXj), Tvyydvuv o</>et\er ra 8e aXXa ra ihitOTiicd l'o~0c /jl£v, tva fir] icai 2 a<f>a\f}<; irore dveiriT7]heL(p tlvI VTrr^perrj irpo? ti xpriad/xevos, 6 fir) fievToi zeal i^eXeyj(e. iroXXa yap r) (f>v(ri<; teal irapd tov vofiov ttoX\ov<; dpaprdvetv i^dyet, oh av fiev dfcpificos Ti? eire^Lrf, f) rwa i) ovSeva av avrcov drLficoprjrov KaraXtTTot, av (¥ dvOpcoTrivcos to €7ri€i/c€<; tco vevofiia fievco Trapajiiyvvr), rd^ av 7 ko\ aco<j)povLa€L€V avjovs. 6 fiev yap vofios, KaiTOL Ivyvpa rd /coXdcr/xara avay/catcos iroiov- fievo^ y ov hvvarai rrj<; (pvaeax; del fcparetv tcov S' dv8 pcoircov tlv€$ Xavddveiv fiev ho%avTe<z r) teal fieTpicos 7T<W9 vovOerrjdevres dfieivov^ yiyvoviaiy ol fiev aio")(vvofievoi eXey^d Pjvac ol Be alBovfievoi 8 irdXiv acpaXrjvai, <$avepco6evTe<$ Be Kdl direpvO pid- o~avT6<$ r) Kal irepa tov fieTpLov /coXaaOevres rd t€ vevofiiGfieva irdvTa crvyyeovcri Kal /caraTraTOvai, Kal fiovais rah rrj<; epverecos opfiacs BovXevovcri. Ka/c tovtov ovre to iravra^ avroix; tcoXd^eiv paSioVy ovre to Trepiopav cpavepco? riva<z dcreXyai- vovjas evirpeire^ yiyverai. 9 " Ta fiev Br) ovv d/jLapnjpara tcov dv6 ptoircov tovtov cfol tov TpoTrov, tt\t)v tcov irdvv dvrjKeaTcov, 1 Kplvc R. Steph., Kplvai VM. 2 fxrt Kal M, koI V. 168 BOOK LII to you by others, but act as if you were not even aware of offences concerning which no one has made accusation — except in the case of trespasses against the public interest. These ought, of course, to re- ceive proper attention, even if no one files a charge ; but as to private shortcomings, while you should indeed have knowledge of them, in order that you may avoid making a mistake some day by employing an unsuitable person as your agent in some matter, yet you should not go so far as to convict those who are guilty of them. For human nature often tempts men to commit many a violation of the law, and if you were to prosecute such offences rigorously, you would leave unpunished few or none of the offenders; but if in a kindly spirit you mix reasonableness with the prescriptions of the law, you may succeed in bringing the offenders to their senses. The law, you know, though it of necessity makes its punish- ments severe, cannot always conquer nature. And so in the case of some men, if they think that their sins have not been discovered, or if they have been reproved but not unduly, they reform, either be- cause they feel disgraced at having been found out, or because their self-respect keeps them from falling again ; whereas, if they have been publicly exposed and have lost all sense of shame, or have been chastised unduly, they overturn and trample under foot all the conventions of the law and become wholly slaves to the impulses of nature. Therefore it is neither easy to punish offenders invariably in all cases nor is it seemly to allow them in particular cases to flaunt their wickedness openly, " Now this is the way I advise you to deal with men's shortcomings, with the exception of those i6 9 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY \xeT ayeipi^euQ ai 7rapaivco, ra S' 6p6co<; vtt* avTcov yiyvofxeva /cat virep rrjv d^tav tcov epycov Tifxav ovtco yap av fiaXtara Troirjcreia^ avrov? tcov t€ yeipovcov direyeadaiy rjj <fic\av0pQ)7ria, Kal tcov 10 fieXTLOVcov icfrieaOat,, tj) fieyaXoBcopta* p,rj yap tol KaraBeicrys firjO* otl iirikei^rei ere ttotc tj xptffiara 7) TaXXa oh to£»9 dyaOov tl iroiovvras ajjuei-^rrj (ttoXv yap fiaXXov eycoye iXaTTOvs avTcov tovs ev tl iraOelv dl~iov<; olfxai yevrfaecrOai, roaavTr]? crov teal 7?}? teal OaXaTTT}? ap^ovros), [irjd* otl rcve? 11 ev€pyeT7]divT6<i dyapiGTcos tl irpd^ovcriv* ovBev yap outgo zeal BovXol real oLKeiovTai riva, kclv dXXoTpios kclv eydpos cov rvxy, co? to [irjT aBiKei- adat /col TTpoaeri /cat ev TrdtryeLV. 35 t( Upbs fxev ovv tou? aXXovs ovtco o~ol 7rpoa(f>e- peaOai yvcojmrjv BlBco/jll* aavrw Be Brj fxryre e^aXXov tl fjLTjd* vwepijc/yavov fM^Te irapa tcov dXXcov parjTe irapa t% @ovXr}$ rj epyco fj Kal Xoyco Bodev irepi- 2 LBr}<;. Tot? [lev ydp aXXoi? Kocrfiov rj irapa crov Ttfjur] cf>epei, crol 8' avTco jxel^ov fiev tcov virapyov- tcov ovBev av BoOeirj, vTrotyla 8' av Ki^BrfXia^ ttoXXtj TrpoayevoiTO' Kal ydp tol tcov fxev dXXcov OlfBeh €KCOV TOLOVTO TL TCp K paTOVVTL tyrjfyi^eo-O at BoKel, irdvTa Be Btj tis ai/Ta at»TO? trap eavTov Xafiftdvcov ou% oaov ovk eiratvov target, dXXd Kal 3 yeXcoTa TrpocroffiXicrKdvei. ttjv t€ ovv aXXrjv XafjiirpoTrjTa cravTco 1 Bed tcov dyaOcov epycov irapaaiceva^e, Kal eiKovas aov %pvo~d<; p,ev rj Kal dpyvpas fJLTjBeTTOTe eTTLTpe^rrj^ yevecrdai {ov yap fxovov Bairavqpal dXXd Kal evenrifiovXevTOL Kal 3 <ravT(p R. Steph., €«ut<£ VM. 170 BOOK LII persons who are utterly incorrigible ; and you should b.o. 29 honour their good actions even beyond the merits of the deeds themselves. For you can best induce men to refrain from evil ways by kindness, and to desire better ways by liberality. You need have no fear that you will ever lack either money or the other means of rewarding those who do good deeds. On the contrary, I fancy that those who will deserve your favours will prove far tod few, seeing that you hold empire over so vast an extent of land and sea. Nor need you fear that any who have received your benefactions will ever act ungratefully ; for nothing so captivates and conciliates a man, be he foreigner or foe, as being not only the object of no wrongs but, in addition, the recipient of kindness. <( As regards your subjects, then, you should so conduct yourself, in my opinion. So far as you your- self are concerned, permit no exceptional or prodigal distinction to be given you, through word or deed, either by the senate or by any one else. For whereas the honour which you confer upon others lends glory to them, yet nothing can be given to you that is greater than what you already possess, and, besides, no little suspicion of insincerity would attach to its giving. No subject, you see, is ever supposed to vote any such distinction to his ruler of his own free will, and since all such honours as a ruler receives he must receive from himself, he not only wins no commendation for the honour but becomes a laughing-stock besides. You must there- fore depend upon your good deeds to provide for you any additional splendour. And you should never permit gold or silver images of yourself to be made, for they are not only costly but also invite 171 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 6\iyo%p6vLoi elaiv), aXXas Se iv avjats rats tcjv dvOpcoircov sfrv%ai$ Kal dKTjpdrov? Kal ddavdrov; 4 e£ evepyeai&v Brfpuiovpyei. prj fievroi firjSe vaov ttot€ TrepdSys aavTa> yevofievov. pbdrrjv yap TTafxifK7)9r) ^prjfiara e? rd roiavra dvaXLaKerat,, a rcpeiTTOv iariv e<? rd dvayfcala hairavdaOai (ttXovto? yap dfcpcftrfs ovx ovtcd? i/c rov 7roXXd Xapftdveiv ax? i/c rod pLrj iroXXd dvaXiaKeiv dOpoi- ferat), real e? evtcXeiav ovBev air avroov irpoayi- 5 yverai, dperrj fiev yap laodiovs ttoXXov? iroiel, %eipoTCvr}To<$ S' ovheis Trdoirore 0eb<z iyevero, &are crol fiev dyad<p re ovti ica\ KaXoos dpypvri irdara fiev yrj repuevtarpLa earai, rraaai Se 7ro\e£<? vaoi} irdvTes Se avOpwiroi dydXpiara (iv yap rats yvco- 6 pais avrwv del pier evhofyas iviSpvOjjo-y), roi><; S' aXXft)? 7r&}? rd Kparr] hteirovras ov povov ov crep,vvv€L rd jotavra, kolv iv dirdaais Tats iroXeaiv i%atpe6fi, dXXd Kal TTpoarhiaftdXXei, rpoiratd re Tiva rrjs KaKta? avrcov /cal pbvrjpeia rr)<; dSiKias yiyvopbeva' ocrqy yap dv iirl irXelov avrapKearj, ToaovTG) fidXXov Kal 7] KaKoho^ia avrtbv 8iap,ev€i. 6 coct etirep dddvaros ovrco? iiudvpiel*; yeveorOav, ravrd re ovrco TrpdjTS, Kal irpoaeTC to piev Oetov Trdvrr) 7rdvT(o$ auro? re aefiov Kara rd irdrpia Kal tovs aXXovs Tipav dvdyKa^e, rov$ Se 8rj %evl- 2 %ovrd<; tl irepl avrb Kal puicmi Kal KoXa%€, p,rj povov rwv Oecbv eveKa, a)v 6 2 Karacf>pov7]o-a<; ovB' 1 vaoi M, om. V. 2 6 supplied by St. 172 BOOK LII destruction and last only a brief time ; but rather b.c. 29 by your benefactions fashion other images in the hearts of your people, images which will never tarnish or perish. Neither should you ever permit the raising of a temple to you ; for the expenditure of vast sums of money on such objects is sheer waste. This money would better be used for neces- sary objects ; for wealth which is really wealth is gathered, not so much by getting largely, as by saving largely. Then, again, from temples comes no enhancement of one's glory. For it is virtue that raises many men to the level of gods, and no man ever became a god by popular vote. Hence, if you are upright as a man and honourable as a ruler, the whole earth will be your hallowed pre- cinct, all cities your temples, and all men your statues, since within their thoughts you will ever be enshrined and glorified. As for those, on the con- trary, who administer their realms in any other way, such honours not only do not lend holiness to them, even though shrines are set apart for them in all their cities, but even bring a greater reproach upon them, becoming, as it were, trophies of their base- ness and memorials of their injustice ; for the longer these temples last, the longer abides the memory of their infamy. Therefore, if you desire to become in very truth immortal, act as I advise ; and, furthermore, do you not only yourself worship the Divine Power everywhere and in every way in accordance with the traditions of our fathers, but compel all others to honour it. Those who attempt to distort our religion with strange rites you should abhor and punish, not merely for the sake of the gods (since if a man despises these he will not pay 173 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY aXXov dv tivo<; irpoTipbrfcxeiev, dXX* ore teal teaivd Tiva Baipuovia oi toiovtoi dvTea<j>epovTe<; ttoXXovs dvaireidovaiv dXXoTpiovojueiv, Kate tovtov teal (TvvcojjLoo-Lai teal av<nd<T€i<; eraipeial re yiyvovTai, direp rjteiaTa fiovapxia cvfi^ipei. fiyr ovv dOeeo 3 Tivl firjTe yorjTi avyxooprjarj^ elvai, fiavTiter) fiev yap dvay/eaia ecrrt, teal irdvTay^ tivcls teal lepoTTTas teal OLwvLcnas dir6Bei%ov, oh oi ^ovXofievoL ti reoiveoaaaOai avveaovTar tov<$ Be Br) fiayevra*; irdvv ovte elvai Trpocrrjteei. 7roXXov$ yap 7roXXdtei<; oi toiovtol, Ta fiev Tiva aXrjOrj to, Be Br) irXeico 4 yfrevBrj XeyovTes, veoyjiovv eiraipovai. to avTO tovto teal tcjv <j>iXoao(peiv Trpocnroiov/jiivcov ovk oXiyoi Bpcbar Bib teal eteeivov? <f>vXdaaea6ai gov 7rapaiva). fir) yap oti teal J Apeiov teaX y Kdr\vo~ Boopov teaXcov teal dyaQayv dvBpcov TreireLpaaai, TrLvTeve teal tov$ aXXovs udvTa*; tovs <f>iXoao<$eiv XeyovTas o/jlolovs avTois elvai* fivpia yap teatea teal BrjfjLov? teal tBicoTas to irpoax 7 ]^ Tive% tovto TrpoftaXXofievoi Bpwai. 37 " Tfj fiev ovv yvcofxrj teal tg> firjBevb? irXeiovos tcov VTrap^ovTCOv eiriOv^eiv elprjvi/ecoTarov elvai ae XPV> Ta ^> ^ 7rapacrteevai<; TroXepufecoTaTOV, o7rco<; fidXio-Ta fiev firjTe iOeXrja-rj piyTe iTrixeiprjarj Ti9 dBiter)<iai ere, el Be jxrj, paBiws teal Trapaxp^ipici 2 teoXaaOfj. teal eireiBr) ye dvay/eaiov eo~Ti teal Bid TavTa teal Bid TaXXa teal £)Ta/eovaTeiv Tiva? teal BiowTeveiv irdvTa tcl tt) r)yepbovia gov 7rpoo~rjteovTa, iva ftrjBev tcov (f)vXater)<; tivo<; teal eiravopOeoaea)^ 174 BOOK LII honour to any other being); but because such men, b.c. 29 by bringing in new divinities in place of the old, persuade many to adopt foreign practices, from which spring up conspiracies, factions, and cabals, which are far from profitable to a monarchy. Do not, therefore, permit anybody to be an atheist or a sorcerer. Soothsaying, to be sure, is a necessary art, and you should by all means appoint some men to be diviners and* augurs, to whom those will resort who wish to consult them on any matter ; but there ought to be no workers in magic at all. For such men, by speaking the truth sometimes, but generally falsehood, often encourage a great many to attempt revolutions. The same thing is done also by many who pretend to be philosophers ; hence I advise you to be on your guard against them, too. Do not, because you have had experience of good and honourable men like Areius and Atheno- dorus, 1 believe that all the rest who claim to be philosophers are like them ; for infinite harm, both to communities and to individuals, is worked by cer- tain men who but use this profession as a screen. " Now you should be wholly inclined to peace, so far as your purpose is concerned and your desire for nothing more than you now possess, but as regards your military preparations you should be distinctly warlike, in order that, if possible, no one may either wish or attempt to wrong you, but if he should, that he may be punished easily and instantly. And inas- much as it is necessary, for these and other reasons, that there shall be persons who are to keep eyes and ears open to anything which affects your imperial position, in order that you may not be unaware of 1 For Areius see li. 16, 4 ; for Athenodorus, lvi. 43, 2. 175 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Seo/xivoyv ayvofjs, fxefivrjcro on ov yjpr) ttolgiv a7r\<w9 rot? Xeyofiivois vir avTcov iricneveiv f a\\' 3 atcpifi&s avra htaaKoirelv. av^vo) yap, ol fiev fiicrovvTes rivas, ol S' iiriOvfiovvTes &v typVGiv^ aXkoi yapi^bpjevoL Tianv, aWoi ^pyfjuara airrj- aavres rivas teal fir) \a/3(We?, eiryped^ova-LV avrovs ft>? vecDTepl^ovras rj teal aXKo ri dve7riTrj~ Beiov Kara tov aviap^ovvio^ rj (frpovovvras rj 4 Xeyovras. ovtcovv evBvs ovhe paBlcos irpoae^eiv avTois Bel, dXXd teal irdvv m'dvra BieXey^eiv ftpaBvva? fiev yap iv tw TTia-revcral tivgl ovBev fjieya dBiter]6rjar} f airevaa<; Be Ta% av tl teal i^afidprois, o /irj BvvrjOrjarj dvateiaaaOat, 5 " Tifiav fjiev ovv o~e tovs dyaOovs teal tcov direXevOepcov teal ra>v aXXayv rcov gvvovtwv croi teal Bel teal dvaytealov icrrr teal yap kq<t\xov teal do~(j)dXeidv (tol fieydXrjv tovto oicreL. fir] fievrot teal virepoyKov ti la^vercoaav, dXXd dtepifi(D<; iravres aw^povelrwcrav, ware ere fiyhev vtt avrcjv 6 Bia/3Xr]9r)vai' iravra yap oaa av rj teaXco? rj tcatccos Trpd^coai, aol tt poo-red a €rai, teal rotovro? avro? dirdvTwv vo/juaOrjcrr) oirola av iteelvois iroielv eirLTpeirr]^. " Tot's /lev Si] ovv hwaiovs fiy TrXeoveterelv *riva fxyBe av (TVK0(f)avT6icrdaL ea* fiyBe €o~r<o rcvl avroiv 176 BOOK LII any situation that requires measures of precaution or b.c. 29 correction, you should have such agents, but re- member that you should not believe absolutely everything they say, but should carefully inves- tigate their reports. For there are many who, from various motives, — either because they hate others or covet their possessions, or because they want to do a favour to some one else, or because they have demanded money from some one and have not obtained it, — bring false charges against the persons concerned, pretending that they are en- gaged in sedition or are planning or saying some- thing prejudicial to the ruler. Therefore one ought not to give heed to them forthwith or readily, but rather should prove everything they say. For if you are too slow in placing your trust in one of these men, you will suffer no great harm, but if you are too hasty you may possibly make a mistake which you cannot repair. "Now it is both right and necessary for you to honour the good who are associated with you, both your freedmen and the rest ; for this course will bring you credit and a large measure of security. They should not, however, acquire excessive power, but should all be rigorously kept under discipline, so that you shall never be brought into discredit by them. For everything they do, whether good or ill, will be set to your account, and you will yourself be considered by the world to be of a character akin to the conduct which you do not object to in them. " As regards the men of power and influence, then, you should not permit them to overreach others, nor yet, on the other hand, to be blackmailed by others ; neither let the mere fact that a man 177 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY avro 1 tovto ey/cXtf/na, otl Svvarai, /cav purj&ev 7 dpapTavy. Tofc Se Br) ttoWols apivve puev Icr^y- pto$ aSi/cov/xevois, firj irp6o-€%€ Be paBicos aiTico- pbivois, aX\! avra ra epya KaO' iavTa, e'^eVafe, firjre e'9 to irpoeyov irav viroTTTevcov pbrjre tco 8 /caraBeearepo) ttclvti TricrTevtov. real tovs puev epya£opevov<; ^prjaipov re ti Te%z>&)/ieVou9 TLpia, tovs B\ dpyovvTas rj kcu <f>\avpov ti irpaypaTevo- p,evov<? pbicrei, iva tcov puev Bid Ta9 chcfreXlas dpiyvco- p,evoi, tcov Be Bid ra$ ^rjpLtas dire'Xppievoi, irpos re tcl oi/ceca apbetvov^ real irpbs ra kolvcl ervpepopco- repoL aoi ylyvtovTai. 9 " KaXbv p,€v ovv icrri kcl\ to to, tcov IBlcotcov ap,(pco~/3r)T7]piaTa o>9 ekdyiGTa ttoiovvtcl t&9 Bia- Xvcreis avTcov d>9 TayiaTa fcaOicrTavac, koWicttov Be to Ta9 tcov BrjpLcov oppias ko\ov€iv, /cav iirev)(6- pL€VOL TlVa Tjj T€ CLpXO KaL T V 0~C0T7)pla Ttj T€ TVXJf aov efcfiid^etrQai Tivas rj irpa^ai ti i) dvaXcoaac 10 irapa Bvvapiv eirtyeipLOGiy pur) eitLTpeTreiVy Ta9 Te e^Opa? avTcov real Ta9 <J)L\oTip,ia$ Ta9 7rpb<; dWrj- \ov<; TravTairaaiv ifCKOTTTeiv, tcai prjT€ eTrtovvputa^ Ttva? tcevds p^ryr akXo ti i% ov Bieve^d?]aovTat Tiaiv i<f>ievat acpiat iroielaOai. pqBLcos Be aoi iravTes tcai e<$ TavTa teal is tcl aWa fcal IBLa kcu Koivfj Tretdap^rjaovaiv, av p,r)Bev irapa TavTa i 7 8 avrb M, om. V. BOOK LII possesses power be imputed to him as a crime even &c. 29 though he commit no offence. But in the case of the masses, vindicate them vigorously when they are wronged and be not too ready to give heed to accu- sations against them ; but make the accused persons' actions alone and by themselves the object of your scrutiny, neither harbouring suspicion against what- ever is superior nor placing your trust in whatever is inferior. Honour those who are diligent and those who by their skill devise something useful, but ab- hor those who are slothful or who busy themselves with trivial things, in order that your subjects, cleaving to the former by reason of your emolu- ments and holding themselves aloof from the latter by reason of your punishments, may become, as you desire, more competent in respect to their private affairs and more serviceable in respect to the in- terests of the state. " It is well to make the number of disputes on the part of private citizens as few as possible and to render as expeditious as possible their settlement ; but it is most important to restrain the rash enter- prises of communities, and if they are attempting to coerce others or to go beyond their capacity or means in any undertaking or expenditure, to forbid it, even though in their petitions they invoke blessings upon the empire and pray for your welfare and good fortune. It is important also to eradicate their mutual enmities and rivalries, and not to permit them to assume empty titles or to do any- thing else that will bring them into strife with others. And all will readily yield obedience to you, both individuals and communities, in this and in every other matter, provided that you make no exceptions 179 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY firfBeiTOTe avy^copr^ar)<; tlvl' 1 r) yap dvu>fxaXia teal 11 ra fcaXa><; ireirrfyoTa SiaXvet. real Blcl tovt ovB y alrelv tl dp%r)v, o ye firj Bd&o-eLS, iTrnpeireiv g§lq~lv 6<fyeL\eiSy dXXa /cat avrb tovto irpcoTOv Icr^vpax; <f>v\aTT€iv o-<j>as avay/cd^eiv, to firjBev a^iovv twv fcetccoXvfievcov. 38 <f Tavra fiev ire pi ifcelvcov Xeyco> tca(F diravTcov Be (rot avftftovXevco firjT airo^prjaaadaL 7rore rfj i^ovata, fir)T olrj6PjvaL fieicoaLv riva avrrj<; elvai av fxr] irdvra dira^aTrXo)^ ocra Bvvaaai teal Troirjcrr)?' dXX S(T(p fidXXov irdvd^ ova av /3ovXr)0r)<; recti Bvvr^arj irpa^ai s Toatp fiaXXov irpaOvfiov iravff 2 oaa nrpoarjicei ftovXeaOaL. teal del ye avros Trapa aavrcp eferafe, etVe opdws tl Troieis ecre Kal fir), TL Te TTpCLTTOVTCL (T€ <$LXr)(TOV(JL TLVe? KOL tl fir}, iva tcl fiev 7roL7}<; a\)TO)v Ta he eK/cXivr)?. firj yap Br) rjyrjar} 2 BeovTOO? tl irapd tovto irpaT- T€lv Bo^eiv, av firfhevh? aLTLCOfievov ae dicovar)<$' firfS dvafietvys ovtco tlvcl ifctypovrjaal iroTe coaTe 3 gol (fiavepcids tl i^oveiBlaai* tovto fiev yap ov- Bels av iroL-qaeLev, ovB* el a<f>6Bpa dBLtcr)6eLrf irav yap TovvavTLov teal enraivelv ttoXXol ev ye t& <j>avep<h tol>? dBi/covvTas crc^a? dvaytcd&vTat, dvTaycovL^ofievoi fir) Bo/celv opyl^eadaL. tov 8 dpyovTa XPV e £ ™ v Xeyovai TLves Tetcfiaipe- adai tt)v BidvoLav avTcov, dXX e£ wv (j>povelv avTov<; eiKos ggtl* 39 "TavTa ae Kal tcl TOiavTa fiovXofiai TTpaTT€Lv % 1 tiv R. Steph., Ti VM. 2 H vyhcji M» ^whew V. 180 BOOK LII whatever to this rule as a concession to anybody ; b.o. 20 for the uneven application of laws nullifies even those which are well established. Consequently you ought not to allow your subjects even to ask you, in the first place, for what you are not going to give them, but should compel them strenuously to avoid at the outset this very practice of peti- tioning for what is prohibited. " So much for these things. And I counsel you never to make full use of your power against your subjects as a body, nor to consider it any curtailment of your power if you do not actually put into effect all the measures you are in a position to enforce ; but the greater your ability to do all you desire, the more eager you should be to desire in all things only what it is fitting you should desire. Always question your own heart in private whether it is right or not to do a given thing, and what you should do or refrain from doing to cause men to love you, with the purpose of doing the one and avoiding the other. For do not imagine that men will think you are doing your duty if only you hear no word of censure passed upon you ; neither must you expect that any man will so abandon his senses as to reproach you openly for anything you do. No one will do this, no matter how flagrantly he has been wronged ; on the contrary, many are com- pelled even to commend their oppressors in public, though they must struggle to keep from showing their resentment. But the ruler must get at the disposition of his subjects, not by what they say, but by what they in all likelihood think. "These are the things I would have you do — these and others of like nature ; for there are many which 181 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY iroXXd yap /cal irapaXeLTTO) c)ia to fir) olov re elvcu iravra avra /caOdirat; crvXXa/36pTa einreip. ev cT ovv ev fcefyaXalco /cal /cara tcop elprjfieveov /ecu 2 Kara t£>v Xoittcov (ppctaa). av yap ocra av erepov nva ap^avrd crov iroteiv ideXrjcrr}?, ravra avrbs avTeirdyyeXTO? irpdcrarj^, ovre tc dfiaprfjarj /cal irdwa Karopdcocrei,?, kclk tovtov /cal rjhiara /cal 3 d/CLvSworara fiuocrr}. 77-009 fiev yap ov% ct>9 irarepa, 7ro)9 8* ov % &>9 aoyrrjpa /cal irpoao-^rovrai ere airavTes /cal cpiXtfcrovcriv, orav ere opoycri /coafiiov evftloTOV eviroXefiov elprjvalov ovra, orav /nrjO 1 v/3pi£r}<5 rt firyre irXeove/cTfjs, orav e/c rov 4 ofioLov acj)i(TL 7rpocT(j)eprj y /cal fit] auTo? fiev irXovrf)^ tovs 3* aXXov<z dpyvpoXoyfjs, firjcV avTos fiev rpv(j>a^ tov? 8* aXXovs TaXai7r(opjj<; f firfS 1 avTO? fiev d/coXacrTaLvy<; rov<s K aXXovs pou0erfj<; y aXX' €9 irdpra t)r) irdpjw^ ofioLOTpoirdoTaTa avTol? £779; &o~t avTos irapa eravTtp fxeya (pvXa/crrjpcop ip T(p firjheva iroTe dhi/cr)aai eywv Odpaei, /cal TTLareve fioi Xeyovrt on ovre fiicrrjOrjcrr} ttotb ovTe 5 eTriftovXevOrjar). tovtov he hr) ovtg)<$ €^oi/to9 iracrd ere dvdy/crj /cal r)Beco<; fiicbvar ti fiev yap rjSiov, tl Se €v8aifiopeo~T€p6v eo~Ti tov TraPToyp tcop ip dp6 ptoiroLS dyadcop (xeT dp€Tr}$ diroXavovTa /cal TOt9 aXXot? aura hihovat hvvacrOai; 40 " TavTa re ovv /cal TaXXa irdvO' ocra etprj/ca iv- porjcra? TreiaOrjTL /not, /cal fir) irpor/ Trjv TV^rjVy r)Ti<; ere i/c irdvTeov eireXe^aTO /cal irpoecrTTjcraTO, e£>9 182 BOOK LII I must pass over, since it is impossible to include b.c. 29 them all in a single discussion. There is, however, one statement which will serve as a summary with respect both to what has been said and to what has been left unsaid : if you of your own accord do all that you would wish another to do if he became your ruler, you will err in nothing and succeed in every- thing, and in consequence you will find your life most happy and utterly free from danger. For how can men help regarding you with affection as father and saviour, when they see that you are orderly and upright in your life, successful in war though in- clined to peace ; when you refrain from insolence and greed ; when you meet them on a footing of equality, do not grow rich yourself while levying tribute on them, do not live in luxury yourself while imposing hardships upon them, are not licen- tious yourself while reproving licentiousness in them, — when, instead of all this, your life is in every way and manner precisely like theirs ? Therefore, since you have in your own hands a mighty means of protection, — that you never do wrong to another, — be of good courage and believe me when I tell you that you will never become the object of hatred or of conspiracy. And since this is so, it follows of necessity that you will also lead a happy life ; for what condition is happier, what more blissful, than, possessing virtue, to enjoy all the blessings which men can know and to be able to bestow them upon others ? (< Think upon these things and upon all that I have told you, and be persuaded of me, and let not this fortune slip which has chosen you from all mankind and has set you up as their ruler. For, if you 183 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY el ye to fxev irpdypia to rrj<; fiovapx^ aipfj, to B' ovofia to ttJ? /3ao~t\eLa<; 0)9 real eirdpaTov 4>o/3fj, tovto fxev fir) TTpocrXaftr]?, Trj Be Br) tov Kcao-apos 2 irpoarjyopLa xpcofievos avTapyei. el S' ovv tcai oXKcov Tiv&v iirifcXijo-ecov TrpoaBerj, Bdoaovai fiev gov ttjv tov avTO/cpaTopos, &airep kcl\ tu> iraTpL oov eBcorcav, aeftiovcn Be o~e /cal eTepa tiv\ irpoa- prjcei, ooo~T€ ere ttclv to t?)<? fiao-tkei'as epyov avev tov Tr)<z eirwvvjJLia<; avTrjs eirifyOovov /capTrovedai. 41 M.ai/crjva<; fiev tclvtcl eiiriov eiravaaTO, Be Br) Kalaap dfi<pOT€pov<; fiev cr(f>a<; /cat eirl Trj iroXwoia /cal eirl tt) iro\v\oyla Trj T€ irappr)alq lo")(vpc0<; eirrjveae, tcl Be Br) tov Maitcrjvov fiaXkov etXeTO. ov fievTOL /cal irdvTa evOvs &<nrep vireTeBeiTO eTTpa^e, (po/3r]9el<; firj /cal a<j)a\fj tl, d0poco<; 2 JieTappvO fiiaai tov$ dvOpddirov^ edeXrjcra^' dXXa tcl fiev ivapa%pY)pia fieTe/eoafirjcre tcl S' vaTepov, tcai Tiva /cal tois fieTa tclvtcl ap^ovai iroirjaai KCLTeknrev co? recti kclto, /caipbv fiaXXov ev tw %pov(p yevrjaofieva. kclI avTw real 6 'Aypi7nra<z Trpbs TrdvTa, Kalnrep Tr)v evavTiav cr<f>LO~i yvdbjirjv BoVSi TTpoOv/HOTCLTa 0~VVrjpCLTO s &0~7T€p O.V el KCLI iarjyrjTr)*; avTcbv eyeyovei. 3 TavTa T€ 6 Kcucap, kclI 1 oaa dvw fioi*TOV Xoyov eiprjTai, eirpa^ev ev tw eTei e/celvu> jiv & to TTepbTTTOV vTraTevae, /cal Tr)v tov avTo/cpd- 1 6 Kaiaap Kal R. Steph., teal 6 Kauoap VM. — ■ 1 A reference to the title of "Augustus." The Greek verb o-tjS/fcii', here rendered by this long phrase for the sake 184 BOOK LII prefer the monarchy in fact but fear the title of* b.c. 29 ( king ' as being accursed, you have but to decline this title and still be sole ruler under the appel- lation of e Caesar.' And if you require still other epithets, your people will give you that of e imperator ' as they gave it to your father ; and they will pay reverence to your august position 1 by still another term of address, so that you will enjoy fully the reality of the kingship without the odium which attaches to the name of ' king.' " Maecenas thus brought his speech to an end. And Caesar heartily commended both him and Agrippa for the wealth of their ideas and of their arguments and also for their frankness in expressing them ; but he preferred to adopt the advice of Maecenas. He did not, however, immediately put into effect all his suggestions, fearing to meet with failure at some point if he purposed to change the ways of all mankind at a stroke ; but he introduced some reforms at the moment and some at a later time, leaving still others for those to effect who should subsequently hold the principate, in the belief that as time passed a better opportunity would be found to put these last into operation. And Agrippa, also, although he had advised against these policies, cooperated with Caesar most zealously in respect to all of them, just as if he had himself pro- posed them. These and all the rest that I have recorded earlier in this narrative were the acts of Caesar in the year in which he was consul for the fifth time ; and he of the word-play, is from the same root as 2e#a<rT($y, the usual term for Augustus (cf. liii. 16, 8). Dio, however, regu- larly transliterates the Roman title, when he uses it ; but he generally refers to Augustus as Caesar. 185 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY f Topo? iirUXrjcrov eiredeTO. Xeyo) Be oit ttjv iirl tch9 viKats Kara to dp^alov) BiBofjbevijp yriv'iv (ifceivrjv yap iroXXaKis jjl€V teal wporepov iroXXaKis Be Kal vcrrepov air avTcov twv €pycov\eXa^€Vj 4 &<rre Kal airaf; Kal elKoaaKi? 1 ovofia airo/epa- to/309 <x%e£z>) dXXd tt)v erepav ttjv to Kpaios Scaarj/jLaivovcrav, cocrirep t<5> re irarpl avrov tG> Kaiaapc Kal to?9 iraicrl rot? re i/cyovois 2 42 Kal pLcra ravra TifiTjievaa^ \ avv rw ' Ay piirira aXXa T€ rtva Bidypdatcre Kal tt)v fiovXrjv ijjtfrao-e. iroXXol fiev yap lirirfj? iroXXol Be Kalire^ol irapa ttjv a%iav €K twv ifKpvXlcov iroXi/jLcov, i/3ovXevov f &(TT€ Kal €9 %iXlous to irXr} pw pa Tfjs yepovaias 2 avljrjOfjvai. tovtovs ovv eKKplvac fiovXyOel*; avTO? fiev ovBeva avTcov dirrjXei-tye, mr poi petydfievos Be a(f)a^ €K tov avveiBoTos tov re yivov? Kal tov ftiov hiKa<JTa$ eavTol? yeveaQai to pkv irpoaTOv irevTTjKovTa irov eireiaev iOeXovra? eKCTrjvai tov avveBpiov, eireiTa Be Kal aXXov? eKarbv Kal tcct- 3 aapaKOVTa fjujutfcraa0ai o*^>a9 rjydyKacre. Kal avTcov ^TLiMojTe fMev ovBeva, Ta S' bvojiaTa t<ov BevTepoyv i%€0r)Ke' tols yap irpoTepoi<;, oti fir) eyjpbvivav aXX' eiOvs eirei9dpyy}adv oi y dcprjKe to bveihiGfia, &o~t avTob<; ^fxr) " eKBrjfioaievdrjvaL ovtol /nev ovv 3 zkovgioi Br)9ev lSt(OT€vaav, Kvlvtov Be Br) ^TaTiXtov Kal irdvv aKovTa t^9 1 ct7ra£ /cal eiKoaaicis Reim. , 4v ukogiv VM. 2 iK-y6vois VM, iyy6vois Xiph. 3 odv M, om. V. 186 BOOK LII assumed the title of imperator. I do not here refer b,o. 29 to the title which had occasionally been bestowed, in accordance with the ancient custom, upon generals in recognition of their victories, — for he had re- ceived that many times before this and received it many times afterwards in honour merely of his achievements, so that he won the name of imperator twenty-one times, — but rather the title in its other use, which signifies the possession of the supreme power, in which sense it had been voted to his father Caesar and to the children and descendants of Caesar. After this he became censor with Agrippa as his colleague, and in addition to other reforms which he instituted, he purged the senate. For as a result of the civil wars a large number of knights and even of foot-soldiers were in the senate without justification in merit, so that the membership of that body had been swollen to a thousand. Now though it was his wish to remove these men, he did not erase any of their names himself, but urged them rather, on the strength of their own knowledge of their families and their lives, to become their own judges ; he thus first persuaded some fifty of them to withdraw from the senate voluntarily, and then compelled one hundred and forty others to imitate their example. He dis- franchised none of them, but posted the names of the second group only ; for he spared the members of the first group the reproach of the publication ot their names, because they had not delayed but had straightway obeyed him. So all these men returned to private life of their own free will, so far as ap- pearances were concerned ; but Quintus Statilius was deposed, decidedly against his will, from the VOL. VI. 187 a DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 hrjfxapx^i £9 fjv drrehe&eiteTOj elp^ev. krepov^ Te Tivas /3ov\eveiv iiroLrjcre, teal ,69 ye tovs virarevKo- Ta9 Suo avSpas ite tcov ftovXevovTcov, KXovoviov re riva teal Qovpviov Tatovs, iy/eaTeXe^ev, otl TTpoairoBeSeLyfiivoi ovte r}8vv7)6r)o~av, aXXcov tivcov xa9 dp^ds avTcov 7rpoteaTaXa/36vTcov, vrrarevcrai. 5 to re tcov eviraj pcScbv yevos o-vveTrXtfdycre, T779 /3ov\t]<z ol SrjOev i7riTpe\frdcrrj<;^T0VT0 iroirjtrai, ineihr] to Te irXelcTTov o~<f)cov dircoXcoXeL 1 (ovBev yap ovtcos 0)9 to yevvalov^ev tois ifji$v\ioi<; iroXe- fioi?) dvaXLateeTai) teal €9 ttjv ttoltjctiv ) tcov 6 irarplcav dvaytealot del elvai vofil^ovrai. ravrd re ovv ejrpafze, teal irpocrairelire irdat to?9 /3ov- Xevovcri firj ete&rjfielv -e^co T779 'IraXias, av fir) avTo? tivi teeXevcrt) f) teal eViT/o 61/07. teal jovto^ teal Bevpo del (f>vXdcrcreTar 7rXr)v <ydp otl £9 re ttjv ^ZitceXtav zeal 69 ttjv TaXarlav ttjv irepl Ndpficova, ovSa/JLoae aXXocre ftovXevrfj dirohrj- s 7 /nfjcrai e^eariv, iteelae yap hid re to avveyyvs i teal hid to aoirXov to Te elprjvaiov tcov dvQpcoixcov BeSpTaJ T049 ye ti tcetCT7]^evoi<; avToOi teal avev TrapatTijcrecos, otrdteis av ideXrjcrcocriv, dirievai. 8 eireihri Te iroKXovs eTi tcal~~rcov ftovXevTcov teal tcov dXXcov tcov Ta tov^AvtcovIov o~7rpv&acrdvTcov vttotttcos Trpbs avTov hiateeLfievov*; j etofxtj teal icf>of3rjdr] fir) veoxficoacoai tl, nrdvTa e^rj Ta ypafifiaTa Ta iv tois teiftcoTiow avTov evpeOevTa aTateetcavteivai. teal a)9 dXrjOcos ye hietyOdpteei Tivd* Ta yap Sr) irXelco teal irdvv ijijpet, coaTe /urjcV otevfjaai vaTepov avTOis j^prjcraadai. 188 1 airuX(if\ei Dind., airo\6Xct VM. BOOK LII tribuneship, to which he had been appointed. And b.c. 29 Caesar caused some other men to become senators, and he enrolled among the ex-consuls two men of the senatorial class, a certain Gaius Cluvius and Gaius Furnius, because, after they hac^ already been elected consuls, they had been unable to serve, since others had occupied their offices first. And at the same time he increased the number of patrician families, ostensibly with the senate's per- mission, inasmuch as the greater part of the patricians had perished (indeed no class is so wasted in our civil wars as the nobility), and because the patricians are always regarded as indispensable for the per- petuation of our traditional institutions. In addition to these measures he forbade all members of the senate to go outside of Italy, unless he himself should command or permit them to do so. This restriction is still observed down to the present day ; for no senator is allowed to leave the country for the purpose of visiting any place except Sicily and Gallia Narbonensis. But in the case of these regions, since they are close at hand and the inhabitants are unarmed and peaceful, those who have any posses- sions there are conceded the right to repair to them as often as they like without asking permission. And since he saw that many of the senators and others who had been partisans of Antony were still inclined to be suspicious of him, and was fearful lest they might set a revolution on foot, he announced that all the letters that had been found in Antony's strong boxes had been burned. And it is quite true that he had destroyed some of them, but he was very careful to keep the larger part, and afterwards he did not scruple to make use of them, either. 189 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 43 Tovto re ovv out<w<? inotrjae ical ttjv J^ap^Sova iirair (pKiaev, otl 6 ActuSo? yu-epo? tl avT?i<$ rjprjr fX(OK€L KoCi Sia TOVTO TCL hlfCaia TT)<$ aTTOitclas CT(j)6i)V \e\v/cevcu ihotcei. tov tc x KvTioyov tov Ko/i/xa- yrjvbv /xeT67re/zi/raTO, otl Tiva TrpeaftevTrjv virb tov a8e\(f)ov hiafyopov oi ovtos GTcCkevTa tt)V 'Poofirjv iSoXocfrovrjae, fcal e? Te to crvveSpiov 2 iarjyaye icai J KaTa^r]^iaOkvTa aireKTeive. fcal tt]v Y^airplav irapa tcov NeoTroXiToyvfj&VTrep to apyaiov rjy^avTihoaei %(x)pa$ fydy^ajo. * jc git& l- Se oi Troppo) ttjs kclto, ZvppevTopi rjireipov) yp 7 )' ctov fiev ovoev, ovofia oe tcai vvv gtl out ttjv tov Ti/Sepcov ivoLKrjo'iv e^ovaa. 1 2vpp€vrhv H. Steph., (TvpevThv VM. igo BOOK LII So much for these matters. Caesar also settled Carthage anew, because Lepidus had laid waste a part of it and by this act, it was held, had abrogated the rights of the earlier colonists. And he sent a summons to Antiochus of Commagene, because he had treacherously murdered an envoy who had been despatched to Rome by his brother, who was at variance with him. Caesar brought him before the senate, and when judgment had been passed against him, put him to death. He also obtained Capreae from the Neapolitans, to whom it originally belonged, giving other territory in exchange. It lies not far from the mainland in the region of Surrentum and is good for nothing, but is renowned even to the present day because Tiberius had a residence there. 191 BOOK LIII Td5e tvecFTiv 4v t$ TrevTrjKOGTtp rptTcp twc A'iwvos 'Pwjttai'KcDv a. '11$ 6 toO 'AndWcovos vabs 4v t$ naXar/y Kadtepcbdrj. 0. '.Qs KaiVap ib'rjfxrjySp-qcrev 4v tt? ytpovaict. ws tt)s fxovapx^ a<pi<TTa]jL€Pos Ka\ JU6T0 tovto To, idvrj irphs avTrjv ivtlfiaro. 7. riepl tt}s fcoTa(rTa(r€ws t«v apx^ ,/Ta " / T< *>*' ^ s T ^ ^' /1 7 8. 'Xls Kattrap AffyoucTTos €7T€kA^07]. 6. riepl tcov ovojuiaTwv wv ot avTOKpdropes Kafj.&dvovo'iv, 1 £. *n$ Ta 0T67TTa Kadiepwdr}. rj. 'Cls Kaiffap^Acrvpa-i koI Kavrdfipois ino\£iir\o'*v. 6. 'Cls TaKaria virb 'PcojuaiW &pxeo~dai tjp£aro. 1. f Hy 7] crroh 7) rod Tiocretb'&vos koI to fSaKavtiov rov 'Ayplirnov Kadiepcbdr). k. 'fls to Udvdeiou Kadtcpcadrj. A. 'Hs AvyovaTos a<peldr} t^s avdyKrjs tov rots vofiois iretOtffdai. fx. 'Cls 6tt' 'Apa&iav tt)V (vfialfxova trrpaTeta iycvcTO. XpSvov tt\7]8os *tt) e{, ^ ofj &pxovTes 01 apiOfjLovfievot oTSe ^7eVoj/TO KcuVrap t2> 5-' „ M Oititydvtos A. in. , A7pi7T7ras ri> 1 Katcop tJ> f ^ M. Ounf^i/ios A. ut. 'A7pi7T7ra$ t2> 7" Ka?(rap AyyoutTTOs to r( T. SroTiXtos T. vi 2 Tavpos to $' Adyouo-Tos to 6' „ M. 'lovvios M. vt. ^i\au6s Atjyov<TTos to t' z „ 4 T. Nwpfiavbs T. vf. T. €77. &kaKK0S AijyovTTos to la »^ 4 IV. KaXwovpvios 5 Yv. vi. Yv. tyy. rii<rc<?»/ 6 Tore jiev ravr iyevero, ra> Be eljrjs erei efcrov o Kalaap rjp^e, /cal ra re aXka Kara to vofii^o- 1 to j8' Xyl., to y r VM. 2 T. vi supplied by Bs. 3 M. 'lovvtos ^iKav6s AijyovffTos to i' supplied by Xyl., M. in. added by Bs. 4 utt. supplied by Bs. 192 BOOK LIII The following is contained in the Fifty-third of Dio's Rome : — How the temple of Apollo on the Palatine was dedicated (chap. 1). How Caesar delivered a speech in the senate, as if he were retiring from the sole rulership, and afterwards assigned to that body its provinces (chaps. 2-12). About the appointment of the governors sent to the pro- vinces (chaps. 13-15). How Caesar was given the title of Augustus (chap. 16). About the names which the emperors receive (chaps. 17, 18). How the Saepta were dedicated (chap. 23). How Caesar fought against the Astures and Cantabri (chap. 25). How Galatia began to be governed by Romans (chap. 26). How the Basilica of Neptune and he Baths of Agrippa were dedicated (chap. 27). How the Pantheon was dedicated (chap. 27). How Augustus was freed from the obligation of obeying the laws (chap. 28). How an expedition was made against Arabia Felix (chap. 29). Duration of time, six years, in which there were the magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : — 28 Caesar (VI), M. Vipsanius L. F. Agrippa (II). 27 Caesar (VII), M. Vipsanius L. F. Agrippa (III). 26 Caesar Augustus (VIII), T. Statilius T. F. Taurus (II). 25 Augustus (IX), M. Junius M. F. Silanus. 24 Augustus (X), C. Norbanus C. F. C. N. Flaccus. 23 Augustus (XI), Cn. Calpurnius Cn. F. Cn. N. Piso. These were the occurrences at that time. The b.c. 28 following year Caesar held office for the sixth time and conformed in all other respects to the usages 5 KaXirovpuios Xyl., KaKirovpvivos VM. 6 Xiiauv Dind., irti<rwu VM. 193 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY fievov airo rov iravv apyaiov eTroiTjae, teau rov? <f>ateeXov<; tg)v pafiSovv t« 5 Aypiirira awdp^ovri ol Kara to iTufidXXop irapeScoteep, clvtos re rais erepais ixprjcrajo, teal Zidp%a<; top opteop teard 2 to, ird'jpia iitryyaye* teal el /xev teal avdis ravr eTToirjaev, ovte ol&a* top yap 1 'At piirirav \ v*rrep- fioXrjp irifia' dfieXei ttjp re dBeX^iSTjp 1 avT& avpoifciae, teal o-terjpjjp, ottotc gvctt pajevoiPTO, ofioiap rf) eavrov Trapeze, to tc avpOrj/jia Trap* 3 dfi^OTepwp a(f)cop iSCSoTO, ip 8' ovp t& totc irapopTi tcl Te aXXa o)C7rep €Ldi<7ro_€7rpa^€ 9 teal t<z? diroypa^a^ iljeTeXeae, teal ip auTa£?~^r£o-^ tepiTO? r^? yepovaia^ eVe/cX?^, waireplev ttj dtepiftei SrjfiotepaTia ipepo/Mo-TO. to tc 'AttoX- Xcoplop 2 to 3 ip tw UaXarla) teal to Te^epta fia to irepl avTO, Ta$ tc aTToQr)tca<i tcop ftiftXlcop, 4 i%€7roir)cr€ teal teaOiepwae. teal ttjp irapr\yvpip ttjp eVi Tjj pitey rfj 777509 T<p 'Aktlol) yepQjiepy y^rri^iaOelaap rjyayef jxeTa tov 'Ayp'nnrovJ teal ip avTjj' ttjp iTrrrohpopiap hid T€ tcop rrralScop 5 teal Sid tg)P dp8pa>p twp evy€P(OP eiroLrjae. teal avTtj fjL€P Sid 7T€PT€ del iroov, jiexpi^rov 4 iyU ypeTO, Tais Teaaapaiv iepcocvpai? ite TrepiTpoirrjs;} fjbeXovaa y h keyed Se tou? T6 7roPTi<f>itcas teal to£>9 ol(jL)PicrTa$ tov? T€ 67TTft teal tov<s irevTeteaiSetea apSpas KaXovfiepov^ tot€ Be teal yv/APttebs dywy 1 aSeAtfuSV M (d5eA</>i8V)j a5eAtf>V V Xiph. Zon. 2 'AwoWcaviov St., airoWc&veiov ^VM. 3 rb Bk., r6 re VM. 4 pcxpi T °v v « Herw. , jue'xp's ov VM. 6 fiiXovaa R. Steph., ^Wovtra VM. 194 BOOK LIII handed down from the earliest times, and, in par- b.c. 28 ticular, he delivered to Agrippa, his colleague, the bundles of rods as it was incumbent upon him to do, while he himself used the other set, 1 and on com- pleting his term of office he took the oath according to ancestral custom. 2 Whether he ever did this again, I do not know, for he always paid exceptional honour to Agrippa ; thus he gave him his niece in marriage, and provided him with a tent similar to his own whenever they were campaigning together, and the watchword was given out by both of them. At this particular time, now, besides attending to his other duties as usual, he completed the taking of the census, in connection with which his title was princeps senatits, as had been the practice when Rome was truly a republic. Moreover, he com- pleted and dedicated the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, the precinct surrounding it, and the libraries. He also celebrated in company with Agrippa the festival which had been voted in honour of the victory won at Actium ; and during this celebration he caused the boys and men of the nobility to take part in the Circensian games. This festival was held for a time every four years and was in charge of the four priesthoods in succession — I mean the pontifices, the augurs, and the septem- viri and quindecimviri, as they were called. On the present occasion, moreover, a gymnastic contest 1 Augustus seems to have used twenty-four lictors until 29 B.C., and thereafter twelve, first as consul (until 23), then as proconsul (until 19), and later on all occasions. Cf. liv. 10, 5. 2 The customary oath taken by the consuls at the close of their term of office to the effect that they had done nothing contrary to the laws and had acted for the highest interests of. the state. Cf. xxxvii. 38, 2, and xxxviii. 12, 3. 195 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY arahLov Ttvbs ev rw^Apeto) irehlw %vXivov /cara- (TKevaarOevTOs eiroirjOr), ottXo jxa^la re r etc rtov at 1 6 x/iiaXcorcov iyevero. teal Tj&vra ical 1 ! eirl irXelovs rjpiipas ivrpax&V* ov ^ Sje?U7re kclLtoi vocrrjaavTos tov Kalcrapos, dXXd tcai &9 6 ' Aypi7T7ra<; teal to etceLvov /nepos dyejrXrjpqv. £ f O 8 y ovv Kalaap e'9 T€ ra? decopia? ifc twv ISlcov hrjdev avtyXMr/ce, fcal irreiSr] %pr)iiarT(£)V to) SrjfjLoaia) iSerjaeVj iSavelaaro Tiva Kal eSco/cev avT(p, Trpos re TTjv SioiKrjalv crcpcov Svo /car eVo9 ifc tcov ia-TpaTTjyrjfcorcov aipelcrdai iiceXevcre. Kal TO) 7r\rj0€L\T€Tpa7r\dcFLOV ^TOV (TLTOV €V€lfjL€, /3oU- 2 XefTafc re Tial xPVf jLara eyapidaTO* ovrco yap Brj ttoXXoi <j<j)G)v irevrjre^ eyeyoveaav (bare firjo^ ayopavojirjaaL riva Sid to pLeyedo? t6)v dvaXco- puaTcov iOeXrjacu, dXXa tcl t€ aXXa Kal to, 8c/ca- GTr)pia Ta Tjj dyopavofiia irpoarjKovTa tol$ crTpa- Trjyots, fcaOdirep etOiaro, tcl fiev fi€L^(o to> darTw6/x(p Ta Se €T€pa tQ> %eviK(p tt poaTay6r\vai. 3 7T/J09 Se Srj tovtois tov dcTTWopuop avTO? airk-^ heiPev o kol avOis iroXXaKi*; iTroiriae. teal t«9 eyyvas Tas'Trpos to orjpLoatov irpo 7-779 777)09 tg) 'AktUo pbd-xrisiyevofjievas, ttXtjv tmv 7T€pl Ta oIko- SoptrffMiTa, dTrqXXa^e, Ta T€ iraXatd crvfi^oXaca 4 TC0V T(p KOlVtp TL 6^>eiX6vT(DV €KaV(T€. Kal TCL fJL€V iepd tcl AlyvTTTta ovk ecrehe^aTO etaco tov 77(0/47]- piov,- tcov Se 8r) vawv irpovoiav iirotrfcraTO* tov? puev yap V7T IhiwToyv tlvohv yeyevrjpievovs toI$ t€ iraialv aircbv Kal TO69 itcyovoLs, eiye Tives Trepcrjaav, iirL(TK€vdaai itceXevcre, tov9 Se Xol7tov<; avTo<z ave- 1 teal M, om. V. 196 BOOK LIII was held, a wooden stadium having been constructed b.c. 28 in the Campus Martius, and there was a gladiatorial combat between captives. These events continued for several days and were not interrupted even when Caesar fell ill ; but Agrippa went on with them even so, discharging Caesar's duties as well as his own. Now Caesar allowed it to be understood that he was spending his private means upon these festivals, and when money was needed for the public treasury, he borrowed some and supplied the want ; and for the management of the funds he ordered two annual magistrates to be chosen from among the ex-praetors. To the populace he distributed a quadruple allowance of grain and to some of the senators he made presents of money. For so many of them had become impoverished that none was willing to hold even the office of aedile because of the magnitude of the expenditures involved ; indeed, the functions which belonged to that office, and particularly the judicial functions, were assigned to the praetors, as had been the custom, the more im- portant to the praetor urbanus and the rest to the praetor peregrinus. In addition to all this, Caesar himself appointed the praetor urbanus, as, indeed, he often did subsequently. He cancelled all obli- gations which had been given to the public treasury previous to the battle of Actium, except those secured by buildings, and he burned the old notes of those who were indebted to the state. ,As__for_ reli giou s matters, he did not allow the Egyptian rites to be celebrated inside the pomerium, but made pro- vision for the tempi esj those which had been built by private individuals he ordered their sons and descendants, if any survived, to repair, and the rest 197 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 5 KTYjcraTO* oi fievroi Kal rrjv 86%av tt}? oIkoSo/it)- 0-60)9 cr<f>cov ia^erepiaaro, aW djreBcoKev airois Tot? fcaTaa/cevdaacriv airov^r eireihrj re iroXXd irdvv ^/card re ra9 crrdaeis /cdv rol$ 7roXep,oi<}^ aXXcos re Kariv rrj rov 'Avtcdvlov rov re Aem'Sou avvapxta, zeal avofitos Kal d8itceo<z e rerdx ^f vdvra aira St' ivbs TTpoy pa fx pharos KareXvcrev, opov rrjv 6 k'fcrrjv avrov iirareLav TrpoBeL?. 1 eiSpKipicov re ovv €7rl rovroi\ Kal eiraivovpuevo^ eireOvprjae Kal erepav rivd fieyaXoyfrv^Lav SiaBel^aaOac, 07tg>9 Kal i/c rov rotovrov paXXov Tt/jLrjOeirjy Kalfirap eKovrcov St) tcov dvO pom gov Jrfjv povap^lav j3e- /3aicbo-aa@ai(rov 2 pt) ^BoKecv aKOvra? airovs /3e- 7 /BidaOai. j KaK rovrov tou9 pdXiara eir m/Setof9 oi rcov ftovXevrcov rrapaaKevdaa^ eV re rrjv yepovatav earfXdev e/3$opov v7rarevo)V t Kal aveyvw roidSe* 3 " ^AiTLara pev ev oZS' ore Sogco rialv vpcov, z c% rrarepes, irporjprjaOar a yap airbs eKaaros tcov aKOVovTwv ovk av eOeXtfcreie iroiricrai, ravr oiSe erepov Xeyovro? iriareveiv fiovXerai> Kal pdXicrO* on 7ra9 iravrl rep virepex oVTL <f>0ovcbv eroiporepov 2 amarel roi? virep eavrbv Xeyopevois. Kal rrpoaeri Kal yiyvcoo-Kco rovd\ on oi ra pr) mara SoKOvvra eivai Xeyovres oix ocrov ov ireLOovaL rivas, dXXa Kal KofiaXoi hoKovaiv elvai. oi pr)v dXX* el pev ri rotovrov eir^yyeXXopt^v b pr) irapaxp^pa rroir}- aetv epeXXov, acf>6Spa av drTcoKvrjaa airb eKc^rjvaty pr) Kal alriav riva poxOypav dvrl ydpiros Xdftco' 1 irpodtls Rk., wpoadels VM. 2 tov R. Steph., rb VM. 3 {ffL&V M, VfXIV V. 198 BOOK LIII he restored himself. He did not, however, appro- b.o. 28 priate to himself the credit for their erection, but allowed it to go as before to the original builders. And inasmuch as he had put into effect very many illegal and unjust regulations during the factional strife and the wars, especially in the period of his joint rule with Antony and Lepidus, he abolished them all by a single decree, setting the end of his sixth consulship as the time for their expiration. When, now, he obtained approbation and praise for this act, he desired to exhibit another instance of magnanimity, that by such a policy he might be honoured all the more and might have his sovereignty voluntarily confirmed by the people, so as to avoid the appearance of havirfg forced them against their will. Therefore, having first primed his most in- timate friends among the senators, he entered the senate in his seventh consulship and read the fol- B .o. 27 lowing address : " I am sure that I shall seem to some of you, Con- script Fathers, to have made an incredible choice. For what each one of my hearers would not wish to do himself, he does not like to believe, either, when another claims to have done it, especially as everyone is jealous of anybody who is superior to him and so is more prone to disbelieve any utter- ance that is above his own standard. Besides, I know this, that those who say what appears to be incredible not only fail to persuade others but also appear to be impostors. And indeed, if it were a question of my promising something that I was not intending to put into effect immediately, I should have been exceedingly loath to proclaim it, for fear of gaining, instead of gratitude, some grievous im- 199 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 3 vvv 8' oirore evOvs ical Trjpepov evra/coXovd^aei to epyov avT&y irdvv QapaovvTcos eyco pr) povov prj&eplav alo")(vvriv yfrev8oXoy[a$ ocpXycreiv, dXXa 4 teal irdvTas dv6 pcoirov^ eiSogia vi/crjaeiv. on pev yap irdpecrrL pot hid Travrbs vpcbv apyziv, /cal avTol opdre* to re yap aracridcrav ttclv tfrot Si/caicoOev irkiravTai rj /cal iXerjOev crecrcocfrpovi- arai, 1 /cal to avvapdpevov poi tj) re dpoi/3fj tcov evepyeaicov co/ceicoTai /cal rfj Koivcovla tcov irpa- 2 ypdrcov co^vpcoTai, cocrre prfre eTTiOvprjaai riva vecoTepcov epycov, /cav dpa ri /cal tolovto yivrjrai, to yovv ftorjOrjcrov rjplv eroipov en /cal paXXov elvai, rd re arparicorc/ca d/cpd^ei pot /cal evvoLa /cal pcopr], fcal xprjpara €<ttl /cal avppa^pi, /cal to peytdTOVy ovtco /cal bpeis /cal 6 Srjpos 8id- /ceiaBe TTpo? pe cocttc /cal nrdvv av TTpocrTaTetcrOai 2 3 vtt ipov iOeXfjcrai. ov pkvTOi /cal iirl irXelov vpd$ i^rjyrjcropai, ovSe epet ti$ W9 iyco rr}? avTapyias eve/ca nravra tcl irpoKareipyaapeva €7rpa!ja' dXXa d<plr]pi ttjv dpyr)V drraaav /cal dirohLZcopi vptv iravra a7rXw5, rd SrrrXa tol»9 vopov? rd edvrj, ov% oirco? i/ceiva oaa poi vpeis 4 iireTpiyfrare, dXXa /cal oaa avrbs perd jav6* vplv 7rpoa€/CT7]crdp7jv, Hva teal e£ avrcov tcov epycov /carapavrjTe rovu , on ovo air ap^rjq dvva- o"Taa? rivbs i r jre8vprjaa > aXV ovtcos tw re irarpl Beivco? acj>ay€VTL Tipcoprjcrai /cal ttjv ttoXlv i/c peydXcov /cal iiraXXrjXcov /ca/ccov e^eXicrdac rj6e- 5 Xrjaa. ocpeXov pev yap prjhe iiriaTrjvai irore ovtco to£? irpdypacri* tovt ecrTiv, ofyeXov prj 1 ikeydev ff€(T<a(pp6vi<TTat M, eAerjfleWes cr<a<pp6vicrTcu V. 8 TTpoarTaTtiardai M, •KpocrTarclade V, 200 BOOK LIII putation. But as it is, when the performance will b.c. 27 follow the promise this very day, I feel quite con- fident, not only that I shall incur no reproach of falsehood, but that I shall surpass all mankind in good repute. You see for yourselves, of course, that it is in my power to rule over you for life ; for every factious element has either been put down through the application of justice or brought to its senses by receiving mercy, while those who were on my side have been made devoted by my reciprocat- ing their friendly services and bound fast by having a share in the government. Therefore none of them desires a revolution, and if anything of the sort should take place, at least the party which will stand by me is even more ready than it was before. My military is in the finest condition as regards both - loyalty and strength ; there is money and there are allies ; and, most important of all, you and the people are so disposed toward me that you would distinctly wish to have me at your head. However, I shall lead you no longer, and no one will be able to say that it was to win absolute power that I did whatever has hitherto been done. Nay, I give up my office completely, and restore to you absolutely everything, — the army, the laws, and the provinces, / — not only those which you committed to me, but also those which I myself later acquired for you. Thus my very deeds also will prove to you that even at the outset I desired no position of power, but in very truth wished to avenge my father, cruelly murdered, and to extricate the city from great evils that came on unceasingly. Indeed, I would that I had not gone so far as to assume charge of affairs as I did ; that is, 1 would that the city had not 201 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY BeBerjcOai fiov 777309 tolovto ti ttjv ttoXlv, dXX iv eiprjVTj /cal ofiovoia, KaOdirep irore /cal oi TraTepes rjficov, /cal rjfia? to£>9 iv TjjBe Trj rjXiKia 2 air /3e/3ico/cevcu. eVel Be elfiapfAevrj w, a>9 €Ol/C€V, €9 TOVTO TTp07jyay€V VjJLCL<; &GT€ KCtl e'/xoO, Kalirep vkov €ti Tore 6W09, /cal y^peiav o")(elv /cal ireipav Xaftelv, fieXP 1 ^ v °v X T ^ TrpdypaTa t^9 irap i/AOv iiri/covplas e^prj^e, iravTa re 7rpo0v/JLG)<; /cal virep ttjv rjXitaav iiroirjaa /cal Trdvra ei>Ti/%a>9 /cal virep ttjv Bvvajxiv Kareirpa^a* 3 /cal ov/c €<7Tiv o Ti T(ov TTCLVTObv dirki peijre yu.e tcivBvvevovaiv v/ilv iTn/covprjaai, ov tt6vo<;> ov <f)6/3o<;, ov/c e^Opcdv direiXaL, ov <j>l\cDv Berjaeis, ov to 7r\r)0o$ tcov o-vvearrj/corcov, ovy^ tj dirovoia rcov avTiT€Tay/xivG)v, d\V iireBw/ca dcj)€cBco<; vjilv ipavrbv €9 Trdvra ia TrepieGTrj/coTa s /cal errpaga 4 Kai eirauov airep tare, €£ cov avros jjbev ovbei /ce/cipBay/ca ttXtjv tov ttjv TrarpLBa TrepiTreiroirj- o~0 at, vfi€L$ Be /cal o-co^eo'06 /cal aco<f)poveiT€. iTrecBr) Be /caXcbs iroiovcra t) Tvyrj /cal ttjv eiprjvrjv aBoXov /cal ttjv ofiovoiav daTacrLaaTOV Bt ijiov vpuv diroBeBco/cev, diroXaftere /cal ttjv iXev0eplav /cal ttjv Brjfjio/cpaTLav, /cofiiaao-06 /cal tcl oirXa /cal tcl €0vrj tcl vTTTj/coa, /cal TroXiT€veo-0€ coenrep €L6O0eiT6. 6 " Kal jxrjTB 2 0av/JLdarjT€ el Tav0 1 ovtco (ppovcb, ttjv T€ aXXrjv €Tri€L/c€idv fiov /cal irpaoTTjTa ical dirpayfioavvrfv opcovTes, /cal irpoae/cXoyi^ofievoi OTL OvBeV TTCOTrOTe OV0* V7T6poy/COV OV0 i VTTBp TOV9 ttoXXovs, /calirep iroXXa iroXXd/CL<; tyrjfyia ajikvav 2 vpioyvy iBegdfirjv /jltjt av fioaptav fxov /caTayv&Te, 1 ol Bk., ttou VM. 2 ^T€ Bk., ^to* VM. 202 BOOK LIII required me for an}' such task, but that we of this b.c. 27 generation also might have lived from the beginning in peace and harmony, as our fathers lived of yore. But since some destiny, as it appears, brought you to a position where you had need even of me, young as I still was at the time, and put me to the test, I did everything with a zeal even beyond my years and accomplished everything with a good fortune even beyond my powers, so long as the situation de- manded my help. And nothing in the world could deter me from aiding you when you were in danger, — neither toil, nor fear, nor threats of foes, nor prayers of friends, nor the multitude of the conspira- tors, nor the desperation of our adversaries ; nay, I gave myself to you unstintingly for any and all the exigencies which have arisen, and what I did and suffered, you know. From all this I have derived no gain for myself except that I have kept my country from perishing ; but as for you, you are enjoying both safety and tranquillity. Since, then, Fortune, by using me, has graciously restored to you peace without treachery and harmony without faction, receive back also your liberty and the re- public ; take over the army and the subject pro- vinces, and govern yourselves as has been your wont. . " You should not be surprised at this purpose of mine, when you see my reasonableness in other respects, my mildness, and my love of quiet, and when you reflect, moreover, that 1 have never ac- cepted any extraordinary privilege nor anything beyond what the many might gain, though you have often voted many of them to me. Do not, on the 203 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ore itjov fioi Kal vficjv dp%€iv /cal TrjXiKavTrjv r)yefioviav Toaavrrj^ oifcovfievr]? eyjziv ov fiov- Xojxai. iya> ydp t dv T€ to hitcaiov tl$ i^erd^y, hiKaioiaTov etvai vofxL^o> to tcl vfi€T€pa u/za? BieTreiv, dv t€ Kal to avjifyepov, av/xcfiopcoTaTOv rjyovpLai Kal ifiol to firjTe irpdyfxaTa eyziv firjTe $>6ov€icr9ai pirjTe eTTifiovXeveaO ai Kal vplv to /jl€t eXevdepias Kal o~co(f)p6vcD<; Kal (f>tXiKco<; ttoXlt€v- 3 eaOar dv T€ Kal to evKXees, ovirep eveKa iroXXol koX TroXefielv Kal Kivhvveveiv iroXXaKis alpovvTai, 7TW9 fiev ovk evSogoTaTov fioi eaTai TTjXiKavTrj? upxy? dcpeaOai, 7rco? 8' ovk evKXe&GTaTOv €K tocfovtov YjyefJLOvias ojkov iOeXovTi IBicoTevaai; coo~t et t^9 v/jlcov diriQ-Tei TavT ovtcd? Tivd dXXov Kal <f>povfj(rai iir dXT/deias Kal elirelv hvvaaOai, 4 e/xoiye TTiaTevaaTco, 7roXXa yap Kal /xeydXa KaTaXe^ai e%a>*> oaa Kal U7r' i/iov Kal xjtto tov 7raTpo? /jlov €V7)pyeT7)cr0€, 0£9 eiKOTco? dv rj/xas virep irdvTas tol»? dXXov? Kal (piXoLrjTe Kal ti- fjL(&r)T6> ovhev dv aXXo tovtov fidXXov eiiroi/xi, oiS* dv eV aXXcp Tivl jxaXXov cre/ivvvai/xr/v^ otl ttjv puovapyiav /jltjtc eKeivos KaiTOi SlSovtcdv v/jlcov Xaftelv TjOeXrjae Kal iyeb e^cov dfylrj/Li. 7 "Ti yap dv Tf9 Kal TrapetjeTacreiev avTcp; ttjv YaXaTia? aXcoaiv r) ttjv Havvovias SovXcoaiv fj ttjv ^Avaias yeipcoaiv rj ttjv AlyvirTov KaTa- cTTpO(f)Tjv; dXXa tov QapvaKTjv tov % \ov$av tov QpaaTTjv, T7]v iirl roy? BpeTTavovs GTpaTeiav, 204 BOOK LIII other hand, condemn me as foolish because, when it b.c. 27 is in my power to rule over you and to hold so great a sovereignty over this vast world, I do not wish it. For, if one looks into the merits of the case from the point of view of justice, I regard it as most just for you to manage your own affairs ; if from the point of view of expediency, I consider it most expedient, both that I should be free from trouble and not be the object of jealousy and intrigue, and that you should have a government based upon liberty and conducted with moderation and friendly feeling ; and if, finally, from the point of view of glory, to win which many men are often found ready to choose war and personal risk, will it not add most to my renown to resign so great an empire, will it not add most to my glory to leave so exalted a sovereignty and voluntarily become a private citizen ? Therefore, if there is any one of you who believes that no man except me can really and sincerely hold to such ideals and give them utterance, at least let him believe it of me. For, though I could recite many great benefits conferred upon you both by me and by my father, for which we beyond all other men could reasonably claim your affection and your honour, I could single out no other act in preference to this, nor could I feel a greater pride in any other thing than in this, — that he refused the monarchy although you offered it to him, and that I, when I hold it, lay it aside. "What achievement, indeed, could one compare with these acts of ours ? The conquest of Gaul, the enslavement of Pannonia, the subjugation of Moesia, the overthrow of Egypt ? Or Pharnaces, or Juba, or Phraates, or the campaign against the Britons, or 205 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ttjv rov *¥r\vov 8id/3a<riv; xairoi roaavra Kal rotavra ravrd ianv oaa Kal ola ovBe GvpmavTes oi Trarepe*; rjpuoop ev iravrl ra> TTpoaOev %povcp 2 TreirovrjKaaLV, dXX* o/zo>9 ovre tovtcop tl too irapovri epyw irapafiaXeip iariv a^tov, ovd* ore TOV$ ifl(f)V\lOVS TTOXi/jLOV? Kal pLGyLO~TOV$ Kal 7TOI- KikcdTarov*; Bia irdvronv yevopbipovs Kal BieiroXe- fjLriaa/jiev KaXco? Kal Biedipieda <$>iXap6pt£>TTOJ<; t rov pep avTiaravTOS &)9 Kal iroXepLiov ttclvtos 1 /cparrj- aavTS*;, to S* viret^av &>9 Kal fyiXiov ttclp irepicrcb- 3 aavres, &<rr elirep irore Kal avOis Treirpaypievov €17) rrjv ttoXiv rjpucop 2 VO<Jr\<J(ll, tovtov a&Trjv TOP Tpoirov ev^aadaC nva o~Taatdo~ar to yap tol too-ovtov T€ la'xyo-avTa^ rjpLas Kal ovtco Kal tt} dp€Tr) Kal tt) tv%7) aKpLaaaPTas &o~Te Kal e/covrcov Kal dfcovTcov v/jlcov avTapyriaai BvprjOrjpai, purjTe €K(f>povr]aat pafjTe t?}9 pLOvapylas eTridvp/qaai, dXXa Kal eiceivov $i8op,ep7)p avTrjv dircdaaaOat teal i/jL€ SeSopLevrjv diroBiBopai, virep avOpcoirov 4 6GTiv. Xeyco Be TavTa ovtc aXXco? enriKopLTT&p (ovBe yap av elirop avTa dpxtfv, el Kal otiovp ifKeoveKTrjaeiv air avTcov tf/ieWov), cU' iva elhrjTe oti ttoXXcop Kal pieydXcop €9 T€ to koivop €V€py€T7j/jLaTO)v Kal 69 tcl OLK€ta aepLVoXoyrjpbdTcov rjpuiv ovtcov, eirl tovtg> pbdXio~Ta dyaXXopueOa oti, &p eTepoi Kal /3ia£6pL€vol Tim 9 einOvpLOvai, Tav0 y 8 rjpLeis ovB* dvayKa%6p,€voi irpoaiepbeOa. T/9 piep yap av pbeyaXoyfrvxoTepos puov, iva pur) Kal top iraTepa top pLeTrfXXaxoTa avffis elVta, Tt9 Be Bat- pLOPicoTepos evpeOelrj; ogtl<$, & Zev Kal "HpaKXes, 1 Traurbs M, rtvbs V. 206 BOOK LIII the crossing of the Rhine? Yet these are greater b.o. 27 and more important deeds than even all our fore- fathers together performed in all previous time. Nevertheless, no one of these exploits deserves a place beside my present act, to say nothing of our civil wars, of all which have ever occurred the greatest and most varied in its changing fortunes, which we fought to an honourable conclusion and brought to a humane settlement, overpowering as enemies all who resisted, but sparing as friends all who yielded ; therein setting an example, so that if it should be fated that our city should ever again be afflicted, one might pray that it should conduct its quarrel in the same way. Indeed, I will go further : that we, when we possessed a strength so great, and when we so clearly stood at the summit of prowess and good fortune, that we could exercise over you, with or without your consent, our arbitrary rule, did not lose our senses or conceive the desire for sole supremacy, but that he thrust that supremacy aside when it was offered him and that I return it after it has been given me, — that, I say, transcends the deeds of a man! I say this, not by way of idle boasting, — indeed, I should not have said it at all, if I were going to derive any advantage whatever from it, — but in order that you may see that, although we can point to many benefits conferred upon the state at large and to many services rendered to individuals of which we might boast, yet we take the greatest pride in this, that what others so desire that they are even willing to do violence to gain it, this we do not accept even under compulsion. Who could be found more magnanimous than I, — not to mention again my deceased father, — who more nearly divine ? For 207 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY arpartoiTa^ tovovtovs /cat toiovtovs, koI irdk'nas Kal avfifAaxovs, (fuXovvrd? fie e^o>i>, Kal Trdar}<; (xev t^? eWo9 t&v 'HpaKXeicov crrrfKoiv daXdcrcn)<$ irXrfV oXiycov KpaT&v, iv irdaai^ he rals rjiretpoi^ 2 Kal iroXeis teal edvrj fee/CTTj/JLevos, Kal firjT dXXo- <f>vXov twos e.7i TrpociroXefiovvTo^ fioi fir\T oiicelov GTaata^ovTOS, dXXd irdvTcov vjicov Kal elprjvovv- to)v Kal ofiovoovvT(*>v Kal evOevovvTcov 1 Kal to fMeyiarov ideXovTrjhbv TreidapypvvTtov, erreid* £kov- aios avTeTrdyyeXros Kal dp)(f}<; TrjXiKavTt]? d<f)l- crTafxai Kal ovalas TOo~avTr)<; airaXXdrrofiai. 3 war eirrep 6 *OpaTios 6 Movklo? 6 Kovprcos 6 'VrfyovXos ol AeKioc Kal Kcvhvvevaat Kal diro- davelv inrep tov fieya tl Kal KaXbv ireiToiy}Kevai ho%ai fjBeXrjcraVj 7r<W9 ovk av iyco fiaXXov eiri- Ovfirjaai/JLL tovto irpa^ai e£ ov KaKeivovs Kal TOU9 aXXovs dfjia irdvTas dvOpwrrovs evKXeia £ooz> 4 VTrepftaXco; firj yap rot vofxiar) t*9 v/jlgjv 2 tou9 fiev irdXai 'Pcofiaiovs Kal aperf}? Kal evhogtas ifalcrOac, vvv he H~ltt)Xov iv rfj iroXei Trap to dvhpcohes yeyovevat. firj fievToi /jLrjh* viroTrrevarj on irpoeadai re vfim fcal Trovrjpol? tictiv dvhpdaiv eTTtrpeyjrat, rj Kal 6)(XoKpaTia tivi, eg 979 ov fiovov oihev xprjarbv dXXa Kal iravra tcl Seivorara del iracriv dvOpcQTrois ylyverac, eKhovvat [iovXofiai. 5 hfiiv yap, vfitv T0Z9 dpLaTOis Kal (frpovLficoTaTois irdvja rd Koivd dvaTL07)fit. eKetvo fiev yap ov- heiror av iiroLrjcray ovh' el fivpiaKis diroQavelv ?] Kal /jLOvapxrjo-aL (xe eher tovto he Kal if7rep 6 ifiavTov Kal virep tt}<; TroXea)? 7roico. auro9 Te 1 zvdevovvToov Dind., evdrjvovvTcvv Rk., ebaQsvovvTow VM. 2 VfA&V M, 7J/JLUV V. 208 BOOK LIII I, — the gods be my witnesses ! — who have so many B .c. 27 gallant soldiers, both Romans and allies, who are devoted to me, I, who am supreme over the entire sea within the Pillars of Hercules except for a few tribes, I who possess both cities and provinces in every continent, at a time when there is no longer any foreign enemy making war upon me and no one at home is engaged in sedition, but when you are all at peace, are harmonious and strong, and, greatest of all, are content to yield obedience, I, in spite of all this, voluntarily and of my own motion resign so great a dominion and give up so vast a possession. So then, if Horatius, Mucius, Curtius, Regulus, and the Decii were willing to encounter danger and to die to win the fame of having done a great and noble deed, why should not I desire even more to do this thing, whereby, without losing my life, I shall excel both them and all the rest of mankind in glory ? In truth no one of you should think that the ancient Romans sought to win fair fame and reputation for valour, but that in these days every manly virtue has become extinct in the state. And further, let no one suspect that 1 wish to betray you by delivering you into the hands of a group of wicked men, or by giving you over to government by the mob, from which nothing good ever comes, but rather in all cases and for all mankind nothing but the most terrible evils. Nay, it is to you senators, to you who are the best and wisest, that I restore the entire administration of the state. The other course I should never have followed, even had it been necessary for me to die a thousand deaths, or even to assume the sole rule ; but this policy I adopt both for m}'' own good and for that of the city. For 209 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yap Kal 7r€7r6vrjfiai Kal tct aXanrcoprj/jLai, Kal ovkst ovre rf) tyvxy ovre tw aoyjiari awkyeiv hvvafiat* tcai irpocreTt Kal tov (pOovov Kal to fxicros, a /cat 7T/?o? tovs apicnovs avSpas iyyuyve- ral TMTiy rd<i T€ e£ avrcbv €7ri/3ov\a<i it poo p£) fiat. 7 koi Bta ravra teal Ihicorevo-ai jiaXkov eifc\ea)<i rj fj,ovapxv°~ ac iTriKivSvvco? alpov/uai. /cal ra koivcl koivw av ttoXv fteXriov are 1 Kal virb ttoXXcov afia Siayofieva Kal firj e? eva Tiva dv7)pTr]pAva hlOlKOLTO. 9 te Ai' ovv ravTa Kal Ik€T6V(o /cal Siofiat iravTcov vficov o/xotft)9 /cal avveiratvea-ai /cal avfnrpoffv/jir)- 6r\vai /not, Xoyio-a/n&vov? irdvd^ Sera koi ireiro- \€fl7J/Ca V7T€p VJJLCOV Kal TT61To\Lt€V fiai, /cdv TOVT(p rracrdv /not rrjv virep avra>v %dpiv dirohovras, iv tg) crvy^coprjcraL fioi iv rjcrv^ia rjSrj 7tot€ /cara- fiicovac, tva /cal i/celvo elSfjre oti oh jjlovov apyeiv dWa /cal apyecrdai into-Tafiai, /cal irdvS* Sera ak- Xot9 eVera^a, Kal avrb<; dvTeiriTaydrivai Svvafiai. 2 jxakio'Ta fiev yap /cal dcrcj)a\co<i fycreiv /cal firjhev virb /jLrjBevbs /jajre epyep fxrjre \6yw /ca/cbv ireicre- crOai irpoerhoKW toctovtov irov rfj evvoiq vfiobv, e£ 3 &v avrbs ifiavra) avvoiha, TriaTevco. av Se ri Kal Trddo), ola iroWol^ crvjiftaivei (ovhe yap olov re io~Ti iracrL Tiva, aWco? re Kal iv TOo~ovroi<i iroXefiois, to?9 fiev 66ve'ioi<$ to?? Kal ififyvXlois, yevbfievov Kal rrfKiKavra Trpdyfiara in it pair zvt a, dpeaai), Kal irdvv eroifMos Kal irpb tov elfiap- 1 &€\tiov are Rk., fieKriova t€ VM. 210 BOOK LIII I myself have undergone both labours and hardships b.c. 27 and am no longer able to stand the strain, either in mind or in body. Furthermore, I foresee the jealousy and hatred which are engendered in certain persons against even the best men and the plots which arise therefrom. It is for these reasons that I choose the life of a private citizen and fair fame rather than that of a sovereign and constant peril. And as for the business of the commonwealth, it would be carried on far better by all in common, inasmuch as it would be transacted by many men together instead of being dependent upon some one man. " For these reasons, then, I ask and implore you one and all both to approve my course and to cooperate heartily with me, reflecting upon all that I have done for you alike in war and in public life, and rendering me complete recompense for it all by this one favour, — by allowing me at last to be at peace as I live out my life. Thus you will come to know that I understand not only how to rule but also how to submit to rule, and that all the commands which I have laid upon others I can endure to have laid upon me. I ask this because I expect to live in security, if that be possible, and to suffer no harm from anybody by either deed or word, — such is the confidence, based upon my own conscience, which I have in your good-will ; but- if some disaster should befall me, such as falls to the lot of many (for it is not possible for a man to please everybody, especially when he has been involved in wars of such magnitude, both foreign and civil, and has had affairs of such importance entrusted to him), with entire willingness I make my choice to die even before my appointed 211 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY fiivov pot yjpbvov reXevrrjacu fidXXov IBicoTevcras, r) fcaX dOdvaros fiovap^a-a^ yeveo~6ai> alpovjiai. 4 ifiol fiev yap evKXeiav Kal avTO tovto olaei otl ov fiovov ovk i(f)6v€vad Tiva virep rod ttjv dpyr\v /caraaxelv, dXXd teal it poa aired avov virep rov pur) p,ovapyy)o~ ar 6 Be Brj ToXpurjaa^ diroKTelval fJL€ TTaVTCOS TTOV Kal VTTO TOV BaipLOVlOV Kal V(fi 5 vfjioyv KoXaaOrjcreTai. direp irov fcal eirl rov iraTpos fiov yeyovev ifcelvos fiev yap zeal Icrodeo? direBet^Orj /cal ti/jlcqv diBiwv erv^ev, oi 8' diro- a(j)d!;avT€$ avrbv fcaicoi Ka/ccbs dircoXovTO, dOdva- tol puev yap ovk dv BvvrjOeirj^ev yeveaOai, iic Be Br) rov KaXoo? ^rjcrai teal ifc rov KaXcos reXev- 6 TTjaai /cal tovto Tpoirov Tivd KT(o/j,e0a. d<f> y ovirep /cal iyco to fiev i)Br) eywv to Be e%eiv eXirL- %(ov, aTToBlBco/jLi v/jllv Kal tcl SirXa /cal tcl Wvt) Tas T€ TTpOVoBoVS Kal TOV$ VOfJLOVS, TOGOVTOV flOVOV virenrcov, Xva firjTe to fieyedos fj Kal to BvajieTa- yelpicrTOV T&v 7rpayfMaTcov $ol3r)6evTe<$ ddvf.irjarjTe, firjT av KaTacfrpovrjo-avTes avTcov &)? Kal paBLca^ BioiKelo-dai Bvvajxevwv d/xeXTjo-rjTe. 10 " KaiTOt Kal Kaff* eKaaTov twv /jbei^ovcov ovk av oKvrjcraifib bjjuv iv KefyaXalois Sera ftpr) TTpaTTew virodeaOat. Tiva Be TavTa ictTi; irp&TOv fiev TOV$ KSllieVOVS VOfMOV? fcV%f/0ft)? <f)VXaTTeT6 f Kal p,r}Beva avT&v /leTa^dXrjTe' Ta yap iv TavT& fxevovTa, kov X € ^P W V» o"Vfi<j}opa>Tepa tg)v del KaLVOTOfjLovfjievwVi Kav fteXTLoo elvai 8ok{), ecrTiv. 2 eireiTa Be, oaa irpoo-TaTTOVcnv vpuv ovtol iroteiv 212 BOOK LIII time as a private citizen, in preference to living b.c. 27 forever as the occupant of a throne. Indeed, this very choice will bring me renown, — that I not only did not deprive another of life in order to win that office, but went so far as even to give up my life in order to avoid being king ; and the man who dares to slay me will certainly be punished, I am sure, both by Heaven and by you, as happened, methinks, in the case of my father. For he was declared to be the equal of the gods and obtained eternal honours, whereas those who slew him perished, miserable men, by a miserable death. As for immortality, we could not possibly achieve it ; but by living nobly and by dying nobly we do in a sense gain even this boon. Therefore, I, who already possess the first requisite and hope to possess the second, return to you the armies and the provinces, the revenues and the laws, adding only a few words of suggestion, to the end that you may not be afraid of the magnitude of the business of administration, or of the difficulty of handling it and so become discouraged, and that you may not, on the other hand, regard it with contempt, with the idea that it can easily be managed, and thus neglect it. "And yet, after all, I feel no hesitancy about suggesting to you in a summary way what ought to be done in each of the leading departments of administration. And what are these suggestions ? In the first place, guard vigilantly the established laws and change none of them ; for what remains fixed, even though it be inferior, is more advan- tageous than what is always subject to innovations, even though it seem to be superior. Next, pay strict heed to do whatever these laws enjoin upon 213 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY /ecu oacov dirayopevovartv aTreyeaQai, firj tco Xoytp fjiovov dXXa Kal ra> epyco, /JbrjS' iv rS> kqiv& jjlovov dXXa /cal ISta aKpiftw tt a parr) peter Oe, 1 3 07Tft)9 fir) rifJLGipias dXXa Tiputov Tvy^dvrjre, ra? re apX a *> Kai T ^ etprjvifccis /cal ra? iroXe/jUKas rot? del dpLarTOis re ical i/Kfypoveardrot^ iirt- rpeireTe, /JLrjre <p0ovovvT€$ tmti, 2 firjO^ virep rov rbv Setva rj rbv Setva TrXeoveKrrjaat ti, dXX* virep TOV T7)V TToXiV KOt (7(O^€(T0ai /Cal €V7TpayetV 4 <j)l,XoTlfLOV/JL€VOt. Kal TOV? fl€V TOtOVTOV? TlfJLCLTe, rovs 8' aXXco? 7ro)9 iroXirevo/jbevov^ KoXd^ere, /cal rd fxev ISta Koivd tt) iroXet nap^ere, tcov Se $7]/jlo<tig)v go? dXXorpicov direy^eade, Kal ra fiev VTrdpyovd* ifuv d/cpij3cb<; (frvXarrere, t6)v Se fir) 5 TTpoarjKovTcov fjL7]Safi(b<? itpteaOe, /cal tot;? fiev crvfifiaxovs /cal toi;? VTrr)/cbov<$ firjO' vj3pi%€T€ fir)T€ i/cxprfjAaTi&o-de, roi>? Se 7roXefitov<; fxrjT dhtKelre fxiyre (jyofietcrOe. rd fiev SirXa iv ra£? %eporlv del e^eTe, fir) fievTOi firyre /car dXXrjXcov 6 pLTfre /card tcov etprjvovvTcov avrol<; ^p^cr^e. 3 tou? T€ (TTpaTlCOTaS Tp€(j>€T€ fl€V dpKOVVTCOS, &<7T€ firj- Sevbs tcov dXXorpLCOv St diroptav iTnOvfirjcrai, o-vv&xere Se /cat aco(f)povt%€T€, ware firfSev /ca/cbv Std 0pa<rvT7)Ta Spdaai. 7 " AXXd tL Set fjta/cpoXoyetv, irdvd' a irpocrrjKet Tvotetv hfids ive^tovra; Kal yap rd Xotira paStces dv eK tovtcov a>? XPV TrpdrreaOat avvtSotre.* ev ovv en tovto etircov iravcrofiai, OTt dv fiev OVTCO TroXtrevo-rjade, avrot re evSatfiovrjaeTe Kal ifiol 1 Trapa.Tripe'iffOe R. Steph., irapaTTjpetffdai VM. 8 ria-i M, Tivi v. 3 xpyvQ* xpyvd - 1 V. 4 a-vviboirc Pflugk, (Tvyeldoire VM. 214 BOOK LIU you and to refrain from whatever they forbid, and do b.o. «7 this not only in word but also in deed, not only in public but also in private, that you may obtain, not penalties, but honours. Entrust the offices both of peace and of war to those who are the most excellent and the most prudent, harbouring no jealousy of any man, and indulging in rivalry, not to advance the private interests of this or that man, but to keep the city safe and make it prosperous. Honour men who show this spirit, but punish those who act otherwise in political life. Treat your private means as the common property of the state, but refrain from the public funds as belonging to others. Guard strictly what you already have, but never covet that which does not belong to you. Do not treat the allies and subject nations insolently nor exploit them for gain, and in dealing with the enemy, neither wrong him nor fear him. Have your arms always in hand, but do not use them either against one another or against those who keep the peace. Maintain the soldiers adequately, so that they may not on account of want desire anything which belongs to others ; keep them in hand and under discipline, that they may not become pre- sumptuous and do harm. " But why make a long speech by going through everything in detail which it behooves you to do ? For you may easily understand from these hints how all other matters should be handled. I will close with this one further remark, that if you will conduct the government in this manner, you will both enjoy 215 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yapieiadz, oaris v/ias aracrid£ovra<; /cava)? Xa/Scbv 8 roiovrov? aireSeiga, dv S' dhvvarrjarjre /cal ortovv clvtwv rrpd^at, e/Jte fiev /neravorjaat irotrjaere, rtjv Se Srj 7roXiv e? re TToXefJiovs rroWovs /cal e? /civBv- voys pteyaXovs av0i$ epbftaXelre" 11 /Toiavra rov Kalcrapos dva\eyovros}rroi/d\ov ti rrdOos tou? ftovkevrds /careXdptfiavev. oXiyoi fiev yap rrjv re Zidvoiav avrov rjSearav kclk rovrov) /cal orvvecTTTovSa^ov avra>* ra>v dXXcov pi fiev virdorrrevov rd Xeyofieva oi Be iirtcrrevov a-faci, /cal Bid ravra /cat eOavfia^ov ofiolw? dfi(j)6repoL, 2 oi fiev rrjv irepLYe^yrfa-LV avrov oi Be rrjv yvcofirjv, /cat r\yQovro oi fiev rfj rrpayfiareia avrov oiSe rfj fieravoia, ro re ydp Brjpo/cpart/cbv tfBr) jrives a>9 /cat Graai&hes efiiaovv, /cat rfj fieraardaet t??5 rroXireia^ rjpea/covro, ra> re Y^aiaapi eyaipov, zeal drf avra>v rots fiev iradrjfiaari 8ta<p6pot$ rot? 3 Be emvorjfiacriv 6fioLoi$ i^pcovro. ovre yap iti- arevaavreg dXr}Qw<$ aira XeyeaOai yaipeiv iBv~ vavro, ovd' oi fiovXofievoi 1 rovro Sid ro Seo?, ou0* oi erepoi Sid Ta<? eX7rtBa<;' ovr dmarrjcravre^ BiaftaXetv re avrov /cat eXey^ai eroXficov, oi fiev 4 on e<po/3ovvro t oi S' ore ov/c eftovXovro. oOevirep /cat mcrreveiv avr£> rrdvre^ oi fiev rjvay/cd£ovro oi Be errXdrrovro, zeal eiratvetv avrov oi fiev ov/c eQdpGovv oi 8* ov/c tfOeXov, dWa iroXXd fiev /cat fiera^v dvayiyvvxj/covros avrov Biefiocov iroXXd Be /cal fierd rovro, fiovap^etaffai re Beofievot /ca\ 1 ftovK6/x€t>Qi R. Steph., &ov\€v6fjLevQt VM. 3l6 BOOK LIII prosperity yourselves and you will gratify me, who b.o. 27 found you engaged in wretched strife and made you what you now are ; but if there is any part whatever of this programme that you shall prove unable to carry out, you will cause me to regret my action and you will at the same time cast the city again into many wars and grave dangers." While Caesar was reading this address, varied feelings took possession of the senators. A few of them knew his real intention and consequently kept applauding him enthusiastically ; of the rest, some were suspicious of his words, while others believed them, and therefore both classes marvelled equally, the one at his cunning and the other at his decision, and both were displeased, the former at his scheming and the latter at his change of mind. For already there were some who abhorred the democratic con- stitution as a breeder of strife, were pleased at the change in government, and took delight in Caesar. Consequently, though they were variously affected by his announcement, their views were the same. For, on the one hand, those who believed he had spoken the truth could not show their pleasure, — those who wished to do so being restrained by their fear and the others by their hopes, — and those, on the other hand, who did not believe it did not dare accuse him and expose his insincerity, some because they were afraid and others because they did not care to do so. Hence all the doubters either were com- pelled to believe him or else pretended that they did. As for praising him, some had not the courage and others were unwilling ; on the contrary, both while he was reading and afterwards, they kept shouting out, begging for a monarchical government and urging 217 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iravTa Ta €9 tovto <f>epovTa iiriKeyovTes, /^e^/?£9 5 ov fcaTTjvdy/cacrav BrjOev avrbv avTapyjqaai. teal irapavrtKa ye T0Z9 Bopvipoprjaovaiv avrbv Bt7r\d- aiov top fitaObv tov T0Z9 aWois <TTpaTia>Tai<; BiBopuevov ^rj(^La-6r]vac ^leirpd^aTOy 1 07tg)9 d/cpi/Sr} ty)V <f)povpdv £XV m ovtcds o>9 d\r}dco<z tcaraOeo-Oai rrjv i±ovapyiav eiredvp^ae. I 12 T?)z> fiev ovv r)yepovLav tovto) to> 2 Tpoirw zeal irapd T979 yepovatas tov re Brjpbov i/3€/3atMowrp, fiQvXrjffels Be Br) teal S>9 BrjpLOTtKo^ Tt9 eivai Sofcu, rrjv jiev,^ <f>povTt8a ttjv t€ irpoaraaiav ra>v kolvcov naaav o>9 fcal iirifieXeia^ twos Seofiivcov yyffi - £<zto, ovt€ Be irdvrcov avrb<; tcov eQv&v apljeiv, 3 2 ov&* oacov av dp^y, Bid iravTo*; tovto Trotrjaeiv €<$>r), dWd rd fiev dadeveo~T€pa a>9 teal elprjvaca fcal diroXe/jia aTreBcofce ttj /3ov\f}, 4 Ta B* layvporepa ( eJ>9 Kal a<pa\epd fcal eiriKivBvva Kal tjtol 7ro\e- jiiovs Tivds 7rpoo~olicov<z eyovTa rj Kal aird ica&* 3 eavTa pAya ti vecorepio-ai Bvvdpueva KaTic^e, \6yq> pev 07TG)9 r) pbev yepovo-'ia dBecos Ta KaXKiara rfjs dpXV? fcdpjrwTO, airo^ Be tov<; re ttovov? Kal tov<; kivBvvovs exj) t epy<p Be Xva eiri tjj irpo^daei TavTjj eKelvoL puev Kal qgjrXpi Kal dp,a%oi _<!> <tiv s avTO<; Be Brj pLOVjQ? Kal SirXa €%r} Kal cFTpaTiu>Ta<$ 4 Tpe<j>r}. Kal ivo/ntadrj Bed Tavra rj p,ev 1 A d>piKr f Kal 7} NovpuBla fj Te ' 'Aaia^Kal r) ( EXXa9( perd T979 ^irelpovi Kal to Ae\p,aTtKov to Te Ma/ee- Bovlkov Kal ^iKeXia, Kpr^Trj Te puerd Aif3vr}$ rr)? 1 Steirpafaro Bk., Stewpd^avro VM Xiph. 2 Xiph., Te VM. 8 &p£eiv Bk., &p X €iv VM Xiph. 4 ry $ov\ri Xiph. Zon., ora. VM, 218 BOOK LIII every argument in its favour, until they forced him, b.c. 27 as it was made to appear, to assume autocratic power. His very first act was to secure a decree granting to the men who should compose his bodyguard double the pay that was given to the rest of the soldiers, so that he might be strictly guarded. When this was done, he was eager to establish the monarchy in very truth. In this way he had his supremacy ratified by the senate and by the people as well. But as he wished * even so to be thought democratic, while he accepted all the care and oversight of the public business, on the ground that it required some attention on his part, yet he declared he would not personally govern all the provinces, and that in the case of such pro- vinces as he should govern he would not do so indefinitely ; and he did, in fact, restore to the senate the weaker provinces, on the ground that they were peaceful and free from war, while he retained the more powerful, alleging that they were insecure and precarious and either had enemies on their borders or were able on their own account to begin a serious revolt. His professed motive in this was that the senate might fearlessly enjoy the finest portion of the empire, while he himself had the hardships and the dangers ; but his real purpose was that by this arrangement the senators should be unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone had arms and maintained soldiers. Africa, Numidia, Asia, Greece with Epirus, the Dalmatian and Mace- donian districts, Crete and the Cyrenaic portion of 219 vol. vi. h DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rrepl Kuptfvrjv /ecu BiOvvia fiera tov TrpocncetfAevov oi TIovtov, %ap8d) re Kal Batri/crj tov re Brjp,ov 5 Kal t% yepovcrlas elvai, tov Be Br) Kaiaapo<; i) T€ Xotirr) ^Ifirfpia, fj T€ irepl TappaKcova Kal r) Avo~i- TCtvia, Kal YaX&Tat, iravTes, ot t€ Nap/3ayvrjcrioi Kal oi AovyBovvrjaioi ^ KKviTavoi T€ Kal 'BeXyixoi, 1 6 avTol t€ Kal oi ercoiKoi afywv KeXTWv yap jives, 0&9 Brj Fep/jLavovs KaXovfxev^ iraaav Trjv r mrpo*; tw 'Vrjvw TIeXyiKrjv 2 KaTao-x6vT€<; YepfiavLav ovo- fid^eaOai ernroirjaav, ttjv /utev dvco tt)v /asto, t«9 tov iroTafxov Trrjyds, tt)v Be KaTco ttjv p>€.XP L T °v 7 cDKeavov tov 7&p€TTaviKov ovcrav. TavTa T€ ovv koX r) %vpia t) kolXtj KaXovfiewq rj T6 ^ocvlktj Kal KiXiKia Kal YLviTpos Kal KiyviTTtoi <iv ttj tov Kalo-apo? jiepiBi tots 3 eyevovjo* voTepov yap ttjv fiev Kvirpov Kal ttjv TaXaTiav tt)v irepl Ndp/3(ova to) SrjfKp direBwKev, ayTos Be ttjv AeXfiaTiav \ 8 dvTeXafie. Kal tovto puev Kal eV aXXwv eOvoyvj pL€TCL TaifT iy-pa^dl], G>5 7T0V KOI 7] BUgoBo? TOV Xoyov B^Xcoaer TavTa Be ovrco KaTeXe^a, oti vvv ywpis €Kao~Tov avTcov rjyefLoveveTai, irrel to ye apyaiov Kai iroXv wal crvvBvo Kal crvvTpia tcl 9 eOvrf dp>a 'UBX^J ' T ™ v ^ ^oittcov ovk ifivrj- jjuovevaa, oti %a jiev vaTepov avTcov Tnrpoo-eKTrjOr)* Ta Be, ei Kal Tore 778*7 eKexeipcoTO, aU' ovtl ye Kal vtto twv 'YutpLaLwv rjpx^TO, dXV 77 avTovofia afyelro rj Kal ftaaiXeiaL*; tlctIv eireTeTpaTTTO* Kal 1 MeXytKol Bs. , fcXriKoi VM. 2 BeKyiK^v Bs., ^SeATtffV VM. 8 t6t€ M, om. V. 4 irpo(T€Kr-f]Qr] V, irpoaeKTrjadT] M. 220 BOOK LIII Libya, Bithynia with Pontus * which adjoined it, b.c. 27 Sardinia and Baetica were held to belong to the people and the senate; while to Caesar belonged the remainder of Spain, — that is, the district of Tarraco and Lusitania, — and all the Gauls, — that is, Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and Belgica, both the natives themselves and the aliens among them. For some of the Celts, whom we call Germans, 1 had occupied all the Belgic territory along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany, 2 the upper portion extending to the sources of that river, and the lower portion reaching to the British Ocean. These provinces, then, together with Coele- Syria, as it is called, Phoenicia, Cilicia, Cyprus and Egypt, fell at that time to Caesar's share ; for after- wards he gave Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis back to the people, and for himself took Dalmatia instead. This same course was followed subsequently in the case of other provinces also, as the progress of my narrative will show ; but I have enumerated these provinces in this way because at the present time each one of them is governed separately, whereas in the beginning and for a long period thereafter they were administered two and three together. The others I have not mentioned because some of them were acquired later, and the rest, even if they were already subjugated, were not being governed by the Romans, but either had been left autonomous or had been attached to some kingdom or other. 3 All 1 See note on xxxviii. 34. 2 Dio's name for Germany proper is KekriK-f) ; when he uses the name Ttp/iavta, as here, he refers to the provinces of that name, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, both lying west of the Rhine. 8 Cf. chap. 26 and liv. 9. 221 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY avrcjv o<ra)ti€Ta tovt }is rrjv tosv ^co/iaiav dpyr^v a^ifcerpi tw ael tcparovvn irpoaeredrj^ 13 Ta fiev ovv e6vr) ovtco BirjpeOrj, fiovXrjffelp Be Brj /cal £>9 p Kalcrap 7r6ppco cr<|>a9 airayayelv. tov ti liovapyxKov <f>poveiv hotcelv, ; €? Be/ea err] rr)v apyrjv T0t)V Bo0eVT(DV 01 VTTjtcrTJJ' TOGOVTip T€ jap ypOV(p Karaarrjaeiv avra vireayerOy /eat irpocreveaviev^ aaro eliridv on, av zeal Oarroy r)jiepw6fi, Odrrov 2 avTol? zeal izeelva airoBwaet. \kclk. tovtov urpeoTOV fiev avrov? tou? /SovXeura? ezearepcov t<dv iOv&v, 7r\rjv Alyv7rTia)v, apyeiv KareSeigev (izeeivois yap Br) fiovois tov d)vo/Aaa/A€Vov LTnreciy Bi airep el&au, irpoaera^ev)' eiretra Be tovs pev /cat eTreTqaLov? zeal zeXrj parous etvai, nXrjv et rw iroXviraiBlas r) 3 ydpiov irpovopia TTpoaeirj, Kal etc,, re tov koivov t?)9 yepovcrias avXXoyov TrefiTreaOai p>r)Te %i<f>o<; irapa- %G)vvv/jLevov<; !p,i)Te o'TpaTtcoTifcfj ec6r\Ti ypapbevovs, ) Kal avOvir arrow? KaXeladai fir) on tovs Bvo tovs vTrarev/eoTas dXXd zeal tow aXXov? Tov$(e/e tcov 4 ecTpaTTjyrjtcoTow f) Bokovptcov ye eaTpaTrjyrj/eevac jjlovov ovtcis, pafiBovypis re a<f>a<; e/caTepov? ocroicrTrep /eat ev t<o aaTei vevopua-Tai xpr)adai, Kal to, tt}<; apXV** i'Tria'Tjfia zeal Trapayprj/ia dfia 1 In li. 17, 1. 2 The details of the earlier legislation of Augustus (cf. liv. 16, 1 ; lv. 2, 6) in the interest of more marriages and larger families are not clear ; but as finally embodied in the Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea (cf. lvi. 10), the special privileges of a father of three legitimate children (the ius trium liberorum) 222 BOOK LIII of them which came into the Roman empire after bcc. this period were added to the provinces of the one who was emperor at the time. Such, then, was the apportionment of the pro- vinces. And wishing, even then, to lead the Romans a long way from the idea that he was at all monarchical in his purposes, Caesar undertook for ^/ only ten years the government of the provinces assigned him ; for he promised to reduce them to order within this period, and boastfully added that, if they should be pacified sooner, he would the sooner restore them, too, to the senate. Thereupon y he first appointed the senators themselves to govern both classes of provinces, except Egypt. This province alone he assigned to a knight, the one we have already named, 1 for the reasons mentioned there. Next he ordained that the governors of senatorial provinces should be annual magistrates, chosen by lot, except when a senator enjoyed a special privilege because of the large number of his children or because of his marriage. 2 These govern- ors were to be sent out by vote of the senate in public meeting; they were to carry no sword at their belt nor to wear military uniform ; the name of proconsul was to belong not only to the two ex- consuls but also to the others who had merely served as praetors or who held at least the rank of ex- praetors; both classes were to employ as many lictors as were usual in the capital ; and they were included the right to receive inheritances left to bachelors (who could not inherit), preference in standing for the various offices, including the right to be a candidate before the regu- lar age or without the usual interval between offices, pre- cedence before equals and colleagues, and exemption from certain civic obligations. 223 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY t<£ etjo) tov TTfo/LLrjplov yeveaOai irpoaTtOecrOaL teal Sia iravTOS pe^pis av dvaKOjxtadwcnv ex £LV 5 \evo~e. tou? Se erepov^fviro re eavrov aipetaBai teal TzpeaftevTas avTOV dvTiGTpaTrjyov? re ovofid- £eadai, tcav etc to>v viraTevtcoTCdv &<ri, SieTafe. twv yap Srj Svo tovtcov opo/xdrcov iirl irXeiaTOV ev TTj Srj/xo/cparta) dvOrjadvTWV, to /xev tov arpaTTj- yov rot? alpsTOis (&>9 teal ra> 7To\efX(p 1 airo tov irdvv dp^aiov TrpoGr\teov eScoteev, dvTiarTpaTtfyovs cr<^>a<? 7rpoo-€i7TQ)V t to Be Btj tS>v vrraTcov to?? €Tepoi<;{a><; teal eipr}viK(OTepOL^\ avOviraTOv? avToix; 6 eVi/caXeo-a?. aitTa p.ev yap ' tcl 6v6p,aTa, to re tov (TTpaTTjyov teal to tov vttcltov, ev tj) 'IraX/a eTrjprja-e, toi>9 he ego) tvdvTas &>9 teal ovt eteeivcov apXOVTa? Trpoarjyopevae. tj) t€ ovv iTrnckrjcrei Trj to)v dvTicrTpaTrjycov tou? aipeTOix; XprjaOai, teal €7rl irXeLco teal eviavTOv y^pdvov, e<$ oaov av eavTw So^j), ap%eiv eTrolrjae, tt)V T6 aTpaTicoTLterjv a/eevrjv fapovvTa? tcai %L(f)0<;, 0I9 7^ teal aTpaTtco- 7 Ta? 8itcaL(oo~ai e^eaTiv, e^oPTa?. aXKco yap ovBevl ovTe dvOviraTM ovtc dvTia-TpaT^yo) bvTe eirLTpoiTW ^l<f>7](j>Op€lv SCOTCH, & fJLT) teal 0~T paTMOTTJV TIVOL diroKTeivai e^eivai vevojAiGTay ov yap otc T019 (3ov\evTals ak\a tcdl t<H9 iTTirevGiv, 0I9 Tovff 8 vTrdpxeiy teal eteelvo arvyteexcoprjTai. TavTa fiev ovv ovtgos |x«, pafihovx 01 ** ^ ^€VTe iravTes ppiOLW 01 dvTCcrTpaTrjyoi xp&VTai, teal oaoi ye oiitelitc tcov viraTevtcoToyv flat, teal ovo/xd^ovTai in avTov tov 1 r$ 7ro\4juq> M, tov iro\€/j.ov V. 1 Legati Augusti pro praetore. 2 The expression to which Dio here refers is apparently the adjective quinquefascalis, found in inscriptional Latin. 224 X BOOK LIII to assume the insignia of their office immediately B . a 2 7 upon leaving the pomerium and were to wear them constantly until they returned. The other governors, on the other hand, were to be chosen by the emperor himself and were to be called his envoys and propraetors, 1 even if the men selected were ex- consuls. Thus, of these two titles which had been in vogue so long under the republic, he gave that of praetor to the men chosen by him, on the ground that from very early times it had been associated with warfare, calling them propraetors ; and he gave the name of consul to the others, on the ground that their duties were more peaceful, styling them pro- consuls. For he reserved the full titles of consul and praetor for Italy, and designated all the governors outside of Italy as acting in their stead. So, then, he caused the appointed governors to be known as propraetors and to hold office for as much longer than a year as should please him ; he made them wear the military uniform, and a sword, with which they are permitted to execute even soldiers. For no one else, whether proconsul, propraetor, or pro- curator, has been given the privilege of wearing a sword without also having been accorded the right to put a soldier to death ; indeed, this right has been granted, not only to the senators, but also to the knights who are entitled to wear a sword. So much for this. All the propraetors alike employ five lictors, and, indeed, all of them except those who were ex-consuls at the time of appointment to governorships receive their title from this very number. 2 Both classes alike assume the decorations All the editions previous to that of Boissevain gave " six lictors," an error corrected by Mommsen (lltimisches Staats- recht, i a . p. 369, note 4). 225 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY apiOfjiov rovrov. rd re rf}$ rjyefiovta^ Koo-firffiara, orav re ri)v nvp oarer ay p,evqv (T<f>icri %(bpav eaekOwcriv, ktcdrepoi o/jlolco? ava\ap,j3dvovo~i, /cat iiretSav Sidp^axriv, ev0v$ Kararidevrat. 14 Ovra> uev Kalfinl Tovroisjfe/c re reov ear part]- yrjKorcov Kal eK tcov vrrarevKorayv^ap^ovre^ dp,(f>o- repcoae rrep/ireaQai evopiadriaav. Kal avrwv o fih* avTOfcpdrcop ottoi re riva Kal orcore qdeXev eareWe, teal rroWol Kal crrparr^yovyre^ teal virarevovres r/yepLOVLas eOvcov eayov, Jj ^Kal 1 vvv 2 eariv ore yvyverar< rjj Se Srj ftovXj) IBla puev toi<? re brrsirevKoai\rr]v re y A<ppCKrjv Kal rfjv 'Aalav Kal iTOis earparrjyrjKoo'i ra Xotira rrdvra drriz. veijxe, Koivfj Se Brj rracnv aitrol? dirriyopevae ^ fjLYjSiva rrpb irevre irayvpLera to ev rrj iroXei dp^ai 3 tc\r}pov<jdai. Kal y^povtp fiev rivi ) it gyres oi toiovtol, el Kal TrXeiov? tcjv eOvwv rjaav, iXdy- yavov avrd' varepov Se y eireihr] rives avrcov ov KaXw f)pX 0V > T $ avTOKpdropi Kal eKeivoi jnpocr^ eredrjaav, Kal ovrco Kal rovrots avros rpoirov 4 riva ras ^yeptovias SlScoaiv. laapLdpuovs re yap rots Wvecrt, Kal oft? av edeXrjcrr), Kkrjpovcrdai KeXeveiJ aiperovs re rives Kal eKelae eirefiyfrav, Kal eVl rfXeloa iviavrov %povov Jjariv ol$ apgai eirerpeyav* Kal rive? Kal Irnrevatv (dvrl r&v ftovXevrcjv^eOvrj riva irpoaera^av. i KaTSk., re VM. 226 BOOK LIII of their position of authority when they enter their B .c. 27 appointed province and lay them aside immediately upon completing their term of office. It was thus and on these conditions that the custom was established of sending out ex-praetors and ex-consuls respectively as governors of the two classes of provinces. In the one case, the, emperor would commission a governor to any province he wished and when he wished, and many secured provincial commands while still praetors or consuls, as sometimes happens even at the present day. In the case of the senatorial provinces, he assigned Asia and Africa on his own responsibility to the L ex-consuls, and all the other provinces to the ex- praetors; but by public decree, applicable to all the \i; senatorial governors, he forbade the allotment of any ij senator to a governorship before the expiration ot | five years from the time he had held office in the city. 1 For a time all who fulfilled these require- ments, even if they exceeded the number of the i| provinces, were allotted to governorships ; but later, V inasmuch as some of them did not govern well, the appointment of these officials, too, was put in the emperor's hands. And thus it is, in a manner of speaking, the emperor who assigns these governors also to their commands ; for he always orders the allotment of precisely the number of governors that there are provinces, and orders to be drawn whom- soever he pleases. Some emperors have sent men of their own choosing to these provinces also, and have allowed certain of them to hold office for more than a year ; and some have assigned certain provinces to knights instead of to senators. 1 This was merely a renewal of the decree of 52 B.C. which had remained in force. Cf. xl. 46, 2, and lii. 20, 4. 227 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 5 Tajrm [Jblv ovrco rbre ! ire pi tov? /3ov\evra$ TOv$)ye Kal Qavarovv rov$ dpyop,evov^ e^bvaiav €Xovtcl<; ivpfuadrj. Treugvpjxi^ yap /ecu oh ovk €'£e<TT£ TOVTOy €9 fi€V TO, TOV hrjfJLOVj T^9 T€ fiovXrjy Xeybfieva edvrj ol re rajuevovre^, 01)9 av 6 KXrjpo s aTroSetgr}, /ecu ol TrapeSp evovres T0Z9 to /cvpo? tt}9 6 dpyfis eyovaiv. ovrco yap~ av opOcos . airovs, pv f TTpbs to ovo/Adj a\\a(7rp6$ rrjv 7rpa^ij, coairep ehrov, KaXejrai/jii, eVet ol ye 1 a[XKott, irpea^evra^ Kal tovtovs e&h>rjvL%ovT£<; ovoaa^ovat. Kal^rrepl fiev rfj? eirLKkriaea}^ ravrrjy ap/eovvrcosl iv T019 7 ava) Xoyoi^GLprjrai, tou9 £e irapehpovs giro? iavra) c/caaro^ at get/rat, eva fiev ol eo^parjqyrjKpres ( i/c rcav ojloLcov cnfilaiv rj /cal rcov vTroSeearepcov, TyO€L9 §6 OL VTTareV/COTe? KOI €K TCOP OflOTL/JLCOvJ 0&9 av Kal 6 airo/eparcop BoKipLaarj. ejemvorojsJ^Y] pev yap tl k at Kara, rovrovsj a\V iTrei&rj ra)(b iiravaaro, ajweaei Tore avrb \e^(6rjvaL. 5 ^TLepl fiev ovv ra rov SrjpLov eOvrj Jravffl ovro) yCyverar irejiirovTaL he Ka\^ €9 to. erepaj ra rov re avroKparopo^ 6vopLa%6p,eva Kal rroXirLKa crrpa- roireSd irXelca ei/09 eypvra, ol^vrrap^oyre^ acfxov, vtt avrov eKeivoV rb puev Trkeicrrovi eK rcov ear pa- rrjyrjKorcov^Sf] Se Kal^eK rcov rerapuevKoroiv 7) xal aXXrjv rtva ap^rjv ra>v feia pueaov dp^dvrcov aipovfievoL. 1 ye H. Steph.,T6 VM. 228 BOOK LIII These were the principles established at that b.c time in regard to the particular class of senators who had the right to inflict the death penalty upon their subjects in the provinces. For it should be stated that there is a class who have not this right, — those, namely, who are sent to the provinces styled the "provinces of the senate and people," — I mean those who serve either as quaestors, being designated by lot to this office, or as assessors 1 to those who hold the actual authority. For this would be the correct way for me to style these officials, having regard not to their name, but to their duties as just described, although others in hellenizing their title call these also " envoys." 2 Concerning this title, however, enough has been said in what precedes. 3 As to assessors in general, each governor chooses his own, the ex-praetors selecting one from their peers or even from their inferiors, and the ex-consuls three from among those of equal rank, subject to the emperor's approval. For, although a certain change was made in regard to these men also, yet it soon lapsed and it will be sufficient to mention it at the proper time. This is the system followed in the case of the provinces of the people. To the others, which are called the imperial provinces and have more than one citizen-legion, are sent officials who are to govern them as lieutenants ; these are appointed by the emperor himself, generally from the ex-praetors, though also from the ex-quaestors, or men who have^ held an office between the praetorship and the quaestorship. 1 Ltgati. Cf. lv. 27, 6. 2 irpe<r&€VTai. This, the literal translation of hgati, was in fact the ordinary Greek term. 8 See chap, 13, 5. 229 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 2 T!a>v {lev Brj ovv fiovXevovTcov ravTa e^^ififc Be Br) TO)V ImreCOV^TOVS T€ %j\ta/9%OV?, fCCU TOVS fiovXevcrovTas 1 Kal tovs Xonrovs, tovfirepl t>)<? 8ia<f>opa$ avto fxot rod Xoyov njwajiTjTai, clvto^^o^ c !^I J c p4l^ ) P tov? fieP^is ra ttoXitiko, reu^T} fjbova tou9 Be teat €9 ra %evaca ^UTroareXXeL, tbairep Tore 3 irpbs tov 2 Kalaapos evoylaQr)* Kal tov$ imrpor ttovs (ovtco *yap tovs Ta? re koivcls irpoaoBovs itcXiyovra? /cat ra TrpocrTeTaypAva afyiaiv dvaXL- gkovtcis dvofidtofievf is iravra o/jlolox; ra e^Ovry, rd re eavTOv Br) zeal tcl rov Brj/xov, tov? fxev[ i/c ra>i> i7nri(0Pj tovs Be Kal (Ik r&v direXevdepcov W^y#. irXr)v Ka0* oaov tov? <j)6pov<; oi dvOvirajqi Trap 4 SdV apxpvcriv icnrpdo-crovaiv. evroXds re riva? • Kal tocs iiTLTpoTrois Kal tols dvOvwdiOLS to?? re dvTicri parrots BpBcd<r iv, oVe*)? iirl prjrols i&miJLi'. Kal yap tovto Kal to 3 pLiaQofyopav Kal ifcelvois 5 Kal row dXXois BiBoaOai rore evojuaOr). to fiev jap irdXat ep yoXaBovvTes rc ves yirapa tov Brjfio- atov) Trdvra acj)lai to, [irpbs ttjv dp^v) (f>epovTa ^apei^qv* etrl Be Br) tov JfLalcrapos irp&Tov avrol ejcelv oi raKTov tl Xafifidveiv Up^avro. Kal tovto 4 fiev oi)K\eK tov Xaoviraai crcptcriv, dXX y ai? ttov Kal VX£^^JilLV T€l ' f il&X ^ 7 }' KaL ( T0 ^ 7 e ^t/jo- TTOi^Kal (tvTh^bJrov 5 agio* par oyjwjyxa (dirb tov dpiOpiOv tq)v BiBofievcov avTols ^prjjxdTCJp 7rpoa~ 1 f}ov\ev<xovras Dind., $ov\(vaapras VM. 2 tov Bs., avrov tov VM. 3 to Bk. , t))v VM. 4 tovto R. Steph., tov VM. 5 t2> tov Bk., tovto VM. 230 BOOK LIII These positions, then, appertain to the senators, b.c. 27 Passing now to the knights, the emperor himself se- lects knights to be sent out as military tribunes (both those who are prospective senators and the others ; ' concerning their difference in rank I have already spoken 1 ), despatching some of them to take command of the garrisons of purely citizen-legions, and others of the foreign legions as well. In this matter he fol- lows the custom then instituted by Caesar. The procurators (for this is the name we give to the men who collect the public revenues and make disburse- ments according to the instructions given them) he sends out to all the provinces alike, to those of the people as well as to his own, and to this office knights are sometimes appointed and sometimes even freed- men ; but the proconsuls may exact the tribute from A' the people they govern. The emperor gives in- / M\ structions to the procurators, the proconsuls, and the ? I propraetors, in order that they may be under definite j] ' orders when they go out to their provinces. For both I this practice and the giving of salaries to them and to y the other officials was established at this time. In I former times, of course, certain persons had made a business of furnishing the officials with all they needed for the conduct of their office, drawing upon the treasury for the money; but under Caesar these officials now for the first time began to receive a fixed salary. This was not assigned to them all on the same basis, but approximately as their needs required ; and the procurators, indeed, get the very title of their rank from the amount of the salaries assigned to them. 2 1 In lii. 25, 6 f. 2 i.e. centeiiarii, dncenarii t and trecenarii, receiving one hundred, two hundred, and three hundred thousand sesterces respectively. 23 1 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 6 yty vera t. J/celva $ef liri 7ra(Tiv)ofxoiG)s ivg/4Q§.§z. TijOrj, fjLTjre /caraXoyov? <j<^a? iroietadai, firjr apyvpiovfe^G) tov reray/jLevov) icnrpdcrcreiv, el fir) Xeycretev orav re to) o Bid§oxo9,JX$rjdeK T€ tov eOvovs) avTtfca avTov ij-oppbaadai ical \ev rfj ava- KOfxiZfi\fjir] eyxpovL^eiv, d\\' eWo9 rpiwv fir]Vo>v iiravtevai, / \ 16^ Tavra fiev ovroo Tore \& 9 rye eliretv j Si^&y dw tw yap epyco ical iravroyv fcalfSta iravro^) • avro s _ o . , Kalaapy are ical twv ^prj/jbdrayv KVptevwv (Xoyw pkv yap ra hrjpiocna dirb rayv itceivoi) aTrefcetcpij-Q* epyw Se ical ravra irpos rrjv yvwfirjv avTOv)avyf Xia/cero) real rcov arparKorcbv Kpar^v, avrap- 2 ^rjoetv' eyeXke. T779 yovv BexaeTc'as igeXdovarjs aXka SUJJL^ v ' Te> € * ra ^ r ^ v J € > Kai f Jb€Ta tovto Be/ca ical erepa avdi? Seica teal a\\a tefca, 2, TreprnTaicis 3 a\)T(p iyfnj^iaOt], ware (rfj to)v BeiceTrjplBjcov 4 Sia- 3 So^ijj^a ftiov^jCLvrbv fiovapxfjo-ai. tcal($ta tovto) ical oi_p.€Ta ravra avTO/cpaTopes , /catroi purfKeT Jis Tatcrbv ypovov)dXX e'9 irdvia Kaddirat tov Btov s aTTOoeLKyvjxevoi, ofiox; ota rcov oeica aei €TO)v, ea)pjct,o-av a>9 zeal rrjv r^yefiovLav avOis Tore dva- veoypLevor teal tovto ical vvv ytsyverai. 4 ' !0 8* ovv Kalaap iroXXa piev /cal irpoTepov, 5 ot€ Talirepl Tr^e^mfiocria^ t% fiovap^ia^ ical tcl [irepl 7*779 tS)v iOvcov hiavofir)<$\ SieXey Oy^ eXajSe' ical yap to Ve Ta9 hd<f)vas hrpb ' tcov /3ao~iXeitj)P} 1 6 supplied by R. Steph. 2 Ka\ &\\a SeVa supplied by Mommsen, a irefXTTTOLKis Zon., •n^jXKTa.Kis & VM. 4 deKtrriplticov Xiph., S€Ka€rr]pib<av Zon., 8e/ceT?7pfa>j> VM. 6 irpSrcpov Rk,, irp6rtpa VM. e SxeAt'x^ M, 5i«\«7x^ V. 232 BOOK LIII The following regulations were laid down for them b.c. 27 all alike : they were not to raise levies of soldiers or to exact money beyond the amount appointed, unless the senate should so vote or the emperor so order ; and when their successors arrived, they were to leave the province at once, and not to delay on the return journey, but to get back within three months. r These regulations were established at that time, to speak generally ; for in reality Caesar himself was destined to have absolute control of all matters for all time, because he was not only master of the funds (nominally, to be sure, he had separated the public funds from his own, but as a matter of fact, he always spent the former also as he saw fit), but also commanded the soldiers. At all events, when \ his ten-year period came to an end, there was voted to him another five years, then five more, after that ten, and again another ten, and then ten for the fifth time, so that by the succession of ten-year periods he continued to be sole ruler for life. And it is for this reason that the subsequent emperors, though no longer appointed for a specified period, but for their whole life once for all, nevertheless always held a celebration every ten years, as if then renewing their sovereignty -once more; and this is done even at the present day. Now Caesar had received many privileges and honours even previously, when the question of de- clining the sovereignty and that of apportioning the provinces were under discussion. For the right to place the laurel trees in front of the royal residence 233 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY avTOV^prpoTiOeaOai. /cal to top arefyavov rov BpvivoAvTrep avrwv >apTa<j8ai, Tore 01 to? /cal del TOV? T€ 7T0\€/JL10V<; VlfCCOVTC fCCtl TOV<? TToXlraS 5 (tw^ovti €yjrj]^La0T]. (/cgbXe^xai Be ra^acrLXeia Trakariov, ov% oti /cal JzBolg TTore ovtw? aura bvofia^eadai, dXX* on I ev re ray UaXaricpJ^o^ Kqicrap /cal e/cel to arpaTrjyiov €l%€j /cat riva /cal 7r/)o? tt]V rov ^(OfjbvXou rrpoevoL/crjcnv \ <j)rjfMT]v r} r jpfacia avrov (drrb^ rov rravrb<; opov$ 1 / 6 eXafie* /cal (Bid rovroj /cav aXXoOi rrov 6 g iro- Kpdrcop fcaTaXv7} ± rrjv rov iraXariov eTrlfcXrjcuv fa /caraycoyrj avrov eirel Be /cal (tw epyca J avrd e TrereXeae v, ovrco Brj /cal rbfrov Avyovarov^? ovofia /cal \rrapd t?}? /3ov\r)$)/cal (jrapa rov Btffiov ) 7 €7T€#€TO. /3ovXr)8evTCDV ydp <T<f)C0V t£tfi>? 7TQ)9 avrov rrpoaeiirelv, /cal tq>i/ fiev rb rcov Be to /cal iatiyovfievGov /cal aipovfievwv, 6 'Ka l^ap.An.e.6. vfiei fxev icrxypw*; t Pco/xvXo<; bvofiacrdrwai, alcrdo^p.evp^. Be on viroTrreveratf i/c rovrovjrf]? "JSacriAe/a? 8 emOvfielv, ov/cer avrov avreiroi^a'aro, dXXd AvyovaTOS fhs /cal irXelov ri i) [Kara avOpcoirov^ &v eireKXrjdr}' yrdvra yap rd evrtixor ara /cal Ta lepcorara dvyovara tt poaayopeverai. ovrrep) KaT^e/Sao-rbv airbv /cal eXXt]VL^qyre<; 7Tft)9, &airep rivd aeirrovjdrrb rov aej3d^ea6 ^aL^irjiOjcrelivov v 17 Ovrco p,ev Btj to re rov Brjfiov /cal to t% yeppv- aias kocltos 7rai\e? rov Avy over o^ixeriarj}, KaVp/ir avrovj/cal d/cpt0rj<; /xovap^la /carecrrrj* fiova^xla ydp t el /cal rd pLaXiara^/cat^Bvo /cal rpjejfc dfia to /cvpos rrore €0"%ov, dXrjOearara dv vofii^oiro. 1 opovs R. Steph., 6pou V, 8pov M. 2 cefid(e<r6ai Zon., <re0t(ecrdat VM. 234 BOOK LIII and to hang the crown of oak above them was then B .c. 27 voted him to symbolize that he was always victor over his enemies and the saviour of the citizens. The royal residence is called Palatium, not because it was ever decreed that this should be its name, but because Caesar dwelt on the Palatine 1 and had his military headquarters there, though his residence gained a certain degree of fame from the mount as a whole also, because Romulus had once lived there. Hence, even if the emperor resides somewhere else, his dwelling retains the name of Palatium. And when Caesar had actually carried out his promises, the name Augustus was at length bestowed upon him by ^ the senate and by the people. For when they wished to call him by some distinctive title, and men were proposing one title and another and urging its selection, Caesar was exceedingly desirous of being called Romulus, but when he perceived that this caused him to be suspected of desiring the kingship, he desisted from his efforts to obtain it, and took the title of "Augustus/' signifying that he was more than 1 human ; for all the most precious and sacred objects are termed augusta. Therefore they addressed him also in Greek as Sebastos, 2 meaning an august person- age, from the passive of the verb sebazo, " to revere." In this way the power of both people and senate passed entirely into the hands of Augustus, and from his time there was, strictly speaking, a monarchy; for monarchy would be the truest name for it, no matter if two or three men did later hold the power at the 1 In both Greek and Latin the common form of the name for the Palatine (Ua\driov and Palatium) is the same as that for the imperial residence. It is hardly necessary to state that Palatium has given the English *' palace." 2 Cf. lii. 40. 235 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 2 to fiev yap ovofia avro rb iiovapyiicbv ovrco hrj ri ol^cpjxaZgi ifjLLajjaav ware fiTjre Stfcrdropas fxrjre ftaaiXeas jmrjr d\Xo ri roipvrorpoirov rov<; avro- tcpdropds a(j)(ov dvo/jbd^etvfrov 8e Si) rfjs TroXireLas reXovs 6? avrov? dvatceifievov^ovK eanv 07rco<; ov 3 /3 aai^ €yovrai. ai fiev yap dg^al ai [ere ra>v v6pLCov$><; irXtfOei yevofievai real vvv ^7rXr)v tt)? ra>v tc/jl7]tu)v ^Kaffigravrai, Sidyerai Be /cat Bi pucecr ai rrdvra a7rX«? oVo)? av A del fcparcbv idekrjajj. , real iva ye fir) \ifc Bvvaareiasj dXX{^ifc rmv vofiwvj rovr exetv &OK&0J, nrdvff oaa\iv rfj SrjpoKparLa fxeyai^irap etcovat afyiaivj ^o-^vaev, avrois Tofc ovbfiaai %«pt9 rov tt)? htKraropta^ irpoaeiroirj' 4 aavjq. v irarot re yap TrXeicrrd/ci? yvyvovTcUi fcal dvdvjrajgi det, 6adrci<; av e^co rov irco/iriptov Qaiv, 0VQjxd^qvTai*(\rjV re^jov avroKpdropo^prpoa prjaiv \jbid Travro^i ov fxovov oi^yiKqaavxes riva? dXXd~ koX oLdXXoi nrdvres, f7rpo? hrjXwaiv rrj<; avrore- Xovs o~cj)Q)V i^ovaiakt dvrl t?)<? rov ftaaiXea)*; rov 5 T€ Bitcrdropo? iTTificiiyiaecos) ej(qvaiv. avrds piv) yap €feelva<; ov rLOeMJOL, iireihyjirep dira^ ^tc t?}? rroXireia^] e ^erreaoV y To^e)Sq epyov avra>i/^rf) rov avro/epdropos 7rpoar]yopLa^e^a^vvrat. tcalfetc jxev rovroav rcov ovo/xdrcov JtcaraXoyov? re Troiel- aOai teal xprjfiara ddpol^etv iroXepow; re dvai- 6 pelaOai real elprjvrjv uTcevSeaBaiJrov re ^eviKov icaX rov iroXiTifcov) del teal iravrayov o/iot&x? apyetv, ware teal ievrb$ rov TTCdpurjpLov] ical rov<; irnrea? teal rov? povXevra^ Oavarovv SvvaaOai, 236 BOOK LIII same time. 1 The name of monarchy, to be sure, the b.c. 27 Romans so detested that they called their emperors neither dictators nor kings nor anything of the sort ; yet since the final authority for the government devolves upon them, they must needs be kings. The offices established by the laws, it is true, are main- tained even now, except that of censor; but the entire direction and administration is absolutely in accordance with the wishes of the one in power at the time. And yet, in order to preserve the ap- pearance of having this power by virtue of the laws and not because of their own domination, the em- perors have taken to themselves all the functions, including the titles, of the offices which under the republic and by the free gift of the people were powerful, with the single exception of the dictator- ship. Thus, they very often became consuls, and they are always styled proconsuls whenever they are outside the pomerium. The name of " imperator" is held by them all for life, not only by those who have won victories in battle, but also by those who have not, in token of their independent authority, and this has displaced the titles "king" and " dictator." These last titles they have never assumed since the time they ' first fell out of use in the conduct of the government, but the functions of those offices are secured to them under the appellation of "imperator." By virtue of the titles named they secure the right to make levies, to collect funds, declare war, make peace, rule foreigners and citizens alike everywhere and always, — even to the extent of being able to put to death both knights and senators inside the pomerium, — and all the other 1 See note on § 8 inf. «37 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rd re aXka baa rot? re vTrdroi*; Kal to?? a\\o£9 roi? avrap^rfaaaL irore rroielv i£r]v , Xajx§o^vjjw* 7 [etc Be Btj rod rL/irjreveiv Jrov^ re yStoi/9 Kal rovs TpOTTOV? 7]fJLG)V e ^erd^OV Gl, Kal a7T0ypa^)d<; 7TOI- ovvrai Kal rovs p>ev KaraXeyova i Kal e? rrjv IwiraBa Kal €9 to ftovXeuriKov, tou9 Be Kal aira- 8 Xetyovatv, 07r&)9 av avrols 86£rj. f sk re tov (ev irdaais rals lepoxrvvat^jiepoyddai Kal jrpoaerv \ai TOt9 aXXois t»9 rrXelov^ <r<pwv BiBovai, dp^cepecov re rtva avrwv, kclv hvo kclv rpet$ a/xa dp^coatv, elvai, irdvrcov avrol Kal rcov oatcov Kal rcov lepcov 1 9 Kvpievoyatv, 77 re igovvLa rj Brj/nap^cKr) KaXov- ixevt), r\v ql/ndvv irore dvOijaavre ^ ecr^ov, BLBcoaL <r<f>t(TL rd re €7rtyiyv6/Ji€va(v(p y erepov rivoty av ^irj GvveTraivaHTii iraveiv, Kal firjO 1 vftpt'^eo-Oat,, kclv dpa rt Kal to /3pa%vrarov firj Sri epyco dXXci Kal Xoyco dSiKelcrdaL Bo^coctl, Kal aKpcrov rbv iroirj- 10 aavra avrb a>9 Kal evayfj diroXXvvat* Br)ixapyeiv /iev ydp s are Kal ( 69 tou9 evirarplBas rrdvrco*; reXovvres, ov% oaiov voj^ovgjv elvai* rrjv Be Bt} Bvva/icv rrjv rcov Brjjidpxcov rrdcrav^ ScrrjTrep rd fidXccrra is/.evjETS), it poaj^eyr&k, Kal\Bc avrrj^/Kal 7) e%api0 fJL7}<n<z rcov ercov rrjs a/3^9 avrcov, a>9 Kal (^Kar eVo9 avrt]V fierd rcov del Brjfia p%o vvrcov 1 Uptav R. Steph. , Upioiv V Xiph. , icpewv M. 1 Up to the time when l)io wrote these words it was true that when two or more jointly held the imperial power (as Marcus Aurelius with L. Verus, and Septiinius Severus with 238 BOOK LIII privileges once granted to the consuls and other B .c. 27 officials possessing independent authority ; and by virtue of holding the censorship they investigate our lives and morals as well as take the census, enrolling some in the equestrian and senatorial classes and erasing the names of others from these classes, according to their will. By virtue of being con- secrated in all the priesthoods and of their right to bestow most of these positions upon others, as well as from the fact that, even if two or three persons hold the imperial office at the same time, one of them is high priest, 1 they hold in their own hands supreme authority over all matters both pro- fane and sacred. The tribunician power, as it is called, which used to be conferred only upon men of the greatest influence, gives them the right to nullify the effects of measures taken by any other official, in case they do not approve it, and makes them immune from scurrilous abuse 2 ; and if they appear to be wronged in even the slightest degree, not merely by deed, but even by word, they may destroy the guilty party, as one accursed, without a trial. The emperors, it should be explained, do not think it right to be tribunes, inasmuch as they belong altogether to the patrician class, but they assume the power of the tribunes to its full extent, as it was when it was N greatest ; and in numbering the years they have held the imperial office they use the tribunician power to mark the stages, the theory being that they receive it year by year along with those who are regularly his two sons) only one of them was pontifex maximus. But a few years later, in 238, Balbinus and Maximus both claimed the title. 8 Cf. vol. i. p. 127 ff., xlix. 15, 5-6. 239 DICS ROMAN HISTORY 11 Xa/ifiavovTcov,) TTpofiaivei. ravra fxev{ ite t??? SrjfiotcpctTLa^ co$ ttov teal etca&Ta evojuadrj, ovrco T€ /cal^Bia tovtcov tcov ovojiaTcov) el Xrj^aaiv^ oVok 18 fi7)hevt dvev Boaecos rivof c^av Sotccoaiv tjStj (&£ teal erepov Tt, b (jxrjZevl tcov irdXai 'Pco/Aatcovpfc iravrcdavTiKpv^ ihoOji, W£oa€tcr^o-avTo f (v(f> ovirep teal fjLovovjfcal eteeiva dv teal TaXXa avTOis irpdr- retv i^rjv, XeXvvTai yap Srj tcov voficov, &)«? ouTa tcl AaTiva prjfxaTa Xeyei* tout* €<ttlv iXevdepoj, - dirb Tvaar)^ dvayteaia? vofiicrecos) elcn teal ovBevl 2 tcov yey pa fxfxevcov IvkyovTai. teal oitTm (etc tovtcov tcov Bij/iotepaTitecov ovofMaToovjiraaav Trjv t^9 iroXueLa^ la^vv nrepifteftX^vTai, &<jt€ teal Ta tcov /3a(Ti\e(Dvf ttXtjv tov <f>opTiteov tt}? Trpoar}- yopla<s avTcovj e^eiv. yap Srj tov K<uVa/w r] tc tov AiyovaTov 7r p6o~pr)Q- i<; hvvafiiv (pblvjovhe- p,lav avTolsjiliceiav Tr poaTLdrja i, $r]Xoi fijaXXcos to p,€V >T7]V'T0v yevov? acfrcov hiaho^riv, To^J>ejrr)v 3 tov d^icop.aTO^^/Xa/iTrpoT^Ta, teal rj—ye tov 7raT/?09 iiscovvpia Ta%a ($ v j Ka ^ ^overlap Tiva avTOis, r\v 7T0T6 o^Tra jepf s eirl tou? iralSa^ ^£J(0}Ll 1 tcaTci irdvTcov rjfjicov SiBcoaiv, ov fievTOi teaHiirl tovto) dp^rjv iyev€TO_ dXX* /e$ T€ Tip,rji^ teal^is irapalveaLVf/iv avToL T€ tov<; dpypybkvovs a>9 teal 1 That is, they measured the length of their reign by tribunician years, dating either from the very day when the tribunician power was conferred upon them (even if before 240 BOOK LIII made tribunes. 1 These are the institutions which b.c. 27 they have taken over from the republic, essentially in the form in which they severally existed then, and also making use of these same names, their purpose being to create the impression that they possess no power that has not been granted them. And further, they have acquired also another pre- rogative which was given to none of the ancient Romans outright and unreservedly, and the possession of this alone would enable them to exercise the powers above named and the others besides. For they have been released from the laws, as the very words in Latin declare ; 2 that is, they are free from all compulsion of the laws and are bound by none of the written ordinances. Thus by virtue of these democratic names they have clothed themselves with all the powers of the government, to such an extent that they actually possess all the prerogatives of kings except their paltry title. For the appellation "Caesar" or "Augustus" confers upon them no peculiar power, but merely shows in the one case that they are heirs of the family to which they belong, and in the other the splendour of their official position. The term " Father " perhaps gives them a certain authority over us all — the authority which fathers once had over their children ; yet it did not signify this at first, but betokened honour, and served as an admonition both to them, that they should love their subjects as they would their their accession, by way of designating them officially as successors to the imperial power), or (beginning with Trajan) from December 10th, the date of the regular tribunician elections. 2 Princeps legibus solutus est. Ulpian (Digest, i. 3, 31) ; cf. Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii*. 728 ff. 241 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iTalhas dyairwev /cal i/celvoL cr<f)a<; a>9 /cal irarepa^ alBcovrai. 4 T,Q<rayTat T€ koX roiayjai ai wpo&rjyopiai elalu^ als o£ to /cpdros e^pvre^KaTd re rovs v6p,ov<;) tcal^ f /card to rjBrf Trdrptoij " vopi^ ovai. /cal vvv fJ£]i) it a a at a/ia avrots a><? to tt6\v,( nXrjv ti}? twv ^ TL/jLr}TO)Pt BLBovTai, to£<? ! Se) 8?) irdXai^Kara xpovovs 5 c£>9 e/ca^ral^^^t/fozixo. ( ri^y yao TipaqTelav , e Xafioy ^uev tivbs /cal tcjv avTO/cpar6pa)v( /card to dp^alovje Xa^e Be Aral Aofii riavb^_ l Sid filow ov fxevTOi tcal vvv evi royro, yl yveTa r to 7a/) e/>yoi> avrrjs ^o^T69 o#t€ a lpovvTa i^ eV avrrfv, outc Trj irpocTfcXrfcrei 2 airn}? irXr)V\ev Tat? diroypa^al^ 19 ~ r HT/^ev3 o5r TT okneia ovra) rore yirpos T€ to fteXTiov •) Kad 7ryoo9 to GcojT) piddhedTBpov J fiexMKO- a-firjdr]* /cal yap ttov /caliravrdiracnv dSwaroy ^}TBrjfjLOKpaTOVfi€POV<; avrovs (T(o9f]vai. ov uevroi /cal o/Wa>? to?? irpoaOev rd(fi€rd ravraj nrpa- 2 yQkvia XexOtfvai^MyaTjajL. wporepov fxev^ydples re Tt)v j3ov\7)v}fcal\i$ 70V Brjfiov) nrdyra, teal eL Troppco ttov o-yjiJ3air), €cre<p€g6jo* /caljocd tovtoj irdyje$ re avrd iiidvOa vov /cal iroXXol avveypa z <jygy,X/cd/c tovtov) teal r^dXyOeia avrcov, el /cal /rd , fidXiar a/ xal <f>6/3a> rivd /cal %dpni (pcXia re /cal £%Qpa Tialv ipprjBr), (irapa yovv to£? dX- Xois Tofc, rd avrd ypdtyaai toZ? re virouvrijjLacri 3 tois Srjfiocriois rpoirov rtvd evpigj££XQ. f/c(BpBr) tov yjpovov itcelvouj rd (jxevyirXeLo> /cpv(pa /cal Bt dnroppriTCdv yLyveaOai tfpfjaro, et^SeWov riva /cal 1 AofxiTiavbs R. Steph., Bo/uiriTiavbs VAJ. 2 tJ rrpoffK^iiafi Bs., Tijjv trp6ffK\riffiv VM. 242 BOOK LIII children, and to their subjects, that they should B .o revere them as they would their fathers. Such is the number and nature of the appella- tions which those who possess the imperial power employ in accordance with the laws and with what has now become tradition. At present all of them are, as a rule, bestowed upon the emperors at one and the same time, with the exception of the title of censor; but to the earlier emperors they were voted separately at different times. As regards the censorship, some of them took it in accordance with the ancient practice, and Domitian, in fact, took it for life, but this is no longer done at the present day ; for, inasmuch as they possess its powers, they are not elected to the office and do not use the title except in connexion with the census. In this way the government was changed at that , time for the better and in the interest of greater security ; for it was no doubt quite impossible for the people to be saved under a republic. Never- theless, the events occurring after this time can not be recorded in the same manner as those of previous times. Formerly, as we know, all matters were re- ported to the senate and to the people, even if they happened at a distance ; hence all learned of them and many recorded them, and consequently the truth regarding them, no matter to what extent fear or favour, friendship or enmity, coloured the reports of certain writers, was always to a certain extent to be found in the works of the other writers who wrote of the same events and in the public records. But after this time most things that hap- pened began to be kept secret and concealed, and 2 43 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY BrntoatevOeirj, dXXa dve^eXeyKrd ye 1 ovra Jutti- jTT€iTar /ecu yap XeyeaOat, teal irpdrreadaL iravra 7TyOO? TO, TCOV del KpClTOVVTOOV TCOV T€ TTCtpahwa- 4 arevovrcov <r<f)Lcn ^ovX^pbara^ vTroTrreverai. Kal Kara to$jo\ 7roXX a ^pev) ov yj^/yoj^eva OpvXelrai, iroXXci j teal ird\vv avjx^aivopTa ar/jwelrai, TTdyiay S^j^w? eL7retv^&XXo)^ 7ra)9 rj ft>9 'rrpd^xejai- hiaQ^oeyrai* Kal pevroi Kal (toCty)*; dpxfj$}p,eye- #o9pro Te^rcov irpay fJbdrcov^XriO o^hv appear aTr]V 5 tt]v aKplfteiav avTcov Trape ^eTa i. ( ev re yap rfj 'P^^aj^va^Kalirapd tq> virrjKow avrrj^iTrv^^d^ 777209 re to iroXepiov^ del KaXfeaG* r) prepay fc>9 elirelv 3 ylyveml ti? irepl a>v ( rb ph* aa(f)h ovBeh paSicd? et;a) tcov TrpaTrovrcov avra yiyvcocrKet, Tr Xelar o^SiS^ 6 ocroi ov& d/covovai rrjv dp^qv on ye yovev. odev- 7T€p tea l eyio iravTa tcl oaa ye 4 ical dvay- Kalov ecrrac eliretv /"w? irov Kal B eBrfpcora i^cfrpci crco. eiT ovtg)? ovtoos eire Kal eTepax; ttcos f^ei, i rpoa- eaxai pevroi ri avTol? /cat 7^9 ififj? Bogaaiay €9 oaov iv3Ax e J-< lL > * v °^ d\Xo n p,dXXov r) to 6pv- Xovp,evov rjBvv^OjjvfeK 7roXXcov wv) dveyv(jd v i) teal TjKovaa rj teal elBo v ieKpr\paadai, 20 Avyovaros pev Br) 6 Kalaap, (oairep elirov, iTreovopdo-Or), teal avra> cr)p,elov ov aputepov ei0v<; rore t?J9 vvterbs eireyevero* o_ yap Tiftejus ireXayi- aa$ TTcicrav rr)t> ev rot9 ireBLoisYVcopriv teareXaffev wcrTe irXelaBai, Kal air avrov oi pdviet^ on re 1 ye R. Steph., re VM Xiph. 2 tV Xiph., om. VM. » ti VM, nva Xiph. 4 ye H. Steph., re VM. 244 BOOK LIII even though some things are perchance made public, b.o. 27 they are distrusted just because they can not be verified ; for it is suspected that everything is said and done with reference to the wishes of the men in power at the time and of their associates. As a result, much that never occurs is noised abroad, and much that happens beyond a doubt is unknown, and in the case of nearly every event a version gains currency that is different from the way it really happened. Furthermore, the very magnitude of the empire and the multitude of things that occur render accuracy in regard to them most difficult. In Rome, for example, much is going on, and much in the subject territory, while, as regards our enemies, there is something happening all the time, in fact, every day, and concerning these things no one except the participants can easily have correct information, and most people do not even hear of them at all. Hence in my own narrative of later events, so far as they need to be mentioned, every- thing that I shall say will be in accordance with the reports that have been given out, whether it be really the truth or otherwise. In addition to these reports, however, my own opinion will be given, as far as possible, whenever I have been able, from the abundant evidence which I have gathered from my reading, from hearsay, and from what I have seen, to form a judgment that differs from the common report. Caesar, as I have said, received the name of Augustus, and a sign of no little moment to him * occurred that very night ; for the Tiber overflowed and covered all of Rome that was on low ground, so that it was navigable for boats. From this sign the 245 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY ' iirl pueya av^r\<JOi Kal on rraaav rrjv rrokiv irrro- 2 yeipiav ePpi irpoeyvcoaav. ( yapitypevtov S* avrq> /cad* vTrepftoXrjv aXkodv aXka^ Sej-TO? /m TiaKjwz-. pvigs? fc>9 S' erepoi Xeyovaiv *A7rovSip$, rrdvras i^evLKTjaev (" ev yap ro> avvehpUp) eavrov re oi rov rcov *l/3rjpcov rpoirov K adco o-lcocre Kal to£? 3 aWois a vve/3ov\e ve rovro irQir\<jai, erreiZr) re 6 Kvyoyvsros ijnroScov oi e yevero, ( rrp6<z re to 7tXt5^o? to Trpoaearbs i^e7njSj]aev (^Srj/^dp^ei yap) Kal i/ceivovs re Kal fiera ravra) Kal rovs XonrovsJ Kara re ra<{ ohov^/cal Kara tou? arevw- rrov^ iTrepLVoarjiaaSt Kadiepwaal a<f)a<; rat Av- 4 yovarcp Karrjvdy/caaev' deff ovirep Kal vvv rrpoa- rpeirop,evoi* rov Kparovvra \eyeiv elayOafiev on f< aoi Ka0G)crtd>/jLe0a" ^ v / Kaa o^fiev^Kal 6vaat\eirl rovr(d,rravra<i ei roiei^ \ ev re ra> 6pi\<p} rrore kXtjpovo/iov e<f>ri rov Av- yovarov (ilj Xaov ra> wet) KaraXetyfreiv, ov% on ri et^ev, dXX' on Kal irpoaXafieip rj 0p^i] aev f g^Kal 21 eyhero* J^vov&T.osJ§e)%d re aKka rd rjj dpxfj rrpoo-rjKovra frrpoOvpLorepov, a>9 Kal iOeXovrl Srj itapa irdvrcdv avrrjv elXyfyns , *TLB9'3. Te > Ka ^ $ v 9- poOeret rroXXd, ovhev (BeJ Beo/ia^Ka0 y eKaarov) aKpifiw? iiregievat, %ft>/H? rj oaa rfj avyypa<f>j) 2 rrpoofyopd eo~ri. rb S' avrb rovro Kalfev to?? erreira ^pa^0eio^7roi^£co, tva pirj Kal o%Xov ) 1 &Wa M, &\\ai V. 2 UaKovovios Bk., iraKovBtos VM. 8 irpoaTpeirdiAevQi Bk., TrpoTpeirSfxcvoi VM. 246 BOOK LIII soothsayers prophesied that he would rise to great b.c. 27 heights and hold the whole city under his sway. And while various persons were trying to outbid one another in different kinds of flattery toward him, one Sextus Pacuvius, or, as others say, Apudius, 1 surpassed them all. In the open senate, namely, he dedicated himself to him after the fashion of the Spaniards" and advised the others to do the same. And when Augustus hindered him, he rushed out to the crowd that was standing near, and, as he was tribune, compelled first them and then the rest, as he went up and down the streets and lanes, to dedi- cate themselves to Augustus. From this episode we are wont even now to say, in appealing to the sovereign, "We have dedicated ourselves to you." Pacuvius ordered all to offer sacrifice in view of this occurrence, and before the multitude he once declared that he was going to make Augustus his heir on equal terms with his own son, — not that he had much of any- thing, but because he hoped to receive still more ; and so it actually turned out. Augustus attended to all the business of the empire with more zeal than before, as if he had received it as a free gift from all the Romans, and in particular he enacted many laws. I need not enumerate them all accurately one by one, but only those which have a bearing upon my history; and I shall follow this same course also in the case of later events, in order not to become wearisome 1 Inasmuch as Sextus Pacuvius Taurus is first heard of (as tribune) in B.c. 9, it is probable that Apudius is the proper form to be read here. 2 According to Valerius Maximus (ii. 6, 11), the Celti- berians thought it wrong to survive a battle when the leader for whose preservation they had vowed their life (spiritum devovtrant) had perished. Uf. Caesar, B.Q. iii. 22. 247 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yevoojjLai nxdvia ra roiavra &tt eafyepcov h fxrjS* 3 avjoj ol jrdvv avra /x^^^vre^ dtepi^ovaiUf ov fxevroi teal irdvja ISioyyco/jiovcov ivgjxodejjEi, dXX* ecrTi fxev^ a tealjs to Br/fioaLov 7rpo€ %€TiO€i t Sirco?, dv 7i fir) dpearj rivd, Trpofia Owv iiTavo pO d)(xr)* 7rpO€Tp€7T€T6 T€ jap TTavS* OVTLVOVV (TVfl/3ov\€V€tV ol, eijits rt dfieivov avTwv i nivorjaeie v, teal irap- pv)Giav o~<j)[<Ti^7roWr)v h'vefij, teai Tiva teal f ieri- 4 ypa<pe, {^to '$p §r) tt\€l<ttov^tov<; re vTrdrovs r) t6v vttcltqv, \ ott6t€ teal avros v7rarevoL^ tedte rwv aXXcov dp%6vTC0U x eva ( Trap €tedo~Teov,C€te re tov Xolttov twv fiovXevrcov 7r\i]dov<;j7r€VT€/cai&€Ka rovs teXrjpw 1 Xa^oWa?, o~vfi/3ovXov<; (e? egdfirjvov) TrapeXdfifiavev, w<jt^ oV avrow teal to£? aXXoi? Tract TeoivdvaOac [ipoirov^ rivd] rd vo/ioOerovfieva 5 vofxL^eadai, iae^epejiev jydp riva feai\J<; ttcutclv T7}V yepovatay^ ffeXriov fievjoi voju^cov elvai to ^ jxej oXiycov^teaO 1 r)(rvj(Lav\(Td re 7rX€ico)tea\ fiei^co .7T pocr kottglgB ] ai, tovto re iixoleL teal eartv 6^ot€ teal iSitcafe [per avrcop. etepive fiev yap teal tcad y €avTr)vjrj ^ovX^ jTraaa jet)? tcai irpoTepovJ teal j rive fcal TrpeafteLai*; teal terjpvteeiai? teal By/xcop ; teal fSaaiXeoov ^X£,VBBZL^v, o_ re S^/£09 (e? t«? | dp"£aipe<rLa<^ teal to irXr)6o<; av ayyeXeyero* ov I pevroi teal iirpdrTeTO ri o~JIr) real iteeivov rjpeo-tee. 2 7 tou9 yovv dp%ovTa<s TOV<^jiev r avrb<; iteXeyofievos irpoefidXXero, tou? hi teal AttI tg> Stf/up jw re 248 1 KXripcp Xiph., KXypovs VM. 2 ijp€<TK€ Xiph. Zon., ijpeaev VM- BOOK LIII by introducing all that kind of detail that even the b.c. 27 men who devote themselves to such studies do not know to a nicety. He did not, however, enact all these laws on his sole responsibility, but some of them he brought before the public assembly in advance, in order that, if any features caused dis- pleasure, he might learn it in time and correct them ; for he encouraged everybody whatsoever to give him advice, in case any one thought of any possible im- provement in them, and he accorded them complete liberty of speech, and actually changed some pro- visions of the proposed laws. Most important of all, he took as advisers for periods of six months the consuls (or the other consul, when he himself also held the office), one of each of the other kinds of officials, and fifteen men chosen by lot from the remainder of the senatorial body, with the result that all legislation proposed by the emperors is usually communicated after a fashion through this body to all the other * senators ; for although he brought certain matters before the whole senate, yet he general^ followed this plan, considering it better to take under pre- liminary advisement most matters and the most im- portant ones in consultation with a few ; and some- times he even sat with these men in the trial of cases. I The senate as a body, it is true, continued to sit in I judgment as before, and in certain cases transacted * business with embassies and heralds, from both 1 peoples and kings ; and the people and the plebs, moreover, continued to meet for the elections ; but nothing was done that did not please Caesar. It I I was he, at any rate, who selected and placed in nomination some of the men who were to hold D office, and though in the case of others he adhered 249 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 1 6/ui\u> Kara to dpyaiov \ro$oi5/i«>09 ivref jieXeiT O : 07rco<; /X7]T ayeTTiTrjheiQL^ fitfr iifc irapatceKevaewi) rj \ tca\ Sefcac/jLov dTroSetKvvcovrai* 1 22 <To fiev) ovv ^vfi7rav^ovT(o ttjv dpyr)V Stoi^cr^ Xe£&> ^e^Kailicaff eKacnovjova dvayKalov £&tl, f fxera tcav virdrcov,) i<j> 2 5>v eyivgrf), uvrjfiovev- eadcu. (iv fJtev yap tg> Trpoeiprfpiivq) erec jra? oBov? ra^fe^co tov rei'xpv^j &v airopevTOvs \vtt dfieXeLa^J opwv oiicra? ra? iiev aWat a\\oi<; tio~1 tcov Bov- XeVTCOV fTTKTfCeVCKTai TOt? OlfC€lOl<S T6\€(Tl T TpO(T€^ rage, T779 (Se) Stj <3?\afiivia<; z a £ T< ?£» GKeiBrfTrep €K(TTpaT€V(T€lV (Si aVTfj^ T] fM€\%€P f gTgfl/?\ffl^ 2 teal f) fiev evuvs tot€ iyjverp* fcal \§ia tovto ) teal eucoves avT(p (e<f>' dy{ri8a>v)[€V re rrj tov Ti- /3ipi8o$~y€<f) vpa\ teall iv ' Apiplv(p)eTTOLrj0' qaair aL- ^JfJ aXXat, varepovy €lt ovv ^yrpb? TOV^Srj^oaiov^ €TT€i8r] firjSels tcov ftovkevTCOv ^Sea)9 dvrjXiojegy, eire Kal y7rpb<; tov Avyovarov^xis^ elirelv i dikei, 3 iTreatcevao-driaav. oi yap Bvvapui hiaKplvai tov<; Qrjaavpovs avTcov, oiftf el ra fidXiara 6 _Av- yovGTo? Kal avhpicwTas tivcls kavTOV apyvpovs, f irpo% T~e~ tcov (piXcoy Kal (p-pbs Srj^icov tivcjv jye- yovoras, €9 vofica/na KaTeKoyjre tov Btj KaV oiKodev 4 irdvG* oca ye Kal eXeye* Sott avdv SoKeiv Kal f Si a. TOVTO / OVT €1 TTOT€)€K TO)V 07}fl0ai(OV TV %pr)fiaT(OV J 6^ del KpaTcov eXaftev, ovt ei ttote avro^jScoKe^ yvco/nrjv e%&) avyypdyjrai. nroXXaKi? T€ yap ejed- Tepov avTwv iyeveTO, Kal tL dv t£9 69 Saveto-fiaTa fj Kal So)/3€a9 ra Toiavra KaraXeyoi, 5 onrore Kal 1 airo$€iKPva>VTai R. Steph., arroZflKVvvrai VM Xipll. Zon. 2 4<p* St., v<(>' VM. 3 <P\afjitvlas R. Steph., (pKa^vias VM. 4 ^5w«e R. Steph., tKafc VM. 6 KaTaAeyoi Reim., Kal \iyoi VM. 250 BOOK LIII to the ancient custom and left them under the con- b.c. 27 trol of the people and the plebs, yet he took care that none should be appointed who were unfit or as the result of partisan cliques or bribery. It was in this way, broadly speaking, that he ad- ministered the empire. I shall now relate in detail also such of his acts as call for mention, together with the names of the consuls under whom they were performed. In the year already named, per- ceiving that the roads outside the walls had become difficult to travel as the result of neglect, he ordered various senators to repair the others at their own expense, and he himself looked after the Flaminian Way, since he was going to lead an army out by that route. This road was finished promptly at that time, and statues of Augustus were accordingly erected on arches on the bridge over the Tiber and at Ariminum ; but the other roads were repaired later, at the expense either of the public (for none of the senators liked to spend money upon them) or of Augustus, as one chooses to put it. For I am unable to distinguish between the two funds, no matter how extensively Augustus coined into money silver statues of himself which had been set up by certain of his friends and by certain of the subject peoples, purposing thereby to make it appear that all the expenditures which he claimed to be making were from his own means. Therefore I have no opinion to record as to whether a particular emperor on a particular occasion got the money from the public funds or gave it himself. For both courses were frequently followed ; and why should one enter such expenditures as loans or as gifts respectively, when both the people and the emperor VOL. VI. 251 I DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TOVTOIS fCal 6K6LVOIS KCU ojSj^o? /cal 6 avro/cpdrcop iiri/coivov del %pa>*>T<u; 5 Tore fxev Br) ravra jo l^Avyovo-ro? eirpa^e, /cal a>p fit) a e fxev a>9 /cal €9 rr)v T&perravlav gypa- revcrcov, €9 Be Br) Ta9 YaXarlas iXOcbv evravBa evBierpiy^revf ifcelvoi re yap eTri/crjpv/ceva-ecrOaL' 2 oi eBo/covv, tcai ra tovtcov d/cardarara en, are rcov i/jL<f)v\icDP 7roXificov €vdv<; eVl rfj dXo>ae^ o~<f>wv eTriyevojievayv, rjv. /cal avrcov /cal drroypafyas iiroirjcraro /cal top ftlov rrjv re rroXireiav Bie/co- o-firjae. /cdvrevOev €9 re rr)v *\fir)pLav d(pL/cero, /cal /careo-rrjaaro /cal i/celvrjv. 23 Merd Be Br) tovto: avros re to oyBoov avv rw Tavpq> ra> XranXto) vTrdrevcre, koX 6 * AypLir f 7ras s 2 ra ^eirra o)vopLaap,eva Kadiepcoaev 6Bbv Q^mj yap 3 ovBefiiav erna/cevdaeiv vrrea^ero, ravraTBe} iv tw 'Apetft) ireBicp o~roat<; TrepL^vrrb rov AeirlBov j 777)09 ra<; (f>vXeri/cd<; dp%aip€crla<OcrvvQ)KoBo/jLr]p€va /cal irXa^l Xidivais ical %coypa(f>rjfjiao-LV iire/co- (Tjxyj^ev, 'lovXia avrd diro rov Avyovarov rzpoa- 3 ayopejuaas. tcaljiffiev oir^ 07r&)9 $>06vov riva^eir avTols / d>$>Xicncavev* dWa ical rrdvv ical , ; 7r/309 aVTOV €K€LV0V KOI 77/909 TO)V ClXXcOV dirdvTCOT^ 4 eripbdro {alrtov Be on ra cfuXavd pcoirorara /cal ra ev/cXeearara rd re crvp,(f>opa>raTa /cal crvfifiov- Xe ycov o i /cal ajjj^rrpdrrrcov ovb* irrl fipa*)(y ) rfj<; Bo^7]<; avroay dvTeiroielro, rals re irap abrov'\ rivals ovreiis irXeove^Lav ovre 69 diroXavcriv IBLav i^prjTOi dXX* €9 re to avrq> x i/ceLvw //cah i$ rb 1 6 supplied by R. Steph. 2 47rtK7ipvK€vcr€cr8at Cobet, ^inK7]pvK€v(raa0ai YM. 8 yap M, om. V. 252 BOOK LIII are constantly resorting to both the one and the b.c. 27 other indiscriminately ? These were the acts of Augustus at that time. He also set out to make an expedition into Britain, but on coming to the provinces of Gaul lingered there. For the Britons seemed likely to make terms with him, and the affairs of the Gauls were still unsettled, as the civil wars had begun immediately after their subjugation. He took a census of the inhabitants and regulated their life and government. From Gaul he proceeded into Spain, and established order there also. After this he became consul for the eighth time, B .c. 26 together with Statilius Taurus, and Agrippa dedicated the structure called the Saepta ; for instead of under- taking to repair a road, Agrippa had adorned with marble tablets and paintings this edifice in the Cam- pus Martius, which had been constructed by Lepidus with porticos all around it for the meetings of the comiila iributa, and he named it the Saepta Iulia in honour of Augustus. And Agrippa not only incurred no jealousy on this account, but was greatly honoured both by Augustus himself and by all the rest of the people. The reason was that he consulted and cooperated with Augustus in the most humane, the most celebrated, and the most beneficial projects, and yet did not claim in the slightest degree a share in the glory of them, but used the honours which the emperor bestowed, not for personal gain or en- joyment, but for the benefit of the donor himself and 253 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 5 to) 1 8r)/jLpcri<p avji^epov), £ Be^ Brj TaXXos K.opvrj- Xio? teal i%v[3pio~ev virb t^9 Ti/xi}?. iroXXa Qh> yap teal fidrcua tov AvyovGTOV^ aTreXrjpei, iroXXa Be teal iiracria TrapiirpaTre' teal yap zeal etteovas iavrov iv oXy co? elireiv tjj AlyviTTO) ecrrrjae, teal to, epya ocra iTreiroirjKeL\i^ ra<; irvpa- 6 fi'iSas iaeypaijre. 2 Karrjyop^Brf re ovv Utt avrols biro QvaXepiov Adpyov,) eratpov re oi teal cv/jl- /3iq)Tov opto?, koX rjTifi(o6r]{ v7rb tov Avyovarov, &are teal iv tch9 eOveaTv^pvTov tecoXvdrjvat Scacrd- <r0ai. (yevojutevov Be tovtov) zeal aXXpi avra) ayxyol iireOevTO teal ypa<f>a<; tear avrov /iroXXd*; 7 aTrrjveyicav? teal rj yepoyala airacra aXwvai Te avTOv iv TOt9 BiKacrjripioi*; teal <f)vyelv tt)s ovalas (TTeprjOivra, teal ravrrju re ra> Avyovara) Bo6r)vai teal eavTOv<$ j3ov9vTrjcrat, iyfrijcfaiaaTo. teal o_ <fiev Tre^jj^Xyrjaa^ iirl tovtol? eavTOv 7rpoteaTexpv< Ta T c b 24 to Be) Br) twv iroXXwv telftBrfkov teal (i/e tovtov BirfXey^dj) otl etcetvov T€, ov tcco? e teoXdtee vov, ovtco tot€ BiiOrjteav coaTe teal avToyeipia diro- davelv avaytedaai, teal irpbs tov Adpyov aire- teXwav, eireiBrjTrep av^eiv rjp^eTO, jieXXovTes nrov teal teaTa tovtov to, aitTa, dv ye tl toiovtqv oi 2 av/x/3j), yjrrjfaelo'Oai. J> fievToi TlpoKjwXeios 4 ovtco 7Tyoo9 aitTOV €Oj^ey u>o~t diravTrjo-as ttotc a\)T(i) tt]v Te plva teat, to aTOfia to eavTov Ttj %e£pt eTTiayew* ivBeitevvjievos to?? crvvovaiv otl jjLTjB* dvairvevaai tivl irapovros avTov da(j>dXeia 1 r$ cod. Peir., om. VM.' 2 inrcypatyf Xiph., 4<reypa<p* VM cod. Peir. 8 air4\veyttav Pflugk, ivfivtyKav VM cod. Peir. 4 TlpoKOuKeios Bs., vpoKov\ios VM Xiph., npoKQv\iitos Leuncl. 254 BOOK LIII of the public. On the other hand, Cornelius Gallus b.c. 26 was encouraged to insolence by the honour shown him. Thus, he indulged in a great deal of dis- respectful gossip about Augustus and was guilty of many reprehensible actions besides ; for he not only set up images of himself practically everywhere in Egypt, but also inscribed upon the pyramids a list of his achievements. For this act he was accused by Valerius Largus, his comrade and intimate, and was disfranchised by Augustus, so that he was prevented from living in the emperor's provinces. After this had happened, many others attacked him and brought numerous indictments against him. The senate unani- mously voted that he should be convicted in the courts, exiled, and deprived of his estate, that this estate should be given to Augustus, and that the senate itself should offer sacrifices. Overwhelmed by grief at this, Gallus committed suicide before the decrees took effect ; and the insincerity of the majority of people was again proved by his case, in that they now treated the man whom formerly they had been wont to flatter in such a way that they forced him to die by his own hand, and then went over to Largus because he was beginning to grow powerful — though they were certain to vote the same measures against him also, if a similar situation should arise in his case. Proculeius, however, conceived such contempt for Largus that once, on meeting him, he clapped his hand over his nose and mouth, thereby hinting to the bystanders that it was not safe even to breathe in the 2 55 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 3 €17], _a\\o9 re Ti^nrpoarfkBe re aitTO), Kaiirep dyvax; civ, perd papTvpcov, zeal eTrrjpeTO el yvco- pi^ot eavrov, eirethr) re i^ppvrjcrarOy 69 ypappaTeiov T7]v dpvrjaiv avrov icreypa-yjreVy wcrirep ovtc elzbv tg) zeazeco zeal bv ovk rj$ei irporepov avKoefravTrjcrai. 4 ovtco 8' ovv oljrroWol tcl epya tivcov, kciv Tcovrjpd rj, paXXov %7)\qvo~iv rj tcl naQr\paTa <f>v\dcrcrpv- rai, ware /ecu Tore M%o? 'JLyvaTiqs 1 e Po£(£o9 ayopavoprjaaSy /ecu aWa re TroWd AraXa>9 Trpd^a? KOI T6U9 OlfCLCU? TGU9 igV TW €T€l €/C€LV(p \ip7Tp7)- aOeiaais iiriKovpiavfpeTa tcov iavrov SovXcov j /ecu €T€pcov tivcov picdcoTcov Troinqadpevo^ /ecu 5 Sid TovroWd re dva\copara jd ry dp^fj avrov irpo<jr}KovTct{ irapd tov Stfpov Xa/3cov zeal crrpa- 7-77709 Trapavojxco^ aTToheixdeLs, etTr\p6r) re j vir avT(hv rovrcov zeal tov Avyovcrrov VTvepefypovrjcrev, ware /eat irpoypd^rai oti adpavarov pal 6\6/e\rjpou 6 TW hiaho^W TTfV TToXiV TTapehtoKeV . €7T OVVWoVTCp oi T€ a\\oi Trdvres oi irpcoTOi zeal %vto<z(oti pdXicrTa ] o ^AvyovcTTo<; opyrjv jecr%€, /cal i/eetvov pev i/ehihd^€Lv ovk €9 pa/epdv, ejxeXXe to prj virep tou9 ttoWovs (ppoveiv, T0Z9 S' dyopavopot? irapa- %pf)pa eiripeXelcrdaL T€ ottcos prjhev ipLTrlpTTpqjai, /cap dpa ti tolovto avpfifjy Karaaftevvvvai to irvp 7r po aerate. 25 ' YLdv tc5 avT(p €T€t tovtco o re UoXepcov 6 ev ray Uovtcd ftacrCXevLOV €9 re tov<; <fiiXov<; /eai e'9 tol>9 avppdj(pv<; tov r Srjpov dveypdcjyri, 2 zeal 7rppe§pla to?9 ftovXevTais ev irdarj ttj dpxfl avrov €9 rrdvra 2 tcl dear pa ihoOrf* tov re Avyovcrrov 69 rrjv 1 'Eyvdrios H. Steph., alyvdrios VM cod. Peir. 2 avty pd<prj Naber, evtypdtyr} VM. 256 BOOK LIII man's presence. Another man, although unknown to b.c. 26 him, approached him with witnesses and asked Largus if he knew him ; then, when the other replied that he did not, he recorded his denial on a tablet, as though the rascal could not blackmail even a man whom he had not previously known. But we see how most men rather emulate the deeds of others, even though they be evil deeds, than guard against their fate, by what Marcus Egnatius Rufus did at this very time. He had been an aedile, and in addition to having performed his duties well in many other ways, had with his own slaves and other persons whom he hired helped to save the houses that took fire during his year of office, and in return for all this he had received from the people the amount of the expenditures incurred in the discharge of his office and had been elected praetor contrary to law. But he became so elated over these very honours and so contemptuous of Augustus, that he issued a bulletin to the effect that he had handed the city over unimpaired and intact to his successor. All the most prominent men became indignant at this, Augustus himself most of all \ and he was not long afterward to teach the fellow a lesson, not to exalt his mind above the mass of mankind. For the time being, however^ he ordered the aediles to take care that no building took fire, and if anything of the sort did happen, to put the fire out. In this same year Polemon, the king of Pontus, was enrolled among the friends and allies of the Roman people ; and the privilege was granted the senators of occupying the front seats in all the theatres of his realm. Augustus was planning an 257 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Bperravtav, iireihr) p,r) rjBeX^crav ofioXoyrjcrai, GTpaTevGeLovra KCLTkayov 01 re SdXacraoi iirava-^ o-rdvres avra> Kai ol Kdvyaftpoi 01 re "AaTvpes. 7ro\€fJLCO0ivT€<;. OLfCOWTl €K€lVOl fJL€V (viTO TCt9 V AX7T€i?, CQO~7T€p eiprjTCLl flOl, OVTOL $€ €KaT€pOlf TOV re Tlvprfvalov rov 1 I irpb? ttj 'lfiypca to /caprepd)- 3 TCLTOV KOI TTJV liehldha TTJV V7T dVTOV OV<TCLV. (hi ovv ravrd 6 Avyovcrros he evarov (per a Ma/o/cov 'ZiXavov { v7rdr€V€v) x eVi fiev rot)? 2a- Xdorcrovs Tepevnov Oudppcova JW/ri/re. ical 0.9. 7roXXa)(r} dfia, 07ra)9 firj o~y(TTpa<$evTes hvo")(eipco- rorepoi yevwvTai, epbftaXibv paard re avrovs, are Kai /car oXiyovs irpoo-iriirrovrd^ cr^taiv^ ivl/crjcre, 4 Kai <rvfji/3r}vai KaravayKacra^ dpyvpiov re ri prjrov, &)? Kai pLTjhev heivbv aXXo hpdacov, vrrfae^ /katc rovrov 2 /Travra^fj (777*09 rrjv eairpa^ivj hrjdev avTOV err par mat as hictrrepby^ra^ GvveXa$e„re tou? iv T7} fjXi/da Kai aTrehoTo, i<f> w firj&ek <T<f>c&v 5 evrbs eiKoaiv ircov eXevOepcdOeir}. Kai avroov r[ dptarrj 't?/9 yrjsjrcov re hopv<f>6pcov ricrlv ehodr), kol ttoXiv rr)v Avyovarav it pairwpiavwv oovofia- crfxevrjv ecryev, avros he 6 Avyovaros irpos re rov? AcTTvpas Kai 7iy?o9 tol>? K.avrd/3pov<; dpua eitoXe- fir](Te f Kai eireihrj /jurjre rrpoaexdypovv 01 are? eitl 6 Tot? ipvfivoLs iiraipofievoii fiTjre €9 ^eZ/jc^l&a re to rq> irXijOei eXarrovaOai Kai hid to a/<;oi/T£o"Ta9 to irXelo-rov elvai fjcrav* KaVrrpoaeri Kai irpd- 1 rov Reim., tov t€ VM, 2 TOVTOV R. Steph., TOVTOV TOV M, TOVTOV T€ V. 3 ol are Dind., are Bk., old re VM. 4 $<rav Dind., Ijeav VM. 258 BOOK LIII expedition into Britain, since the people there b.o. 26 would not come to terms, but he was detained by the revolt of the Salassi and by the hostility of the Cantabri and Astures. The former dwell at the foot of the Alps, as I have stated, 1 whereas both the other tribes occupy the strongest part of the Pyrenees on the side of Spain, together with the plain which lies below. For these reasons Augus- b.c. 25 tus, who was now consul for the ninth time, with Marcus Silanus as colleague, sent Terentius Varro against the Salassi. Varro invaded their country at many points at the same time, in order that they might not join forces and so be more difficult to subdue ; and he conquered them very easily, inas- much as they attacked his divisions only in small groups. After forcing them to come to terms he demanded a stated sum of money, as if he were going to impose no other punishment ; then, send- ing soldiers everywhere ostensibly to collect the money, he arrested those who were of military age and sold them, on the understanding that none of them should be liberated within twenty years. The best of their land was given to some of the Pretorians, and later on received the city called Augusta Praetoria. 2 Augustus himself waged war upon the Astures and upon the Cantabri at one and the same time. But these peoples would neither yield to him, because they were confident on account of their strongholds, nor would they come to close quarters, owing to their inferior numbers and the circumstance that most of them were javelin- throwers, and, besides, they kept causing him a 1 Probably in a lost portion of the work, perhaps Book xxii. Cf. Frag. 74 and Book xlix. 34. 2 The modern Aosta. 2 59 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yfiara avTa> 7roWd f el irov t eivrjOe iti, rd tc virep- he%ia del 7rpgtcazaXafJ,/3dvovTe<; teal jeV rofc teoiXocs Tot? re vXcoSecrtv evehpeyovre? irapelypVy iv dir6p(p 7 iravraTraaiv iryevero. teal o_ puev J ete re tov /ca/xdrov tealite tcov (f)povTiSo)v vo&rj&ayis'Yappd- fecova )dve^wp7](re teal iteel rjppcocrTer Tdio<; Be ^Avticttco^ tt poaeiroXejirjcre re avTOL^\iv tovtco teal avxvd KcueipydcraTO, ovy^ oti real dfielvcov tov 8 Avyovarov arparrjryb<; rjp, dW* oti teaTatypovrj- <7avre<; avrov oi /3dpf3appi ofxoae re to?9 ^co/jLaloi? e^diprjaav ical ivLte^dycrav. 1 teal ovtcos iteelvo? re Tiva e^aySe, teal TtT09 fierd ravra Kaptcrios rrjv re Aayteiav to fieyiarov t&v 'Aarvpcov iroXicrpLa ite\ei<f>0ev el\e ical aXka iroWd TrapegrjqaaTO* 26 y Tlavcrafxevov he tov iroXefiov rovrovj 6 Avyov- (7T09 tovs p>ev d(j>i)\i/C€o-Tepov<; tcjv arparicoTcbv dffitee, teal ttoXiv a&Tol<(iv Avatravia rrjv^Avyov- orav 'HfiepiTav KaXovpivrjv teroaac e^cotee^ tois Be ttjv cTpaTevcrifAOv rjXitetav er e^ovaVlfeas Tivd$ Bid T€ tov MapteeXXov teal Bid tov Tij3epiou( <%><; teal dyopavojxovvTOiv iv avrois rols crrpaTOiretoi^ 2 J 2 eVotycre. teal ra> /xev 'Ioi5/3a t?}9 re TairovXla?) Tiva'avrl t?}9 irarpwa^ dp-)(fi<$, eirelirep €9 tov tcov 'Yco/jbatcov Koafxov oj L 7rXelov<; avTcov ^^J^ypd^j^X * 3 teal Ta tov Bo/c^of tov~ re J$oyovov eScotee* { tov S' 'ApbvvTOV TeXevT-qo-avTos ov toiz itaialv avTov rrjv dpyrpf eirerrpe^feVy dXX* €9 rrjv virrjKoov io~7]yasye, , teal ovtco teal rj TaXaTia /x-era tt/<; Avteaovia^J 'Pcopbalov apxpvra ecr^e, raVe X w P ia fale/c t^9 TlapfyvXlas rrpoTepov t& 'ApvvTa, Trpoavefir]- 1 eviic!)Qr)<ra.v M, iKivf]6r)(rav V. 2 -rots (tt par 07r e'5oxs R. Steph., arpaToTs VM. 260 i BOOK LIII great deal of annoyance, always forestalling nim by b.c. 25 seizing the higher ground whenever a manoeuvre was attempted, and lying in ambush for him in the valleys and woods. Accordingly Augustus found him- self in very great embarrassment, and having fallen ill from over-exertion and anxiety, he retired to Tarraco and there remained in poor health. Meanwhile Gaius Antistius fought against them and accom- plished a good deal, not because he was a better general than Augustus, but because the barbarians felt contempt for him and so joined battle with the Romans and were defeated. In this way he captured a few places, and afterwards Titus 1 Carisius took Lancia, the principal fortress of the Astures, after it had been abandoned, and also won over many other places. Upon the conclusion of this war Augustus dis- charged the more aged of his soldiers and allowed them to found a city in Lusitania, called Augusta Emerita. 2 For those who were still of military age he arranged some exhibitions in the very camps, under the direction of Tiberius and Marcellus, since they were aediles. To Juba he gave portions of Gaetulia in return for the prince's hereditary domain, the most of whose inhabitants had been enrolled in the Roman state, and also the possessions of Bocchus and Bogud. On the death of Amyntas he did not entrust his kingdom to the sons of the deceased, but made it part of the subject territory. Thus Galatia together with Lycaonia obtained a Roman governor, and the portions of Pamphylia formerly assigned to Amyntas were restored to their own 1 Possibly this praenomen is an error for Publius. 8 The modern Merida. 26 1 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 Oevra to> ISup vo/xd> airehodr), Lvtto Be tov clvtov tovtov xpovov yiaptcos OvLvlfcio? Kekrcov Tivas /neTeX0a>v, oti 'Ptofiaiovs avBpas ( e<? ttjv yoapav a<f)Q)v jf/cara ttjv iirip^il^iav io~e\06vTa<; ay\\a - /36vt€<; €(p0€ipav, to ovo/xa teal ayro?^ to tov 5 avTO/cpdropo? t« Avyovcrro} eBoo/ce, koI iyjrrf- <f>LCF07) fJL€V /7TOV KCLL TO_ klTlVLKia CLVTU> Kal( €7TL Toy-row /calieTrl toI<; aXkots to£<? rore yevofievois* €7T€L \8j ov/c rj^eXrjaev avra Tre/jLyfrat, r ayfri? jedv Tafc 1 v AX7T€cn Tpoircuotyopos 2 oi m/coSo/jltjOtj, feat i^ovaLa iS607] tov rrj Trpcorrj tov etovs rjfiepa ical T(p 3 GT€<f)dv<p /cat T7j iaBrfTL tjj viK7]T7}pia del %prjo-0ai. s Avyovo~To<; fiev TavTa t€ iv tols iroXefioi^ €npa%eT~Kcii to tov *Iavov Tefieviajia dvpi^ev (St 27 aVT0V$. €Kk€LO-€vf ^ Ay plTTITCiS Bk iv TOVTto) TO GLGTV Tot<? IBiois TeXecrtv €7r€/c6o-fjLr}0-€. tovto jiey yap TTJV CToav ttjv pov VLoaeiB&vo? dyvquao-jievrjv /ecu i]~<p- Koh6iir}o~€V\£ f 7ri rat? vav/cpaTbaL^fcai tjj tcov 'Apyo- vavTwv ypa<f)jj €7r e\d/ji7rp vv€ f tovto Be/To TtvpiaTtj- piov to AaKcovueov /carea/cevacre* Aa/ccovi/cbv yap to yvfAvdatov, i7reiBrj7rep o[j\u/teBaip,ovioi yv/xvov- o~0ai T€ iv to) tot€ %pov(p /cat \t7ra darfcelv fxdXicrTa 2 i^Qtcovv, iTrerccLkeae. to t€ TLdv0eiov (ovo/xaa-fievov ij~6T€\€o~e* irpoaayopeveTai Be ovtg) Taya jxev oti I 7to\\o)v 0eS>v eiKovasXev T049 dydX/xaci, tw t€ tov v Apeo><; /ecu to) t?}? 'AfypohiTrj*;, eXa/Sev, ft><? Be iye b vofjLL^co, oti 0o\oeiBe<; bv t« oipavw Trpocreoi/cev. 3 rjpov\rj0rj fiev ovv 5 6 * Ay p'nnra<; teal tov Avyov- 1 reus Bk., rots VM. 2 rpoiraio<p6pos M, Tpoiraio<p4pQi5 V. 3 t<£ Rk., t£ Te VM. * e/cXeitrev M, om. V. 6 ovv M, om. V. 262 BOOK LIII district. About this same time Marcus Vinicius b.c. 25 took vengeance upon some of the Germans because they had arrested and slain Romans who entered their country to trade with them; and thus he, too, caused the title of imperator to be bestowed upon Augustus. For this and his other exploits of this period a triumph, as well as the title, was voted to Augustus ; but as he did not care to celebrate it, a triumphal arch was erected in the Alps in his honour and he was granted the right always to wear both the crown and the triumphal garb on the first day of the year. After these achievements in the wars Augustus closed the precinct of Janus, which had been opened because of these wars. Meanwhile Agrippa beauti- fied the city at his own expense. First, in honour of the naval victories he completed the building called the Basilica of Neptune and lent it added brilliance by the painting representing the Argonauts. Next he constructed the Laconian sudatorium. He gave the name "Laconian" to the gymnasium be- cause the Lacedaemonians had a greater reputation at that time than anybody else for stripping and exer- cising after anointing themselves with oil. Also he completed the building called the Pantheon. It has this name, perhaps because it received among the images which decorated it the statues of many gods, including Mars and Venus ; but my own opinion of the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it re- sembles the heavens. 1 Agrippa, for his part, wished to place a statue of Augustus there also and to 1 The present Pantheon, as is now recognized, dates from the reign of Hadrian. The vast rotunda is surmounted by a dome, in the centre of which there is a circular opening nearly thirty feet in diameter for the admission of light. 263 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY (jtov ivravOa iBpvaat, rr)V re rov epyov iirLic\r)<Tiv avra> Bovvar firj Be^ajxevov Be avrov /xrjSerepov €K€i fxev rod irporepov Kalaapos, 1 iv Be ra> rrpovdco rov re Avyovarov Kal eavrov dvBpidvras 4 earrjae. /ecu iylyvero yap ravra ovk (e£ ami- rrdXov rw *Ay pirrrra irpb^ rov Avyovarov <f>iXo- TLfxLa^ aXX.' (ex re ttjs 737)09 iiceivov Xnrapovk evvolas KcSyi/c rrjs^Trpbs to Brffioaiov /ieVSeXe^ou? aTTovhfjSy ov povov ovBev avrov xeV avroli) o_ Avyovcrros yrtdo-aro, dWa Kal iirl 7r\e£oz> iri- 5 /irjae. row re yap ydpuovs rr)<i re Ovyarpbs rr)<$ 'IofXta?^ Kal rov dBeX(f)iBov tov MapKeXXov fxr) BwrjOeltvirb 7379 vocroxM^iv rfj 'Pai//,?; rore 2 irocrjaai I^Bi €K€LVOv]^/cal djrebv ecopraae' Kal €7T€i8y jqjgjjaa rf I iv tw HaXarLO) opec, / f) r irporepov (xev tov 'Avrooviov yevo/mevrj varepov Be rw re * Aypimra Kal rw MecrcraXa BoOeiaay Karec^Xe^Orjj rep fiev MeaadXa dpyvptov e^apicraro, rov Be *AypLTnrav 6 ctvvolkov iiroiyaaro, ovro<s re ovv \e/c rovrcov ) ovk drreiKorays iyavpovro, KaL t«? Ydios %opdvio<i alriav dyaBrjV eayev, on Bripapywv rov rrarepa, Kairrep i^eXevOepov rivos ovra, €9 re rb 0earpov ecrrjyaye Kal iv tco Brj/jLap^iKO) ftdOpco rta^eicaBi- aaro. YIovttXios re IZepoviXio? ovoua Kav avrb?^ eXapeVy ore arparrjyayv apKjovs re rpiaKoaias Kal AiftvKa erepa Orjpia icra iv rraviqyvpei rivl direKreivev. / / 28 'E/e Be rovrov BeKarov 6 Avyovaro^ (fierd v Tatov Ncopftavov KalCev re rfj vov/xr]v[a J opKOvs rj ftovXrj 0e/3aiovaa ra9 Trpatjea avrov 1 Kaiaapos M, KTiarfiaTOS V, 8 T6T6 M, TOVTQ V, 264 BOOK LIII bestow upon him the honour of having the structure b.c. 25 named after him ; but when the emperor would not accept either honour, he placed in the temple itself a statue of the former Caesar and in the ante-room statues of Augustus and himself. This was done, not out of any rivalry or ambition on Agrippa's part to make himself equal to Augustus, but from his hearty loyalty to him and his constant zeal for the public good ; hence Augustus, so far from censuring him for it, honoured him the more. For example, when he himself was prevented by illness from being in Rome at that time and celebrating there the mar- riage of his daughter Julia and his nephew Marcellus, he commissioned Agrippa to hold the festival in his absence ; and when the house on the Palatine Mount which had formerly belonged to Antony but had later been given to Agrippa and Messalla was burned down, he presented money to Messalla, but made Agrippa share his own house. Agrippa not un- naturally took great pride in these honours. And one Gaius Toranius also acquired a good reputation because while tribune he brought his father, although a freedman of somebody or other, into the theatre and made him sit beside him upon the tribunes' bench. Publius Servilius, too, made a name for him- self because while praetor he caused to be slain at a festival three hundred bears and other African wild beasts equal in number. Augustus now became consul for the tenth time, b.c. 24 with Gaius Norbanus as colleague, and on the first day of the year the senate confirmed his acts by 265 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iiroiri&ajo, Kal eireiBr) irXTjaid^eiv re tfBt) ttj iroXev r/yyeXOrj (virb yap dpptoo~Tta<; i^povKre) Kal tg> BrffiG) naff* i/caTov $pa%fia<; Bd>o~eiv virkdyeTO^ 2 to T€ ypdpipa to irepl aifTcov dir^yopevo'e pw) irpoTcpov ifCT€07]vac TTplv av Kal eKe'tvy jrvvSof-Tj, 7rdo~rj<; avTov t^9 tcov vopicov avdyicy}? dn^XXa^av, iv , toGirep eiprjTai pot, Kal avTOTeXr)$ ovtcd? teal avjOfcpaToyp Kal eavTOv Kal tcov vopbo&v ndvTa T€ oca /3ovXoito iroioirj Kal 7rdv@ J oca d^oyXoj/r^ 1 3 pLt) irpaTTj). TavTa puev diroB'qpLOVVTi bt avTtp iyjrr}<j)i,(T07] t d(f)iKop,evcp Be 69 Tt)V ^PdpLrjv aXXa TLVa 67T6 T€ TTJ 0~COT7]pla Kal iirl Tjj dvaKOpiBfl avTov iyeveTo. tw t€ MapKeXXq) jiovXeveiv Te(ev rot? e<JTpaTr)yr)KQCTi Kal tt)v viraTeiav BeKa Bclttov €T€o~tv yirep ivev6pLio~TO aiTtjaai, Kal tco Tifiepiq* 7T€VT€ 7TpO €Ka(TT7)<i ) €T€0~l TO aVTO TOVTO 4 iroiTjaai iBoOy Kal Trapa^prjpd ye ovtos piev Tapiiaq €K€ivo<; Be dyopavopos direBelx^V '^' tcov re TapLievo~6vjG)V iv TOt9 edveaiv iiriXeiTTOVTCOV €K\r}pc!)6r]crav €9 avTa iravTe? ol p**XP l ^ Ka & vo) eTtbv dvev Tov epyov TOVTomTeTajxieuKpTes. 29 'Ei/ piev ovv tt) iroXei TavTa Tore a%ia pLvrjpris eyeveTO* ol Be Brj KdvTaftpoi ol Te "AcrTvpes, a>9 Ta^iaTa 6 AvyovaTO$ eK t??9 *I/3r}pia<;, Aovkiov AlpiiXiov apxpVTa avTrj? KaTaXnrciov, a7rr)XXdyi), iiraveaTrjaav, Kal TrepbtyavTe? irpbs tov AlplXtov, wplv Kal otiqvv €K(f>r)val ol, ctItov t€ Kal aXXa Tiva yap' l0 ~ a<J ® ai T £ o~TpaT€vpiaTi fiovXeaOat, 1 a&ov\olr) Dind., & $ov\olr) VM. 266 BOOK LIII taking oaths. And when word was brought that he b.c. 24 was already drawing near the city (for his illness had delayed his return), and he promised to give the people four hundred sesterces each, though he for- bade the posting of the edict concerning the dona- tives until the senate should give its approval, they freed him from all compulsion of the laws, in order, as I have stated, 1 that he might be in reality in- dependent and supreme over both himself and the laws and so might do everything he wished and refrain from doing anything he did not wish. This right was voted to him while he was yet absent ; and upon his arrival in Rome various other privileges were accorded him in honour of his recovery and return. Marcellus was given the right to be a senator among the ex-praetors and to stand for the consulship ten years earlier than was customary, while Tiberius was permitted to stand for each office five years before the regular age ; and he was at once elected quaestor and Marcellus aedile. And when there were not enough men to serve as quaestors in the provinces, all drew lots for the places who during the ten years previous had held the quaestorship without being assigned to any province. These, then, were the noteworthy occurrences that took place in the city at that time. As soon as Augustus had departed from Spain, leaving behind Lucius Aemilius as its governor, the Cantabri and the Astures revolted ; and sending word to Aemilius, before revealing to him the least sign whatever of their purpose, they said that they wished to make a present to his army of grain and other things. Then, 1 See chap. 18. 267 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 2 €(j>CLO~ CLvf KiLK TOVTOV 1 (TTpaTCCOTa^ 0~V%POV<; (fit)? fCCLl KOfiiovvra? avTa Xa/SopTe? re yoapia javrovs iTTiTrjSetd otyicnv i&tfyayov Kal fcare^ovevcap. ov fJievTot real eVl 7roXv rjaOrjo-av T979 fe~~~ydp yjj&pas avTcop BrjG)deiarj(; Kal Tety&P tipjmp kclv- devTcov, to re fxeyiGTOv toov yeip&p .toi? del dXca/co/ievots^ d7roK07TTOfi£VQ)V, Ta^eo)? i%€ipco- Orjaa p. 3 Ei> c5 Be tovt_ iyiyvero, Kal aXkrf Tt? arparela tccuvr) dp-^rjp re a/xa teal TeA,o? eaj^ev fiirl yap 'A pa/Slav ttjp evBal/xopa KaXov/ueprjp, fj<i % a/3co s^- ijSaalXevep} AifXto? TdXXo? 6 t??9 Alyvirrov 4 apymv iirecTTpaTevae, Kal e? fiev oyfrtp) ovSebj avrcp rrjP ye TTpcoTrjp rj XOep , ov firjp Kal diropcos irpoe^ddpei* r\ re yap epqiAia 2 Kal 6 77X109 jd re vSaraT (j>v(xTp tipcl cltottop e ^ovr a irdpv avTOvs iTaXanrcoprjaep, coare to irXeiop tov arparov 5 <f)0apr)vai. xp Be Br) pocrrjpa ovBepl tcop crvprjOcop Ojxotop iyiypero, dXX 1 e? rrjp Ke(j>aXr)p ipa/crj'frap i^rjpaipep avTrjp, /cat tov$ flip TroXkops avri/ca dirtoXXve, tcop Be Br) TrepiycypoiAepony e'9 re rd crtceXr) KaTrjei, Trap to fieTa^v tov a(o/bt,aTO<; virep- (3dp, Kal ifceipa 3 iXvpaipeTo, I'afid T€ clvtov ovBep^ fjp X^P^ V e % Ti< * gXcuop otp(p /xe/Juy/LLepop /ecu ejrie_ 6 Kal rjXel-^raTO. oirep trov irdpv oXiyoi? a<f)cop vrrjip^e Trotrjaar ovt€ yap r) %(*pa ovBeTepop aifTCOP (j>ep€i avTe ifcetpoc d(f>0opQ avTa itpoiTape- o-tcevdhaTo} ( Kap tg> ttopg) tovt(A Kal oi /3dp/3apoL 1 iBaai\€v€v M Xiph. (cod. V) Zon., £8a<ri\evcrev V Xiph. (cod. C). 2 iprifxla R. Steph., iipcfila VM. 3 iKelva Rk., SKeTva re VM. 4 Trpuirap€(TK€vd5aT0 Bk., irpoirapecrKtvda-avTo VM, (iKtlvois) irpoirapfffKevaarTO Zon. 268 BOOK LI1I after securing a considerable number of soldiers, ostensibly to take back the presents, they conducted them to places suitable for their purpose and mur- dered them. Their satisfaction, however, was short- lived; for their country was devastated, some of their forts burned, and, worst of all, the hands of all who were caught were cut off, and so they were quickly subdued. While this was going on, another and a new cam- paign had at once its beginning and its end. It was conducted by Aelius Gallus, the governor of Egypt, against the country called Arabia Felix, of which Sabos was king. At first Aelius encountered no one, yet he did not proceed without difficulty ; for the desert, the sun, and the water (which had some peculiar nature) all caused his men great distress, so that the larger part of the army perished. The malady proved to be unlike any of the common com- plaints, but attacked the head and caused it to become parched, killing forthwith most of those who were attacked, but in the case of those who survived this stage it descended to the legs, skipping all the inter- vening parts of the body, and caused dire injury to them. There was no remedy for it except a mixture of olive- oil and wine, both taken as a drink and used as an ointment ; and this remedy naturally lay within reach of only a few of them, since the country pro- duces neither of these articles and the men had not prepared an abundant supply of them beforehand. In the midst of this trouble the barbarians also fell 269 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7 <T<fil(Tl 7rpO(J€7ri0€PTO, T€G>9 /JL€V yap rjTTOVSy OTTOTe ye teal 1 7rpoa/jii^€Lav avTols, iy^yovro, teal riva teal %(DpLa "aire^aXXop* tots Be crv jjLybdx<p rfj vocro) aurcov XP!J$4fJ£Vot, rd re a^irepa eKQuiaapTO teal i/c€LV(t)v tovs TrepiXeicfidevTas i%rfkacray^ etc T779 8 xcopas. TrpcoTOi fiep Brj 'Voy/jialcov ovtoCj voai^w otl teal l^oypi, togovtop (iirl 7roX€/ji(p ]t^9 ^Kpa- ftLas ravrt]^ eirr]\6ov [Ji&XP 1 V^P T ™ p 'A^XouXwi/ KaXovfjLevcoVy ytoplov tipos eTrifyapovs, lyoip7\Gav. ^ 30 'O 8' Avyovaros evBi/carov fierd KaXirovppiov Ulctwvos ap£a$ rfppdxrrrjaev avdis, ware p/riBefxiap iXiriSa acoTTjpia? ay/iv* irdvra yovp cl>9 teal T€\€VTrj(TC0V hUOero, teal rd<; re 2 dpx&<; tovs re aXXovs tou9 TTpooTov? teal tcov ftovXevT&p teal twp iTTTreeov d0poL<ra<; BcdSoyov fiev ovBeva dir&Beilje, 2 teaiToi top MdpteeXXop irdpTcop 7rpotepL07]a€crdai €9 TOVTO 7TpOCr8oK(0PTCOP, Bia\€^ € ^ J lVCL a ^TO?9 7T€pl ro)p Brj/xocTLcop 7T pay fJidi cop tw fAtP Hicrcopi T^9 T6 BvpdfieiS KOI T«9 TTpOGoBoVS Ta<? KOiPCL*; 69 fiiftXtop icrypdyjras eBcotee, ra> 8' y Kyplirira top 3 Ba/ervXiop epexeipLae. teal avrbp jurjBePr en z fX7)Be tcop irapv dpaytealeop iroielp Bupdfiepop j Apt(opi6<; t£9 Mov<7a9 teal .yjrvxpoXovaiais teal Tfrvxpo7rocriai<; ayecrwere' teal Bia tovtq .teal XPV" uara irapd t€ tov Avyovarov teal irapa rf}<; fiovXfj? iroXXd teal to xpvaois BateTvXLoi? (dire- Xevdepos yap rjp) xpqadai Tijp Te aTeXeiap Ka\ eavTu> teal TOt9 6/liot€Xvoi$, ovx oti T019 Tore ovaip dXXd teal tols eiretTa eao^epoi^, eXa^ey, . 4 dXX* eBei yap avTOP Ta T€ t^9 tu%^9 teal rd rf)? 1 76 teal M Xiph., 7c V. 2 rds re Xiph., t<Ls 76 VM. 3 €T t " N" in Reimar's ed., '6ti VM. 270 BOOK LIII upon them. For hitherto they had been defeated b.c. 24 whenever they joined battle, and had even been losing some places ; but now, with the disease as their ally, they not only won back their own posses- sions, but also drove the survivors of the expedition out of the country. These were the first of the Romans, and, I believe, the only ones, to traverse so much of this part of Arabia for the purpose of making war ; for they advanced as far as the place called Athlula, a famous locality. 1 When Augustus was consul for the eleventh time, b.c. 23 with Calpurnius Piso, he fell so ill once more as to have no hope of recovery ; at any rate, he arranged everything as if he were about to die, and gathered about him the magistrates and the foremost senators and knights. He did not, to be sure, appoint a suc- cessor, though all were expecting that Marcellus would be preferred for this position, but after talking with them awhile about the public affairs, he gave Piso the list of the forces and of the public revenues written in a book, and handed his ring to Agrippa. And although he lost the power of attending even to the most urgent matters, yet a certain Antonius Musa restored him to health by means of cold baths and cold potions. For this, Musa received a great deal of money from both Augustus and the senate, as well as the right to wear gold rings (for he was a freed- man), and he was granted exemption from taxes, both for himself and for the members of his profes- sion, not only those living at the time but also those of future generations. But it was fated that he who had taken to himself the functions of Fortune or 1 The place has not been identified ; Strabo (xvi. 4, 24) calls it Athrula. 271 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7T€7T pG)/JL6V7]$ €pja irpOO"JTOlOVfJLeVOV TTCLpCL Tt6$CI<; dXwvai, 6 p,ev <Avy ovo-jo? ovtoos iacoOrjj 6 Se Br) MdpteeXXos vojjrjaas ov 7roXXa> vaTepov j teal tov CLVTOV €K€LVOV V7T CLVTOV TOV MoV<TCL JvpOTTOV 5 Oepairevofievos dirkQave. teal ai)TOV 6 Ayyov&Tos Srjjuoo-la re eOayfev, eTTaiyiaas &G7rep eWiaro, teal €9 to fivrj /xelov o (ptcoSofielro tcaredero, [rfj re jivrj/jirf) tov Oedrpov iov^TfpoKara^Xrj6evTO^ puevj 6 vtto tov }Lalcrapo$ f M.apteeXXov 8e wvojiaajjievov ctljjLtjo'bv, teal ol teal elteova ^pvcrrjv teal aT6(f>avov yjpvvovv Bicf)pop T€ dpyiKov €9 Te to OeaTpovjiv tt}, tcov *¥<ojjLaltov irav^yvpei ea^epeaOav teal €9 to /jueaov to)v dp^ovTcov tcjv tcXovvtoov avTa TL0e- aOai iteiXevae. 31 TavTa fiev vaTepov eirpa^e, tot€ Bejaoydels Ta9 Scadrjtea^ earjveytee "Jievl €9 to avveSpiov teal dvaXe^aaBat rjOeXyaev, evSeitevv/jLevos 1 tois dv- 0pd)7roi<; oti ovBeva tt)<$ dp^r}? SidBo^ov teaTaXe- \o£7ra)9 yv, ov jJbevTot teal dveyvw ovSels yap 2 iireTpe^ev, idavfxa^pv puevTOi peaX irdvv Travjes avTov oti tov MdpteeXXov teal &>9 yafiftpov teal W9 dSeXcf>iSovv dyancov, teal aXXas Te avTG> Tifias Si&ovs teal ttjv eopTTjV fjv ite t^9 dyopavojxia^ 3 €7T€T€\€L (TVvSiadeh Xa/I7T/?<W9, WCTT€ T7}V T€ dyo- pav^iv iravTi tw depei 2 \ TrapaTTeTacfiaai \teaTa teopv(j>rjv BiaXajBelv teal 6p^7]o^Tt]v Tiva lirnka yvvaited T€ ijrMpavfj €9 rrjv opyr\oTpav io-ayayelv* ofMo<; tt]v fjuovap^iav ovk eirLaTevaeVy dXXa teal 4 tov 'Ayptinrav at/TOV TrpoeTiprjo-ev. ovto)?, &>9 eoiteev, ovBeiro) Trj tov fjbeipateiov yvco/jijj iOdpaei, 1 ivh€iKVV}X€vo'i M Zon. , ivfttiKVVfxevois V. 2 depet Bk. following Xiph., 6epa iv VM. > 2 72. BOOK LI1I Destiny should speedily be caught in her toils ; for b.c. 23 though Augustus had been saved in this manner, yet when Marcellus fell ill not long afterward and was treated in the same way by Musa, he died. Augustus gave him a public burial after the customary eulogies, placing him in the tomb which he was building, and as a memorial to him finished the theatre whose foundations had already been laid by the former Caesar 1 and which was now called the theatre of Marcellus. And he ordered also that a golden image of the deceased, a golden crown, and a curule chair should be carried into the theatre at the Ludi Romani and should be placed in the midst of the officials having charge of the games. This he did later ; at the time, after being restored to health, he brought his will into the senate and desired to read it, by way of showing people that he had left no successor to his realm ; but he did not read it, for none would permit it. Absolutely everybody, however, was astonished at him because, although he loved Marcellus both as son-in-law and nephew, and in addition to other honours shown him had to such an extent helped him make a brilliant success of the festival which he gave as aedile that he had sheltered the Forum during the whole summer by means of curtains stretched overhead and had exhibited on the stage a dancer who was a knight, and also a woman of high birth, nevertheless he had not entrusted to him the monarchy, but actually had preferred Agrippa before him. Thus it would appear that he was not yet confident of the youth's judg- 1 Suetonius (Aug. 29, 4) names this theatre among various other buildings which Augustus " nomine alieno . . . fecit.'" 2 73 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY a\\ y rjToi tov Brj/juov ttjv i\ev0epLav teofiio-ao~0ac r) teal tov * Ay pin irav ttjv rjyefiovlav nap iteeivov Xaftetv r}0€\r)crev ev re yap rjirLaraTO it poo~(f>i\rj crcf)iaiv €? Ta fxaXiara avrbv ovra, teal ovte ifioxikero irap kavrov Br) Boteetv avrrjv iirLrpeTre- 32 adai. pattra? S' ovv, teal fiaOcov tov M.dp/ceWov ovk eV^T^Setft)? to> ' Ayp'nrira Bid tovt eyovTa> €9 ttjv Xvpiav \ ev0v$ tov * Ay p'nnrav, fir) teal hiaTptfir} Tt9 Aral d-tyifiayla avTols -ev rauTft) overt cvfif3y, €ctt€l\,€. teal 09 etc fiev tt}<; 7r6\em ev0vs i^cop/irjo-ev, oi fievTOt teal €9 ttjv Xvpiav d(f>LfC€TO f aW* Zti teal fiaXXov fieTpid^wy eteetere fiev tol»9 viroo-TpaTr]yov<; €7r€fiyjrev f avTO? Be ev Aeaj3(p SieTpiyjre. 2; TavTa T€ ovtms 6 AvyovaTO? eTroirjae, KaX lo~TpaT7]yov<; Betea, a>9 ovBev ert irXetovcov Bedfievos, I dyreBei^e* teal tovto teal eirl irke'io* ctt) eyeveTO, €jJL€~k\ov he avTwv oi fiev dWot tcl avTa airep teal irpbaOev 7roirjereiv, Svo Be\e7rl tjj Bioiterjaei^oaa 3 eT?) yevrjaeoSai. 8iaTa%as Be TavTa a>9 etcaaTa, dire err € ttjv viraTetav €9 to 1 A\/3avbv J i\0a>v eVel yap ovtos, €% ovirep Ta^pdy/iaTa KQTecrTr}, teal t<ov aXkeov qi tt\€Lov$ 81 eVoi/9 r)p%av s em- o"xelv T€ tovto av0is, ottg><$ otl irXelerTOi vira- T€V(oo~iv, r)0eXrjae f teal e^co tov daTeoy^ avTO 1 rb supplied by Bs. 1 D. Magie (" The Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in 23 B.C.," in Classical Philology, in., 1908, 145 ff.) points out the difficulties in the popular version of Agrippa' s journey to Lesbos, and suggests that he was in reality sent out by 274 BOOK LIII ment, and that he either wished the people to regain their liberty or for Agrippa to receive the leadership from them. For he well understood that Agrippa was exceedingly beloved by them and he pre- ferred not to seem to be committing the supreme power to him on his own responsibility. When he recovered, therefore, and learned that Marcellus be- cause of this was not friendly toward Agrippa, he immediately sent the latter to Syria, so that no occasion for scoffing or for skirmishing might arise be- tween them by their being together. 1 And Agrippa straightway set out from the city, but did not reach Syria ; instead, acting with even more than his usual moderation, 2 he sent his lieutenants thither, and tarried himself in Lesbos. Besides doing all these things in the manner related, Augustus appointed ten praetors, feeling that he no longer required a larger number ; 3 and this happened for several years. Most of them were to perform the same duties as formerly, but two were to be in charge of the financial administration each year. Having arranged these matters in detail, he went to the Alban Mount and resigned the consul- ship. For ever since conditions had become settled, both he himself and most of his colleagues had held the office for the whole year, and he now wished to end this practice, in order that as many as possible might become consuls ; and he resigned outside the Augustus on a diplomatic mission calling for secrecy — nothing less, in fact, than for the purpose of inducing Phraates to return the captured Roman standards and receive in return his son. Cf. chap. 33, 2 inf. 2 Cf. liv. 11, 6. 8 Under Julius Caesar the number had been as high as sixteen ; see xliii. 49, 1, and 51, 4. 275 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 4 iizgiiicrev, iva /jltj KcoXvdfj. teal iirl re tovto) erraivov ecr^e, Kal oti Kovklov dvd* iavTov ^tj- crriov av0etXero f aeL re T<p B/5oi5tg) crvairovBd- cravia fcal iv tract to?? iroXefio^^avarpaTev- aavra, Kal en Kal tot€ Kal fivrj/jiovivovTa avrov Kal elKovas eyovTa Kal iiraLvovs 7tolovjjl€vov to re yap (f>tXifcbv . Kal to ttlcttov tov dvBpbs ov fiovov ovfc ifuarjaev dXXd Kal ijip/rjae. 5 Kal Bid rav8* rj yepovaLa Brj/iap^ov re avTOV Sid ftlov elvai iyfrrj^craro, Kal xP r il JbaT ^ eLV avT<p irepl evos tivos} ottov av ideXyp-rj KaQ* iKaa-rrjv fiovXrjv, Kav /jltj vTrurevrj, eBcokc, rrjv t€ dpyriv rrjv dvOvrrarov ipael KaOdira^ €)£€iv ware pbrjTe iv Tfj iaoBw rfj eiaw tov TTmp,r)piov\KaTa~ TiOeadai aifTrjv firjr ait0i<; dvaveovadai, xal'iv to) vTrrjKOfp to ttX€lov(^ tcl)v kKavTaypQi dpypv- 6 tcop) ia^veiv e7T€Tp€y}r€v. fa<fi op^Brj Kal eKelvps Kal pi pb€T avTov avTojcpaTopes iv vo/jl(o Brj tlvl to£? T€ aXXois Kal Tfj igovcTLa, Tfj $r)p,apxiKf) i %pr\- aavTO' to yap tol ovo\xa avro to tcov Brjfjidpp^cov ov6* o KvyovcrTOS out aXXo? ov&els avTOKpaTcop 33 Kat fJLOL BoK€L Tadd' OVTCO TOT€ ovk iK KoXa- K€ia<; dX)C 67r' dXr)6eLa<$ rtpbrjOeh Xaftetv. Ta T€ yap aXXa j&>? iXevBepois o-tyicn Trpoae^epeTo, Kal iirethr) 6[ [lev )Tipi8dT7)<; 1 auTO?/ irapd BejBrj tov QpaaTOV npiqjieis^iifi oh i avjeveKaXovv dXXrf- Xot9 dcf)LKOVTO, (e? Tt)V ftovXrjv, avTov? i&2iywy € i 2 Kal pL6Ta tovt iirLT panel? [trap avTrjs ttjv Bid- 1 TipiScvnjs Dind., reipibdr^s VM (and similarly just below). 276 BOOK LIII city, to prevent being hindered from his purpose, b.c. 23 For this act he received praise, as also because he chose in his stead Lucius Sestius, who had always been an enthusiastic follower of Brutus, had fought with him in all his wars, and even at this time kept alive his memory, had images of him, and delivered eulogies upon him. Augustus^ it would appear, so far from disliking the man's devotion and loyalty, actually honoured these qualities in him. And because of this the senate voted that Augustus should be tribune for life and gave him the privilege of bring- ing before the senate at each meeting any one matter at whatever time he liked, even if he were , { I not consul at the time ; they also permitted him to hold once for all and for life the office of pro- consul, so that he had neither to lay it down upon entering the pomerium nor to have it renewed again, and they gave him in the subject territory authority superior to that of the governor in each instance. As a result both he and the emperors after him gained a certain legal right to use the tribunician power as well as their other powers ; for the title of tribune itself was taken neither by Augustus nor by any other emperor. 1 And it seems to me that he then acquired these privileges as related, not by way of flattery, but because he was truly honoured ; for in most ways he comported himself toward the Romans as if they were free citizens. Thus, when Tiridates in person and envoys from Phraates came to settle their mutual recriminations, he brought them before the senate ; and afterwards, when the decision of the question had been referred to him by that body, he did not 1 Cf. chap. 17, 10. 277 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yvGHJiv top ( jxev TipiSdrrjv tg> ^padrrj ovk egeSaitcev, tov vibv clvtw, ov irporepov firap ifcelvov^aficbv el^ev, aTrhreix-^rev iirlfra) tov$ re al^pbdXdSrov^ koX'tcl arjpeta tcl GTparmTiKa rd ev T6 rfj tov Kpdaaov fcal ev ttj tov 'Avtcoviov avfi<f)opa dXovTa KOfxLaaaOau 3 ^ Kdv T(p CtVTU) TOVT(p €T€l J djOpCLVO/XOV T€ TIVCL rcjv KaraSeearipcov diroQavovra Ydio<$ KaXirovp- vios, fcairoi 7r po7]yopavop,7)KQ)<; iv~^7^djZeTvob-iJ Sie&egaTO, oirep eV ovSevbs s aXXov jwy)p,oveveTaL <y€v6/ji€Vov( Kav Tafc dvoyals} Svo ( icad efcdaTrjv rj/uiepav iiroXidp'x^aav, teal el$ ye tj,$ clvtcov ou8* 69 fJbeipaKcd 1 7rco TeXoov o/jl<m)<z fjp&v. 4 AWiav jiev ovv ^AiovLa tov OavaTOV tov MapfceXXov ea^ev, oti^tcov vlewv avTr}<; 7rpo€T€- TLfirjTO' €9 dfi(f)i/3o\ov 8 J ovv f)^ imoyfrLa ayTrj koX . xjtt etcelvov tov €tov^ fca\\ V7rb tov eireiTd} ovto> voacjBcov yevofievcov 2 a>o~Te irdvv iroXXovv iv av- 5 to?9 diroXeadai, /caTeo-Tri, teal dtiXel yap 7r<w9 aei tl irpo tcov toiovtcov Trpoarfpiaivecruai, tote fiev) Xv/cos T€ : ev to) dcrT£i) avveXrf(j)0i] t teal irup- ^(eifxdiv T€ 7ToXXoc<; ol/coSofjirjfiao-iv JXvjjitfvaTo, 6 T€ Tt/3e/K9 av^rjOels ttjv t€ yi(f)vpav ttjv ^vXlvtjv KCtTecrvpe Kai Tr\v ttoXiv 7rX(OT7jv iirl Tpels rjfiepas 3 iTTolrjae, 1 /xcipaKid v. Herw., iieip*Ki6v VM. 2 vocra/dwv ysvoiLtvoiv Bk., vov&Zovs yevofxevov VM. 278 BOOK LIII surrender Tiridates to Phraates, but sent back to the b.c. 23 latter his son whom he had once received from him and was keeping, 1 on condition that the captives and the military standards taken in the disasters of Crassus and of Antony should be returned. During this same year one of the minor aediles died and Gaius Calpurnius succeded him, in spite of having served previously as one of the major aediles. 2 This is not recorded as having occurred in the case of any other man. During the Feriae there were two prefects of the city for each day ; and one of them held the office in spite of the fact that he had not yet the standing even of a youth. Livia, now, was accused of having caused the death of Marcellus, because he had been preferred before her sons ; but the justice of this suspicion be- came a matter of controversy by reason of the character both of that year and of the year follow- ing, which proved so unhealthful that great numbers perished during them. And, just as it usually hap- pens that some sign occurs before such events, so on this occasion a wolf was caught in the city, fire and storm damaged many buildings, and the Tiber, ris- ing, carried away the wooden bridge and made the city navigable for boats during three days. 1 Cf. li. 18, 3. 2 By "minor" and "major" aediles Dio means the plebeian and curule aediles respectively. 279 BOOK LIV TaSc €P€CTiv iv T(p Ttevrr)ico<TT(f) reToipTa tu>p Aioopos 'PwfxaXKwp a. 'CLs eTri^eAr/Tai tup 6$up 4k tup io~T par 7\y 7)k6tuv x KariffT-qaav. 'Us iirifjLeXTjrai rov (rirrjpeatov in tup iarpaTKiyTjicSTuv 1 Karearrjcrap. y. ' ris N'AptKOP 2 ed\u. 8. 'fls 'Pairia lc£Aa>. e. 'Cls al'AKirtis at irapa6a\do~o~ioi 'Pu/bLatup OLKovetp tfpl-aPTO. £. 'Q.S t2> 3 tov Ba\fiov Oearpov Kadiep&Bt). tj. 'fly to 3 rov MapKtWov BectTpop Ka6t€pu6nj. 6. 'fls 'Ayplititas aireflave teal t^p Xepp6pr\o'oP At/yovo-ros €KTt\aaTO. t. Tls to. Avyovo~T<xKta KartaTK]. Xp6pov -k\j}0qs irrj Tplsx koL Se/ca, eV 6ls &pX0VT€$ oi apt8/xovfjL€voi o'/Se iyipoPTo M. KAauSios 4 M. vl. MapKtWos AiVeprlvos 6 g A. *Appovvrios A. vl. M. AdAAtos 6 ML vl. 7 K. 8 AlfiiKtos M. ft 9 A4vt$os M. *Attov\4ios 10 2^7 ou w/. <, n. 11 Tl. vl. Nepovas K. 12 AovKpT)Tios K. w. Ovio-iri\\up 13 IV. Kopi^Aios A. ui. A€Ptov\os „ II. KopWjAtos II. vl. AepTovXos MapKtWtPos T. 4>oi5pf<os T. uz. 14 T. 'Iofvtos 15 T. vl. 2t\apbs 1 i&TpaTriyoKSTwv M, iKO~rpaT7)yrjK6rup V. 2 Mpittov Bs., NwpiKos VM. 3 to supplied by Bs. 4 KAai55toj H. Steph., k\' VM. 6 AlaeppTpos Xyl., alc4piPos M, 5«repIVos V. 6 M. A6\\tos supplied by Xyl. 7 M. vl supplied by Bs. 8 K. supplied by Xyl. 280 BOOK LIV The following is contained in the Fifty-fourth of Dio's Rome : — How road commissioners were appointed from among the ex-praetors (chap. 8). How grain commissioners were appointed from among the ex-praetors (chaps. 1 and 17). How Noricum was captured (chap. 20). How Rhaetia was captured (chap. 22). How the Maritime Alps began to yield obedience to the Romans (chap. 24). How the theatre of Balbus was dedicated (chap. 25). How the theatre of Marcellus was dedicated (chap. 26). How Agrippa died and Augustus acquired the Chersonese (chaps. 28, 29). How the Augustalia were instituted (chap. 34). Duration of time, thirteen years, in which there were the magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : — B.C. 22 M. Claudius M. F. Marcellus Aeserninus, L. Arruntius L. F. 21 M. Lollius M. F., Q. Aemilius M. F. Lepidus. 20 M. Apuleius Sex. F., P. Silius P. F. Nerva. 19 C. Sentius C. F. Saturninus, Q. Lucretius Q. F. Vispillo. 18 Cn. Cornelius L. F., P. Cornelius P. F. Lentulus Marcellinus. 17 C. Furnius C. F., C. Iunius C. F. Silanus. 9 klfxiKios M. vt. supplied by Bs. 10 'AirovAtw* Bs. , airovXtos VM. 11 2l\ios Xyl., <r€i\ VM. 12 K. Reim., A VM. 13 OvunrlkAnv Dind., ouiairidKoov M, ovt<r<nrtd\wv V. 14 vL M, v* V. 15 T. y \0VVt0S Xyl., 7T OVIVIOS VM. 281 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY A. Aofxirios Tv. vl 1 IV. tyy. 'AyvSfiapfios 2 „ 3 n. KopvhXtos n. vt. n. tyy. ^Ktmuv M. Alovios 4 A. vl Apovaos Ai&oov „ 3 A. KaXirovpvios A. vl Ht<ra>v Qpovyt 5 M. Aucivvtos M. vl Kpdaaos* t , IV. KopvqXios IV. vl AevrovXos Tip. KXavStos 7 Ti$. vL 'Nipcav «, Tl. Kvivt'iXios 8 2€{tou vi. Ovapos vlr * M. OvaXepios 9 M. 10 vt. MeaaaXas Bxp&aro: n. HovXir'iKtos II. vt. Kvplvtos TIav\os &afitos 12 K. vt. Md^ifios « K. AlXios 13 K. in. TovQtpoov V *' 'IouAAos 14 'AvrAvtos 15 M. in. «^ lfl AtypiKCLvbs K. *c03ios K. in. li r Tw £>' €7nytyvo/A€VG) 17 ere*, eV c5 Wiap/cgs t€ Map/ceWo? Afat Aqv/cios * AppovvTios vTrdTevaay, 7] re 7ro\i? < ireXaylcravTos avdw rov 7rorafiov iirXevadr), /cal /cepavvocs aXXa re ^pXXaji^X^drj Ka\ ol avhptavres ol iv tg) Uavdelq), &gts /cal to Bopv\ifc rr)$ rod AvyovaTov p^tyoo? i/areaeiv. Trovovjxevoi ovv\ V7r6 re T^)? voaov) Kdlyvirb rov 2 Xi/jlov (ev T€ yap rrj 'IraX/a nrdarj o^Xpifio^ eyevero teal ttjv ^ci pav ovheis elpydcraro* So^tSjS' on fca\ iv tch? e£(o yo&plois ro^avro tovto avvr)- vkyOrf) vojxiaavTe^ ol 'Vcopbaloi qvk aXXco? afyLai Tavra avpb^e$r)fcevav y a\V cm purj /cal Tore vira- 3 revovTa tov Avy ovarov ea^pv, Si/cTaTopa aifTov rjdeXrjcrav TTpoxeipieacrdai,, /cal tt\v t€ fiovXrjv 1 IV. vl R. Steph., Xv vl VM. 2 'AiqvS&ap&os R. Steph., avrj6^apfios M, awSfiapfios V. 3 for. supplied by Bs. 4 Atovtos Leopard, X iovvios M, X ovvtos V. 5 Qpovyi {bpvyX) R. Steph., (povprios VM. 6 in. K/>a<rcroj supplied by Xyl. 7 Tij8. KAouStos H. Steph., t j8 kA V, Tt£. kA. M. 8 KvivtiXios Xyl., K Vi VM. 282 BOOK LIV B.C. 16 L. Domitius Cn. F. Cn. N. Ahenobarbus, P. Cornelius P. F. V. N. Scipio. 15 M. Livius L. F. Drusus Libo, L. Calpurnius L. F. Piso Frugi. 14 M. Licinius M. F. Crassus, Cn. Cornelius Cn. F. Lentulus. 13 Tib. Claudius Tib. F. Nero, P. Quintilius Sex. F. Varus. 12 M. Valerius M. F. Messalla Barbatus, P. Sulpicius P. F. Quirinus. 11 Paulus Fabius Q. F. Maximus, Q. Aelius Q. F. Tubero. 10 Iullus Antonius M. F., Africanus Q. Fabius Q. F. The following year, in which Marcus Marcellus b.c. 22 and Lucius Arruntius were consuls, the city was again submerged by the overflowing of the river, and many objects were struck by thunderbolts, especially the statues in the Pantheon, so that the spear even fell from the hand of Augustus. The pestilence raged throughout all Italy so that no one tilled the land, and I suppose that the same was the case in foreign parts. The Romans, therefore, re- duced to dire straits by the disease and by the consequent famine, believed that these woes had come upon them for no other reason than that they did not have Augustus for consul at this time also. They accordingly wished to elect him dictator, and 9 Ovapos M. Oi)a\cpios Xyl., ovavirrepos ovdpios V, ov avir' yepoaovdptos M. 10 M. H. Steph., fxdptcov VM. 11 Mei-traAas BapjSaTor Xyl., fieaaahos &p^aros VM. 12 *i)3(os Xyl., <p\ VM. 13 K. A1\ios H. Steph., K at \ VM. 14 *lov\\os Bs., ioi5Aio$ VM. 15 'AvtAvios Xyl. , avToivtvos VM. 10 yir. supplied by Bs. iviyiyvoiuifvtj) Bk. t iiriyevofJLcva) VM. VOL. VI. 283 K DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY KCLTCLfckelaavTes e? to avveSpcov kirrjvdyKacFav tovto yjrrj(f)Lcraa0ai, an eiXovvris a<pa<$ KaTairprj- creiv, Kal fiera ravra Ta? pd/3Sov<; Ta? Teaaapa? Kal eiKocn XaftovTe? 7rpoayX0ov avTw, 1 SiKrdropd T€ d/jua Beofievoi XeyPrjvai Kal €ttiijl€Xtjtt)v tov (tltov, /caOdirep iroTe tov Uo/jltttjiov, yeveadai. 4 Kal p? tovto fiev dvay/ccdcos iBe^aro, Kal i/ceXevae^, Bvo avBpas rojv yrpb irevre ttov del ir&V/iarpa- TrjyrjKOTcov 7rpb<; ttjv tov airov Biavo/nrjv /car €T0? alpelcrBai, ttjv Be BtKTaToplav ov TrpoarjKaTO, dXXa Kal ttjv iaOrjTa irpoajcaTeppr^aTO, eireiBi) ^ firjBeva Tpoirov a\\(o^](T(jyd<i eirivyelv, firjTe Bia- 5 Xeyojievo? /jlt]T€ Beofievos, r}Bvyij0rj m t/jv re yap i^ovalav /cal ttjv Tifirjv Kal{yTrep tov<$ BiKTaTopas / €%o)i>, dpdcos TO T£ eirL^0ovov Kal TO fJLCarjTOV 2 tt)<; ijrcKXrjaea)^ avT(ov 2 i<$vX d%aTO. to B^avTO tovto Kal ti/jlijttjv avTov Sid J3lov yeipoTOvrjaai ftovXo/nevcov eiroLrjaev* ovTe yap ttjv dpyrjv yirkz GTV], Kal 6V0VS €T€pOV<i TlfirjTaS, UaQXoV T6 AlfJLL- Xiov AeiuBov Kal Aovkiov MovvaTiov TlXdyKov, tovtov (lev, dBeX(f>bv tov TlXdyKov eKelvov tov eiTiKripvydkvTOs ovTa, tov Be Brj AeirtBov avTov 2 tots 0avaTco0evTa, direBei^ev. ea / x, aT0C 6 °j?7JM~- ttjv TifirjTecav IBi&Tac dfia eo")(p v > ^crirep ttov Kal 7rapaxpr}fia avTols iSrjXd)0r)' to yap ^rjfjua d<j) y ov tl irpd^etv Tcov irpoarjKovTwv o-cj>Laiv 1 auT^J Zon., avrbv VM. 2 avrwv M, avrbv V. * 5^ V, oin. M. 284 BOOK LIV shutting the senators up in their meeting place, they b.c. 22 forced them to vote this measure by threatening to burn down the building over their heads. Next they took the twenty-four rods 1 and approached Augustus, begging him to consent both to being named dictator and to becoming commissioner ot the grain supply, 2 as Pompey had once done. 3 He accepted the latter duty under compulsion, and ordered that two men should be chosen annually, from among those who had served as praetors not less than five years previously in every case, to at- tend to the distribution of the grain. As for the dictatorship, however, he did not accept the office, but went so far as to rend his garments when he found himself unable to restrain the people in any other way, either by argument or by entreaty ; for, since he was superior to the dictators in the power and honour he already possessed, he properly guarded against the jealousy and hatred which the title would . arouse. He took the same course also when they ' wished to elect him censor for life ; for, declining to take the office himself, he immediately appointed , others to be censors, namely Paul us Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Munatius Plancus, the latter a brother of that Plancus who had been proscribed, 1 and the former a man who had himself been con- | demned to die at that same time. These were the last two private citizens to hold the censorship together, which was no doubt the meaning of the sign given to them ; for the platform, on which they were to perform one of the functions devolving upon them, 1 The fasces ; the dictator was regularly attended by twenty-four lictors. Cf. liii. 1, n. 1. 2 Curator annonae. 3 Cf. xxxix. 9. 285 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY rifieXKov, avvenreaev \ dvaftdvTcov avTcov jfeV rfj 7rp(l>T7j T77? apXV? VPtpa Ka ^ cryp€Tpij3r] 9 teal fiera tovt ovBevef jaXKot TifirjTal o/uoiot, avrois dfia 3 eyevovTO. kcu tots (Jie) o_ AvyovaTOSy Kaiirep etceivcov alpeOevTcov, ttoXKcl tcov e? avrovs avrj- kovtcov eirpat-e, tcov re ctvctctltlcov tcl jxey) irav- TeXa>? KajeXyae, tcl heXirpbs to o~co<ppovecTT€pov ayyecrTeiXe. teal tois fJLev/aTpaTr)yol<; ra? iravr)^ yvpeis Traaas irpoaeTa^ev, etc T€ tov Stj/jloctiov 4 hLhocrdaL ti avTol? tceXevcras, icai TTpocTaireiTroyy /jl7]t€ e? ifceiva? oitcoOev Tiva ifkelov tov eTepov dvaTucr/ceiv firjO* oifKopLa^iav fiijT* aWcos el JjLtj 7j /3ov\r) tyrfifiio-aiTo, /ut]t av ifkeovaKis rj Si? ev €fCaCTTCp €T€l, pLYjTe 7r\€l6v(DV eiKOCTL tCCU ZtCCLTOV dvSpcov TToieiw Toi$ S* dyopavo/xoL^ t<h9 tcovpov- \lois tt]v tcov ifiTrc/JLTTpajiievcov 1 KaTaa^eo-iv eVe- Xelpicrev, e^aKoatovs a^iai ftorjOovs 8ov\ov$ $ov$. 5 €7T€lSi] t€ 2 real Ittttti^ 3 tca\ yvyaitce? eTrifyaveis ev ttj bpyr\GTpa /cal tot€ ye eireheL^avTOy airr^yopevaev ovx otl T0Z9 iraicrX tcov /SovXevTcov, oirep irov teal irpiv €K€K(o\vto, dWd Koi to?9 eyyovots, T0Z9 ye 4 ( ev ttj iTTirdhi) St]\ov otl i^eTa^ofievots, firjhev ctl toiovto hpdv. 3 Kal.ev fievj tovtocs to t€ tov vo/jlo0€tov koi to tov avTOKpcLTopos kcu axfjfia kol ovofia iirehei^ KVUTQ* ev Be} 8r) tol<; aXXowj i/jLeTpia^ep, wcrre /cat 2 <f)l\oL<; Tiaiv evOvvo/uevois irapaylyvecrdai. Mdp- KOV T€ TWOS TiplfJLOV alTlCLV €^OI>T09 OTl TTjS Mcuce&ovias a>f>X°? v 'OBpvaais eVoXe/i^cre, /ecu 1 ijxtrifxirpafxivuv Dind., i/uiwrpafiwwv VM. 2 €7T6i5r? re V, ^ireiSVj irep M. 3 iinrTjs M, iirwefs V. 4 ye Rk., re VM. 6 iiredeUvvTO V, aireSe'iKwro M. 286 BOOK LIV collapsed as they ascended it on the first day of their b.c. 22 holding the office, and was shattered in pieces, and after that no others of the same rank as these became censors together. Even at this time, in spite of their having been chosen to the position, Augustus performed many of the duties belonging to their office. Of the public banquets, he abolished some altogether and limited the extravagance of others. He committed the charge of all the festivals to the praetors, commanding that an appropriation should be given them from the public treasury, and also forbidding any one of them to spend more than another from his own means on these festivals, or to give a gladiatorial combat unless the senate decreed it, or, in fact, oftener than twice in each year or with more than one hundred and twenty men. To the curule aediles he entrusted the putting out of fires, for which purpose he granted them six hundred slaves as assistants. And since knights and women of rank had given exhibitions on the stage even then, 1 he forbade not only the sons of senators, who had even before this been excluded, but also their grandsons, so far, at least, as these belonged to the equestrian order, to do I anything of the sort again. Although in these measures he showed himself, in form as well as in name, both law-giver and arbitrary ruler, in his behaviour generally he was moderate, to I such a degree, in fact, that he even stood by some of I his friends when their official conduct was under I investigation. Also when a certain Marcus Primus I was accused of having made war upon the Odrysae I while he was governor of Macedonia, and declared at 1 Cf. liii. 31. 287 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY XeyovTO? tot€ fiev ttj tov Avyovo~TOv Tore^Sprfj MapzceXXov yvcbpy tovto ireirot^Kevat, e? re to hiKCLGTrjpiov avTeirdyye^Tos J}X0e, zeal eyrepcoTr)- Oels 'vTro tov o~t parity ov) el Trpoard^etiv oi iroXe- 3 prjaai, e^apvo? iyevero. tov re avvayopevovTos , TCp TlpLfjLCp AlKlVLOV 1 ^lovprjVOV dXXa T€ j €9 dVTOv) ovze iiTLTrjheLa diroppltyavTos, zeal irvOopevov (t ri hrj evTavda iTOieh, zeal t£?„ <re jzedXea ev roaovrov povov airejc^ivaro oti "to Srjpoo-tov."^ eirl ovv TOVTOisj vtto pevj tcov 6v <j>povovvTcov\ eirrjvelTO, &o~T6 zeal to ti]V fiovXrjv dOpoL^eiv/ ocrdzeis av ideX7]arj\ Xafielv, tcov dXXcov Twes zearecfrpo- 4 vrj&av avrov. dpeXet, zeal tov TlpLpov ov/c,.6Xljoi„ direyjrr](p[aavTO y zeal irnftovXrjv ereppi eV avrcpj crvvearrjaav. <$>dvvto<; \ pev yap Y^atrricov dp^rjyos avrrjs eyevero, tTVverreXdfiovTO Se zeal aXXor zeai acfricn zeal 6 yiovprfvas avvopcopozeevai, etr ovv dX7j0co<; eXre zealeze hta^oXrj^, eXeydn? irreiSr) teal dzepdrco zeal zearazeopel rf) irapprjaiaiirpb^ rrdvras j 5 opoLcos i^prjTO. zeal ov yap vrrepeivav to Sizea- crTrjpiov t eprjprjv pev a>? zeal (frevgopevot rjXcocrav, a7rea(f>dyrjaav Be ov rroXXco varepov, ovhe iTrrfp- zeeaav rco'yiovprjva ovre 6 IT pozeovXeio? 4 d8eX(f)Q$ cov ovre 6 Ma^p? rfj dheXcf>fj avrov avvouecov, zcaLirep 'i$ rd rrpcora vtto tov Avyovarov TLpLco- 6 pevoi. co<? (S'j ovv zeal rovrov^ tcov Sizea^ovrcov Tive<t direkvaav, evopoOerrjae pyre zepvcj)a Ta<? yfrtfefiovs^ iv rats 'eprjpois SCzeais) cftepeoOai, zeal rrdaais avrals tov evdvvopevov dXlazeeadat. zeal ore ye ravr ov% vrr dpyrjssaXX* cb<; zeal avpfye- 1 AiKivtov M, XiKiPviov V. 2 4>avMos Leuncl., <f>dv€ios VM. 8 ^Ae'x^i? M, i\4yxQil V. 4 UpoKov\«ios Bs., irpoKovkios VM. 288 BOOK LIV one moment that he had done it with the approval b.c. 22 of Augustus, and at another with that of Marcellus, Augustus came of his own accord to the court- room ; and upon being asked by the praetor whether he had instructed the man to make war, he denied it. And when the advocate of Primus, Licinius Murena, in the course of some rather disrespectful remarks that he made to him, enquired : (£ What are you doing here, and who summoned you ? " Augustus merely replied: "The public weak" For this he received praise from the people of good sense and was even given the right to convene the senate as often as he pleased ; but some of the others despised him. At all events, not a few voted for the acquittal of Primus, and others formed a plot against Augustus. Fannius Caepio was the instigator of it, but others also joined with him. Even Murena was reported to be in the conspiracy, whether truly or by way of calumny, since he was immoderate and un- restrained in his outspokenness toward all alike. These men did not stand trial, and so were convicted by default, on the supposition that they intended to flee ; and a little latter they were slain. Murena found neither Proculeius, his brother, nor Mae- cenas, his sister's husband, of any avail to save him, though these men were most highly honoured by Augustus. And inasmuch as some of the jurymen voted to acquit even these conspirators, the emperor made a law that in trials at which the defendant was not present the vote should not be taken secretly and the defendant should be convicted only by a unanimous vote. Now that he took these measures, not in anger, but as really conducive to 289 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7 povra ra> BrjfLO&iq) Biiratjev, LO"%vpG)$ SUBei^e* tov <yOVV TTdTpOS TOV KcLLTTLCOVOS TOV JJ£V €T€pOV TO)V BovXcov tcov o~Vficj)vy6vTG)v tg> viel i\€v0€p<bo-avTO$, otl a/jbvvai ol 6vr}GtcovTL r^eXrjcre, tov Se 1 eTepov tov rrrpoSovTa clvtov jSta Te T779 ayopa<z fiearj^ fieTa ypafifiaTC0V^\TrfV oltlclv r tt)<; OavaTcoaeco^ clvtov J BtjXovvtcov &Layay6vT0<i kol fxeTa TavTa ava- 8 o-TavpcoaavTos, ovfc ^ya^dfCTrjcre. tcav i^rjfcitraTO iraaav ttjv tcov ovk apea/eofievcov to?9 irpa^ffelai fiefx^iv, el fir) kol 0vglcl$ a>? 2 fcal eVl vlkjj tlvl ) kol yfrrj(f)tcrd€Lo~a<; irepielhe zeal yevofieva*;. 4 T6t£ S'lovv real ttjv Y^virpov koX tt)v TaXaTtav ttjv Nap/3covrio-iav aTreSoyfce tg> StJ/xg) &>9 firjSev to)V oir\(ov avTov Seofiivas' tcai ovtm? dvdvnaToc 2 teal €9 ifceiva tcl eQvt) TrefnreaOaL rjp^avTO. kol tov tov Alo$ tov JSpovT&vTOs iwL/caXov fiivov vaov /caOiipcocre- (jrepl ov fhvo jclvtcl irapaBeSoTat, otl TOTe" T€yiv Tjj lepovpyia) ftpovTal iyivovTO, kol aeTCL TavTa ovap tco AvyovaTO) TQLovSe eirec-TH). tq)v yap avvpcoTTcov, to fiev tl 7rp09 to gevovJ/caL TOV OVOfACLTOS CLVTOV KOL t'oO etBoV?, TO S£ KCLL. OTL 3 V7T0 TOV A£yOVO~TOV XhpVTO, fieyLGTOV he) OTL TrpcoTO) gl^avLOVTesii? to KaTrLT(o\LOP t iveTvyxqvov, Trpoaep^pfievwv Te avT(p z kol aefiovTcov, eSpfe, tov Ata tov iv to> fieyd\a> vcl&iovtcl opyrjv o>9 koX tcl BevTepa avTov fyepofxevov TroieladaL, kol eK TOVTOVjiiceLvu) Te elirelv eXeyev otl TTpofyvKaica 4 TOV BpOVTCOVTCL €J(pL, KCLL 67T6iSr/ f]fl€pCL iyeVCTO, KcoBcova avT(p KepL^^e, ftefiaLcov Trjv ovelpco^LV 4 1 rhv 8« Bk, , Tiva 5e VM. 2 ical dvalas u>s V, om. M. 3 auT^J R. Steph., auTuv VM. * oveipco^iv M, bvelpaliv V. 290 BOOK LIV the public good, he gave very strong proot ; at any b.c. 22 rate, when Caepio's father freed one of the two slaves who had accompanied his son in his flight because this slave had wished to defend his young master when he met his death, but in the case of the second slave, who had deserted his son, led him through the midst of the Forum with an inscription making known the reason why he was to be put to death, and afterwards crucified him, the emperor was not vexed. Indeed, he would have allayed all the criticism of those who were not pleased with what had been done, had he not gone further and permitted sacrifices to be both voted and offered as for a victory. It was at this time that he restored to the people both Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis as districts no longer needing the presence of his armies ; and thus proconsuls began to be sent to those provinces also. He also dedicated the temple of Jupiter Tonans. Concerning this temple two stories have been handed down, first, that at that time claps of thunder occurred when the ritual was being performed, and, second, that at a later time Augustus had a dream as follows. The people, he thought, approached Jupiter who is called Tonans and did reverence to him, partly be- cause of the novelty of his name and of the form of his statue, and partly because the statue had been set up by Augustus, but chiefly because it was the first they encountered as they ascended the Capitol ; and thereupon the Jupiter in the great temple was angry because he was now reduced to second place as compared with the other. At this, Augustus related, he said to Jupiter Capitolinus, " You have Tonans as your sentinel " ; and when it was day, he ^attached a bell to the statue as confirmation of the 291 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY oi yap t<z9 crvvoiteias vvteTcop (f>vXdcraovTe<; Kwhwvo- . (j)OpOV(TLV f 07T&)9 (T7}fiaLV€lV (T(f>L(TlV OTTOTCLV Serj- 0wcn 1 Bvvcovrai, , , ^ 5 ( ^vfpSv)hr] rff 'Pco/jLrjjrajiT^jEyiyveTO, virb^SaSr} tovs aurou? tovtovs ypovovs ! teal oJ^J^ayjaftpoL oj re "AcrTupe? hroXefiyjaav av6i<$> 2 ovtoi jxev^Std re rpvfrjv teal S/' wfiorijra tov JLapMriov, qi^ Se 8?) Kdvrafipoi, eVe^S?) iteeivovs re v€WT€pi^ovTa^ rjaOovro teal tov ap^ovro^ acfxov Yatov QovpvLov teaT€<f>p6vrjcrav, on re vecoarl djnterp teal on dnrzipov avrov royviirap eavTOL^lirpayfidrcov elvai 2 h'So^av. oi fievTOL fealevTO) epya), toiovtos crfyiaiv i(f)dv7} f dXX* r)TT7)9evT€<; dficporepoL vtt avrov (teal yap to5 YLapicrlep Trpoatffxvvev) iSovXd)0rjo-av. teal tcov fi€V Kavrdfipcov ov iroXXol kaXwaav* eVaS?) yap dvkXiriGTOV rrjv iXevOeplav ecFj^ov^ ovSe £fjv 3 rjdeK'qaaVy dXX' oi pievS rd ipv/mara TTpoefiirpj]-^ aavref eaurou? aTrkcr<$>a%av, o£ Se teal etceivois edeXovral o-vyteare/cav^rjaav, aXXoj S^fioata (j>ap- fid/cctyv ive7r\rj(T0r}o-av f &are to t€ irXeZo~Tov teal to dypid)TaTOV avT(bv (pOaprjvar fit "AaTvpes TayicrTa yeopiov T€ ti nroXioptcovvTes aTTrjXd- Orjaav teal fid^rj fxeTa tovt iviterjdrjcrav, oiteer dvTrjpav dXX y evOv? iyetpcoOrjaav. 4 'Tito Se tov avTOV tovtov %p6vov oi KWioTce^ oi VTrep KlyvirTOv ol/eovvres TTpoex^p^crav puev^ fikypi T V ( * iroXecos Trjs'EXecfravTlvris wvofxaafievrf^, irdvTa Ta iv irocrl TropOovvTes, r/yov/mevrj^ atyLaiv KavSdter)?* irvBofievoi he) ivravdd ttov Ydiov Tierpcoviov tov t% AlyvirTOv dpj(pvTa irpoaikvai, 1 5€?)0ci<n Dind., $vvr)Q5}<n VM. 2 alBts Xyl., aurois VM 292 BOOK LIV vision. For those who guard communities at night b.c. 22 carry a bell, in order to be able to signal to the inhabitants whenever they need to do so. These were the events that occurred in Rome ; and at about this same period the Cantabri and the Astures broke out into war again, the Astures on account of the luxurious ways and cruelty of Carisius, and the Cantabri because they perceived that the others were in revolt and because they despised their own governor, Gaius Furnius, since he had but lately arrived and they supposed that he was unacquainted with conditions among them. Never- theless, he did not appear to them that sort of man when it came to action ; for they were defeated and reduced to slavery by him, and the Astures likewise, since he also aided Carisius. Not many of the Cantabri were captured ; for when they had no hope of freedom, they did not chose to live, either, but some set their forts on fire and cut their own throats, and others of their own choice remained with them and were consumed in the flames, while yet others took poison in the sight of all. Thus the most of them and the fiercest element perished. As for the Astures, as soon as they had been repulsed while besieging a certain stronghold and had later been defeated in battle, they offered no further resist- ance, but were promptly subdued. About this same time the Ethiopians, who dwell beyond Egypt, advanced as far as the city called Elephantine, with Candace as their leader, ravaging everything they encountered. At Elephantine, how- ever, learning that Gaius 1 Petronius, the governor of gypt, was approaching, they hastily retreated before 1 Pliny (JVa*. Hist. vi. 181) calls him Publius. 293 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TrpoairrjXOov 1 fievi &><? /cal SuKpev^o/jievoi, /caraXrj- fyBevres Be iv rfj 6Bw r)TTr}8r}(Tav> /cd/c tovtov /cal 5 TTjV ol/cecav avTov iiTeaTrdaavTO, /cal /caXcb? /cal itcei dycovio-dfjbevos 7roXei<; aXXa<; re 1 /cal tt)v NaTrdrTjv 2 to ftaatXeiov avrcov eXaftev? /cal i/cetvrj jLtev /caTeaKa^rj, iv irepoy <Se tlvl %a>pi« j (f)povpa /caT€\€L<f)0r)' 4 6 yap Uerpcovw /^fre Trepanepco^htd re rrjv a^jiov^fcti^Bia^Tb fcavfia,/ irpoeXOelv pLTjTe /caret yji>pav fiera Travrbs rov (TTparov j fjueivai /caXm ByvjQfi els dvexwprjae, to 6 TrXelov avTov iirayofievo^. {/cdv TOvrajTcov At- Olottcov rot? <j>povpoi<; iiriOepLevcov av0i$ re^iir avrovs ,i<TTpdT€v<je, /cal tovs cr<f>eTepovs ippyaaTO, koI tt\v TLavBd/crjv avfi^rjvaL oi r\vdy/cao~ey. 6 'Ei> o5 Be ravra iytyvero, 6 AvyovcTO? 69 XifceXiav rfkOev, 07nt)9 fcal i/ceivrjv /cal rdXXa ra p*kXP l T *? ? Hvplas KaTaaTqcrrjTai. /cal avrov ivravOa er opto? o tcov 'Pcofiaicov tou9 virdrovs xeiporovoov io-Ta<riao;ev, ware /cal ( i/c tovtov 'BiaBeix^V vai oti dByyarov rjv Br)p,o/cpaTov- 2 fjuevovs crcfya? acoOrfvai, fii/cpov yovv twos (ev T€ tcu9 dpxaipeaiai? /cal iv rafc a/o^afc avTal?) /cvptevovres i0opv/3r)cr.av. iTrjp elTO Qfiev) yap rj ejepa X^R a . T( P Avyovo~T(p, /cal BTSTtovto M.ap/co$ KoXXiosfKar d/>%«9 toO 6TOt>9 fiovos fjpfcev 9 i/cei- vov Be? fit) Begafievov avTrjv^KvivTos T6 Ae7TiSo9 /cal Aov/cios 2iXovavb<; iaTrovBapxtavav, /cal ovtco ye irdvra avverdpa^av ware /cal rbv Avyov- 3 crrov V7TO t&v i/xeppovcov avakXrjOrjvai. iireiBr} Be 1 re supplied by Rk. 2 NairaTTj? Dind., ravdirriv VM Xiph. 8 $aat\€iov avToiv $\a&ev Xiph., &acrl\€iov aneXafiev VM. 4 KaT€\€l(p6r) Xiph., KareX^dr} VM. 6 M, 8e V. 294 BOOK LIV he arrived, hoping to make good their escape. But b.c. 22 being overtaken on the road, they were defeated and thus drew him after them into their own country. There, too, he fought successfully with them, and took Napata, their capital, among other cities. This place was razed to the ground, and a garrison left at another point ; for Petronius, finding himself unable either to advance farther, on account of the sand and the heat, or advantageously to remain where he was with his entire army, withdrew, taking the greater part of it with him. Thereupon the Ethiopians at- tacked the garrisons, but he again proceeded against them, rescued his own men, and compelled Candace to make terms with him. While this was going on, Augustus went to Sicily in order to settle affairs in that island and elsewhere as far as Syria. While he was still there, the Roman popu- lace fell to quarrelling over the election of the consuls. This incident showed clearly that it was impossible for a democratic government to be maintained among them ; at any rate, although they had but little authority either in the matter of the elections or of the offices themselves, they fell to rioting. One of the' consulships, it seems, was being kept for Augustus, and accordingly at the beginning of the year Marcus B .o. 21 ['Lollius alone entered upon office ; but when the em- Lperor would not accept the position, Quintus Lepidus and Lucius Silvanus became rival candidates and threw everything into such turmoil that Augustus was sum- noned home by those who retained their senses. He 295 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY / ot'% vTrearpe^re /xiv, iXOovras Se avrov? fopo? avrbv ^aireir€ixylrev iTTLTLfirjaa^ acjtlai kcu KeXevaas d/ji(f)OT€pcov avrwv dirovTcov ttjv yfrrjcfrov SoOrjvat, ovBev /ndWov rjav^aaau, dWa koX ttclvv av6i<$ hwjve-)(drjaav s chare tov AewtSov oyjri irore alpe- 4 6r)vai. ayavafCTTjo-cH; ovv iirl tovtco 6 Avyovcrros, teal fxrjTe /jlopj] ttj 'Fco/jbrj ayoKafyiv hwdpuevos fiijT av avapxov avrrjv /caraXiTreLv roXficov, i&jrei Tivd avrfj eiriaTrjcraL, /cal etcjuye pky^ tov ^AypiTT- 5 irav iTTLTrjSeioTaTOV e? tovto elvai, /3ov\r)0eh Se}l 8r) /cal d^Lco/jia avrop jnei&v irepideivat, Yva Kal(i/c TOVTOV. paOV aVTCOV dpXV> ^T€7T€/JiyfraTO avroVy /cal /caTavay/cdaas ttjv yvvai/ca, fcanrep dBeXcptBrjv avTOv ovaav, aTraWd^avTa ttj *\ov\iq gwoiky)- I crai, e? ttjv 'Vco/jLrjv yrapaxprj/jLa /cal fiirl tw ya/xw^J KaVeirl ttj tijs 7roXea)9 hiax^tptcrei eVe/x^e, hid tc I tglWcl /cal oti o Maw^a? crvfAfiovXevofjievcp ol irepl avTtov rovroov elirelv Xeyerai oti " rrfki- I kovtov clvtov TreTTolrjfca? coctt i) yap,j3j>6v crov I 6 yeveaOai r) <fyovev6rjvai" fcai 09 tcl jiev aWa 1 ; olBovvra en eupoov /caTeaTrjcraTO, rd^ T6 iepd tcl j hlyviTTia iireaLovra av8i$ e? to clcttv dveaTeiXev, aTretircov firfheva firjSe iv Top TrpoaaTeUpjavr^ivrb^ oyhoov rj/jLLaraStov jroieiv ^Tapaxv^ &j tlvo<z ^repl I tt)v 1 ^tov irdXidpxov tov Sid rd<; dvox^ alpov- \ fxevov ^x^poTOvlav a v finder r}$ ov/c s iTre/cpaTTjaev avrrj*;, dWa dvev t% dpxy? ravrrf^ tov iviavrov e/celvov SieyevovTO. 1 tV supplied by R. Steph. 296 BOOK LIV would not return, however, and when the two 'b.c. 21 candidates themselves came to him, he rebuked them and sent them away, giving orders that the vote should be taken during the absence of them both ; thereupon the people were no more quiet than before, but fell into great strife again, until at last Lepidus was chosen. Augustus was displeased at the incident, for he could not devote all his time to Rome i alone and did not dare to leave the city in a state of | anarchy ; accordingly, he sought for some one to set over it, and judged Agrippa to be most suitable for the purpose. And as he wished to invest him with a dignity above the ordinary, in order that he might govern the people more easily, he summoned him, compelled him to divorce iiis wife, although she was the emperor's own niece, and to marry Julia ; and he sent him to Rome at once to attend both to the wedding and to the administration of the city. This step is said to have been taken partly on the advice of Maecenas, who in counselling him upon these very matters said : " You have made him so great that he must either become your son-in-law or be slain." Agrippa, then, checked whatever other ailments he founcTlstill festering, and curtailed the Egyptian rites which were again invading the city, forbidding anyone to perform them even in the suburbs within one mile of the city. 1 And when a "disturbance arose over the election of the prefect of the city, the official chosen on account of the Feriae, 2 he did not succeed in quelling it, but they went through that year without this official. I 1 Cf. note on li. 19, 6. 2 The prefect of the city was appointed to have charge of .the city during the absence of the two consuls in attendance [upon the celebration at the Alban Mount. 297 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7 Kal 6 fiev ravr errparrev, 6 jSe) Avyovaro<; rd re aWa rd iv rfj *ZiKe\ia SioiKijaa^, Kal rd$ Hvpcucovdas 1 erepas re riva? TroXeis 2 clttoLkovs 'FcofiaLcov aTToheL^a? i$ rrjv 'EXXd&a iirepaLwOrj. 2 Kal Aa/ce&aifioviovs fiev to?? re T&vQrjpots teal rfj avcFcnrLa irlfiTjaev, on rj Aiovla, ore (eK rfjs 'IraXla^o-vv re tw dvBpl Kal avv tw vlel e(f>vyev, €Kei hierptyfrev 'Adrjvaicdv rrjv re AXyivav Kal rrjv 'Eperpiav (eKapirovvro yap airds), fc>9 rtvi^ <f>acriv, a<fi€i\6To, on rbv * Avr&viov iaTrovBaaav, Kal rrpoaeri Kal aTrrjyppevq-e <j$igi firjSeva irbXlrrjiv 3 dpyvpiov 7TOL€la0ai. Kal airois €9 ravra eSo£e, to to) tt/9 ^AOrjvds dydXfian <rvfi/3ctv diroaKrj^raij iv yap rfj aKpoiroXei '777)09 3 dvaroXcov ihpvfievov 7T/0O9 T6 TCT9 Sva/JLaS fJL€T€(TT pdtyrj KOI alfia (17T€- 4 irrvaev. J> 8' ovv 4 Avyovaros to re 'EXXtjvikov Sirjyaye Kal 69 Xd/iov eyfKevaev, ivravOd re ix e j£. fiave, Kal €9 ttjv ^ Aalaviv tw rjpi iv cS Wlapjcos re 5 ArrovXeios 5 Kal Uov7rXto<; 2^09 virdrevaav^ KOficaOeh rrdvra rd re eKel Kal ra/ev rfj JSidvvia 5 Siira^ev, ov% on rod Brj/xou Kal ravra ra Wvt) Kal rd TTporepa iSo/cec elvaifiv oXiycopia avra Troirjad/nevos, dWd Kal rrdvv Trdvrcov a(f>a)v a>9 nal eavrov ovrcov iirtpLeXi^Oei^ rd re yap aXXa oaairep Kal irpoarjKov rjv irr^vaypOwae, Kal XPV~ \ ixara rots pev iireBco/ce to£<? Kal, vrrep rbv (j)6pov/ 6 iaeveyKelv irpoaera^e. toi?9 re Kv&kt)vov<s, on f Pa)//aiou9 rivas iv ardaei fiaariyoxravres dire* Kretvav, iSovXdoaaro. Kal rovro Kal toi>9 Tvplovs 1 LvpaKovaas R. Steph., ffvpaKovaarus VM. 2 -n6\€ts M, om. V. 3 wpbs Reim., t?J irphs VM. 4 5' ovv Pflugk, yovv VM. 6 ^irovXhos Bs., airou\to$ VM.. 298 BOOK LIV While Agrippa was thus occupied, Augustus, after b.c. 21 arranging various matters in Sicily and making Roman colonies of Syracuse and certain other cities, crossed over into Greece. He honoured the Lacedaemonians by giving them Cythera and at- tending their public mess, because Livia, when she fled from Italy with her husband and son, 1 had spent some time there. But from the Athenians he took away Aegina and Eretria, from which they received tribute, because, as some say, they had espoused the cause of Antony ; and he furthermore forbade them to make anyone a citizen for money. And it seemed to them that the thing which had happened to the statue of Athena was responsible for this misfortune ; for this statue on the Acropolis, which was placed to face the east, had turned around to the west and spat blood. Augustus, now, after transacting what business he had in Greece, sailed to Samos, where he passed the winter ; and in the spring of the year b.c. 20 when Marcus Apuleius and Publius Silius were consuls, he went on into Asia, and settled everything there and in Bithynia. For although these provinces as well as those previously mentioned were regarded as belonging to the people, he did not for that reason neglect them, but gave most careful attention to them all, as if they were his own. Thus he instituted various reforms, so far as seemed desirable, and made donations of money to some, at the same time commanding others to contribute an amount in excess of the tribute. He reduced the people of Cyzicus to slavery because during a factious quarrel they had flogged and put to death some Romans. And when he reached Syria, he took the same action 1 Cf. xlviii. 15. 299 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY tovs re Xi&Q>viov$ 8id t<x9 crTacrei^ €7roi7)(T€v f iv 8 fKeh> tovtw o^J&paarris <£oj872#ei9 fit) kcu iiri - (TTpaTevcrr} ol, oti /jurjBeTrco to)v x o-vy/ceifiivcov €Tr€TrOir)K€l Tl, TCL T€ (T7]jA€lCJ, a\)T(p 3 Kdl T0U9 alx/jLaXcbrovs, ttXtjv oXiycov ot wit ato")£vvr)<$)o-<pd<; €<f>&£ipau rf teal warci ^copav Xa06vT€<; ejieivav, 2 airiTre/Ayfre. ical avTovs ifcelvosTco*; icai 7roX€jx(p tlvi tov Udpdov v^yiKrjKO)^~€Xa^€' teal yap iw} tovtols* i<f>povei /Jieya, Xiycov oti tcl irporepov 7T0T6 iv Tafr pLa^ats] drroXo/JLeva clkovltI ijcacp- 3 [iiaro. dfieXec, ica\ Overlap eV aujol^ teal veoov "ApeOdsTi/JLOdpOVliv TW }£a7TLT(*)Xi(p f \KaTa rb\ov Ato? tov 4>epefpiov/ ^Xafiajc irpbs rrjv t&v (T7)/jl€L(ov dvdffecriv) real yjrrjcfuaOrjvai ijceXsvo-e teal iiroirjcre, fcal trpbckri teal eVl /ceXrjTosi €9 ttjv ttoXiv iarjXaae /cat dyfriBt Tpo7raio<f)6p<p irLpbrjOni, 4 ravra /jiev eV i/ceivoi? vcrrepov iirpd^dy iore^Se auro? re TTpoaTdrris to)v Trepl ttjv Pco/jLtjv 6Sa>v alpedels zeal to ^pvcrovv jxiXlov tce/cXrjpevov €<TTr}(T€, koX oBottoiovs auTafc i/c twv i<TT paTrjyrj- tcoTcov,) pa/38ov)(oi<; hvo xpeopuevovsy Trpocrera^e. 5 koX 7} ^lovXla tov Ydiov ovofxaaOevTa ejefce, j3ov~ 6vo~ia T€ T(H9 yeveOXiois avTov dlSios iBpOrj* kcu tovto filv ex yjrrjcjyLcrfjLaTOS, (oairep irou teal 1 rfj M, om. V. 2 y€t/6fi€vos — rhv rov Kvpl (chap. 19, 4) omitted in V, whose archetype L had lost five folios at this point. 3 airy Xiph., avrSov M. 4 4ir\ rovrois supplied by Reim. from Xiph. 1 That is, he celebrated an ovatio. 2 Curator viarum. 3 The milliarium aureum stood at the north end of the Forum near the Temple of Saturn, marking the point where 300 BOOK LIV in the case of the people of Tyre and Sidon on b.c. 20 account of their factious quarrelling. Meanwhile Phraates, fearing that Augustus would lead an expedition against him because he had not yet performed any of his engagements, sent back to him the standards and all the captives, with the exception of a few who in shame had destroyed themselves or, eluding detection, remained in the country. Augustus received them as if he had conquered the Parthian in a war ; for he took great pride in the achievement, declaring that he had recovered without a struggle what had formerly been lost in battle. Indeed, in honour of this success he commanded that sacrifices be decreed and likewise a temple to Mars Ultor on the Capitol, in imitation of that of Jupiter Feretrius, in which to dedicate the standards ; and he himself carried out both decrees. Moreover he rode into the city on horseback 1 and was honoured with a triumphal arch. Now all this was done later in commemoration of the event ; but at the time of which we are speaking he was chosen commissioner of all the highways in the neigh- bourhood of Rome/ and in this capacity set up the golden mile-stone, 3 as it was called, and appointed men from the number of the ex-praetors, each witli two lictors, to attend to the actual construction of the roads. And Julia gave birth to a boy, who received the name Gaius ; and a permanent annual sacrifice on his birthday was granted. Now this, like all the other acts mentioned, was done in pursuance all the great roads met. It was a column covered with gilt bronze, and was engraved with the names of the more important cities of the empire with their distances from Rome. Distances were actually measured, however, from the city gates. 301 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY raXka, iyivero' ISla Be Br) oi dyopavofiot iirizo- BpojxLav re iv tois tov Avjovcttov yeve0\loi<; zeal 0t]pmv o~(f>aya<; iiroirjcrav, 9 'E*> fxev ovv_rjj iroXei ravr iTrpdrrero, 6 Be AvyovaTos rb^iev: VTrrj/eoov Kara rd tcov 'Pco/jlclloov €07] Bt(pKei 9 TO Be eVO~7TOvBoV Tft) TTCLTpLtp (T(f)L(ri> T/0O7TO) eta 1 dpyeadar ouS' r)^L(oo-ev ovtc itcelvto 2 ti irpocrdeaOaL ovre eTepov tl 7rpoa/CTr)cra<T0cu, dX\\ dfcpiftw dpK€L(T0aL tois virdpyovaw eoV 2 fcajov, fcalxpvro ical rfj fiovXfj iireareCKev* axrre TToXe/xov ( ji€v ovBev Tore y i<f>T]'yjraTO s Zwacrreias Be Br) *Iafi/3\ix<p re tw 9 laji0\ixov rrjv { tcov 9 Apa0l(ov ) tt)v TTCLTp(pav /cat TapKovBi/JLOTqy tg> TaptcovSifioTOV tt)v YLiXiKLas, t)v 6 Trarrjp ai- tov e<r%e, ir\r)v r irapa0aXa<J r aiBL<»sv tivcov eBcoKey* e/cetva yap t« 'Ap%e\dq> fierd Tr)<; o-fAucpoTepas 5 ApjJLevLasSixqplcraTO, on 6 M^So? irplv avrr}<; 3 ftaaiXevcov €T€0vr]/cet. tw re 'HpcoBrj ZrjvoBdopov rivbs yerpapxiav, koX Mi0piSdr7j tiv\ tt)v Ko/z- fjLayrjvrjv, eVeiS?) tov irarepa avrov 6 fiacrikev avTrjs diretCTovei, /cairoi iraiBlcrtccd er ovtl ejre- 4 rpetye. to>v re 'Apfievtcov t<ov erepcov tov tc ApTa^ov 3 fcaTrjyoprjadvTcov Kal tov r Yiypdvr)V tov dBe\<f>bv avTOV iv ttj 'Pcofiy ovTa /neTa7refiy}ra- fievwv, ecrreiXe* tov Tifiepiov, oVft)? tov jnev efcfidXr] 7-779 ftaatXeLas, tov Be h avrrjv diroKara^ 5 ajrriGrr). J2££^X& / 1 fiev oiBev t?}? irapaaKevry; avTOV d^iov ot yap 'Apfievioi tov ' ApTa^ryv irpoaireKTeivav* 8' ovv Tifieptos, dWcos T€ /cat 1 eta Leuncl., ail M. 2 itce'ivy Bk., irceivajv M. 3 'Aprd^ov St., aprd&u M (and similarly just below). 4 &TT€lA€ Bk., jU€T€(TT€iX€ M. 302 BOOK LIV of a decree ; on their own initiative, however, the b.c. 20 aediles gave games in the Circus and a slaughter of wild beasts 011 Augustus' birthday. This is what was going on in the city. Augustus administered the subject territory according to the customs of the Romans, but permitted the allied na- tions to be governed in their own traditional manner ; and he did not regard it as desirable either to make any additions to the former or to extend the latter by any new acquisitions, but thought it best to be satis- fied with precisely what they already possessed, and he communicated this opinion to the senate. There- fore he undertook no war, at any rate for the time being, but actually gave away certain principalities — to Iamblichus, the son of Iamblichus, his ancestral dominion over the Arabians, and to Tarcondimotus, the son of Tarcondimotus, the kingdom of Cilicia, which his father had held, except for a few places on the coast These latter together with Lesser Armenia he granted to Archelaus, because the Mede, who previously had ruled them, was dead. To Herod he entrusted the tetrarchy of a certain Zenodorus, and to one Mithridates, though still a mere boy, he gave Commagene, inasmuch as its king had put the boy's father to death. And since the other Armenians had preferred charges against Artaxes and had summoned his brother Tigranes, who was in Rome, the emperor sent Tiberius to drive Artaxes out of the kingdom and to reinstate Tigranes. And although nothing was accomplished by Tiberius commensurate with his preparations, since before his arrival the Armenians slew Artaxes, yet he assumed a lofty bearing, especially after sacrifices had been 303 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY i7T€tBt} dvgiai eirl tovtco e^^LaOrjaaVj iaefivv^ 6 veTO^ax; /cal /car* aperrfv rt irpirjaas. /cal 7)$7) ye kcl\ \irepl t?)? \xovapylas evevoet, eVetS^ irpbs tovs <t>iXL7T7rovs\ avTOV 1 irpocreXavvovTo? 0J>pyJ36$ re Tj£ (e/c tov t% A a ^%^9 %fc)p£ot^jft>9 fcal [i/c arpaTO- irehov rj/covadrj, /cal irvp^eK tcov j3(o/j,Gov TcovfvTrb tov ' Kvrcovlov^iv t<o TafypevfiaTi [BpvdevTcov avro- 7 fJicnov dveXapiyfre. Tifiepto? jiev Srj e/c tovtcov iyavpovro, 6 8e Avyovaro? 69 re rrjv %dpiov iiravfjXOe /cdvTavOa avOis eyelpbaae, /cal e/celvois re eXevOeplav jiiaQov t?)? hiaTpifir\<$ avreBco/ce, 8 /cal aXXa ov/c oXiya TTpoo~$i(p/C7)o~e. TrdfMTroXXai yap hrj TTpecrfielai 7rpo9 avrbv d<f>i/covTO t /cal ojl 'IvBol irpo/crjpv/cevcrd/ievoc irporepov (fiiXiav totc icnreLcravTO, hcopa irepb^ravTe^ aXXa re /cal Ttypets, 7rpa)T0v tots t<h9 ^Vcofialois, vopJ^co S' on /cal to?9 " EXXtjctlv, 6<j)deL(Ta<;. /cat tl /cal \xeipd/ciov oi dvev oi/Kov, oiovs tov$ r Rp/j,a<; opcofiev, eSco/cav. 9 /cal fievTOt tolovtov bv e/ceivo 69 iravra tol<; ttoglv are /cal yepcrlv exprjTO, to%ov re avrols eireTetve /cal fieXr) r}<fiUi /cal iadXirL^ev, ov/c oil? ottw 10 ypd<f>co yap ra Xeyo/ieva. eh K ovv tcov *1v8o)v Zdp/jiapos, ecTe Srj tov tcov cto^lcttcov yev,ovs &v^ KaX^^caTCL^TOVT^VTrb (friXoTipLLaSjleLTe /cal vtto tov yrjpco^ /card tov iraTpiov vo/jlov, etre /cal e*9 eiri- hec^LV tov Te AiyovcrTOv /cal tcov ' K6t]val(ov (/cat yap eKelae rjXOev) diroOavetv iOeXyaas ifivrjOr] re Tfl TO IV OeOLVy TCOV pLVCTT7]pLCOV KaLTTCp OV/C €V TO) 1 avrov Dind., avrcot M. 3°4 BOOK LIV voted to commemorate what he had done, as though B .c. 20 he had accomplished something by valour. And his thoughts were already on the monarchy, inasmuch as, when he was approaching Philippi, a tumult was heard coming from the field of the battle, as if from an army, and fire blazed up spontaneously from the altars which Antony had built in the fortified camp. Tiberius, accordingly, was feeling elated over these occurrences. But Augustus, for his part, returned to Samos and once more passed the winter there. In recognition of his stay he gave the islanders their freedom, and he also attended to many matters of business. For a great many embassies came to him, and the people of India, who had already made over- tures, now made a treaty of friendship, sending among other gifts tigers, which were then for the first time seen by the Romans, as also, I think, by the Greeks. They also gave him a boy who had no shoulders or arms, like our statues of Hermes. And yet, defective as he was, he could use his feet for everything, as it they were hands : with them he would stretch a bow, shoot missiles, and put a trumpet to his lips. How he did this I do not know ; I merely state what is recorded. One of the Indians, Zarmarus, for some reason wished to die, — either because, being of the caste of sages, he was on this account moved by ambition, or, in accordance with the traditional custom of the Indians, because of old age, or be- cause he wished to make a display for the benefit of Augustus and the Athenians (for Augustus had reached Athens) ;— he was therefore initiated into the mysteries of the two goddesses, 1 which were held 1 Demeter and Kor£. 305 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY KaOrjfcovTt, Kaipcp, $9 cfcaat, &ia tov AvyovcTOV Kal avrbv 1 fxefjivr^fxevov y€vop,evcov, 2 teal irvpl eavrbv %£)VTa e^ehc^Kev. 10 'Tirdreve fLeih ~Ef) fiv t« €T€l i/ceLvazj Vdiqs Sezmo9* €7rel Kal tov avvdpfjovTa avra) irpoa- d7fo$€tx@7]vai .eSei (o yap AvyovaTp s ovBe tote TTiprjOeladv oi rrjv apyr)v eSeforo), £ra£££ T€ aWis iv rfj r Vd)fMr) Q~yyj)v§xO]l fcal qjpayal cryvi^ ftrjaav, ware tovs fiovXewras <f>povpav t& XevTLW 4 2 yjr7](j)iaaa0ai. eirecSt] re 5 fir) 6 rjOiXrjaev avrfj XPV~ aacrQai, irpeafteis irpos tov Avjovcttov, fierd 8vo pa/3&ovxa>v etcaarov, eirepb^av* jxa0<oy ovv ravr iiceivos, fcal avviSoDV oti oiBev nrlpas tov kcucov yevrjaoiTo, ovKeT avTols 6p,oi(d<; &airep teal irplv^ Trpoarfv^Or], dW* \€K t£ tcov TrpeafievTwv avTcov/ Kvivtov kovtcpTyriov, Ka'nrep \iv tol<; in iKY)pv- yBeiatv ava<ypa<bevTa> vttcltov direhet^e, Kal clvtosl 3 e? T7]V rcofjbrjv ri'irei'XyXI' tcai avT(p ^tti t€ tovtols 1 Kadinri toi<; aWoi? T0Z9 iv ttj dirohripLa TtpayOkiat J T rqXk a Kal iravTpla ey{rr)j)la6ri: &v ovhev irpoai]- KaTO, 7r\r)v TvXV T€ ^navayarftp (ovtco yap 7T6>9 avTtjv etcakeaav) ftcdpibv ihpvOrjvat Kal ttjv r^pukpav rjv a(f)L^oiTO ev T€ raZ9 i€pofir}viaL<i aptO p,£iadai 4 Kal KvyovGTaKia bvopbd^eaBai* iirel he Kal &>9 at_ T€ dpyal Kal oi aWoi^ irpoaTravTrjaai oi 7T£o- irapeaKevdaavTO, vvKTCop j i$ Trjv ttoXlv iaeKo- pLLadrj, Kal tt) vaTCpaia, rw jre Tiftepia) ra9 tcov iaTpaTtjyrjKOTCov Tipd? eSayke, Kal tg> Apovaa) TT€VT€ eT€0~L QcLCTCTOV TTapCL TCi VOfJLl%6/ll€Va Ttt9 1 avrbv supplied by Rk. 2 yevoiitvoov Rk., yev6fAevov M. 3 itceivtp Reim., iv wi M. 4 ^vricp R. Steph., ycvrlwi M 6 T€ supplied by Bs. * fify Dind., /x^re M. 306 BOOR LIV out of season on account, they say, of Augustus, who b.c. 20 also was an initiate, and he then threw himself alive into the fire. The consul that year was Gaius Sentius ; and when ; b.c. 19 it became necessary for a colleague to be elected (for Augustus on this occasion, also, did not accept the position after it had been kept open for him), factious quarrelling again took place and murders occurred, ^ so that the senators voted a guard for Sentius ; and j when he was unwilling to use it, they sent envoys to! Augustus, each with two lictors. Now when the^ emperor learned of these things, realizing that there would be no end to the evil, he did not this time - P' 2 deal with the matter as he had before, but appointed one of the envoys themselves, Quintus Lucretius, to ! the consulship, though this man's name had been t posted in the list of the proscribed ; and he hastened to Rome himself. For this and the other things he ' had done while absent from the city many honours of all sorts were voted him, none of which he would accept, save the founding of an altar to Fortuna Redux (for this was the name they gave to her), and the provision that the day on which he arrived should be numbered among the holidays and be called Augustalia. Since even then the magistrates and the rest made preparations beforehand to go out to meet him, he entered the city by night ; and on the following day he gave Tiberius the rank of an ex-praetor and allowed Drusus to stand for the various offices five years earlier than was the practice. 307 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 5 a/3%a? airrj(rat e TreTpeyjrev . eTreiBrj re /JurjBev cofio- \6yei oaaf re dirovTos avrov o~Taaid£ovTe<; Kal ocra irapovTos ^o^ovfievot eirpaa-aov, eVf/xeX^Tif? T€ tcov Tponrcov \ €9 irevTe err] 1 irapaKXrjdels Brj i^eiporov^drjt Kal ttjv i£ovo~lav ttjv fxev, tcov rtfir]- tcov €? rbv avrbv y^povov ttjv Be tcov virdTcoM Bed filov e\a/3ev, coaTe Kal Talq ScoSeKa pd/3$oi<; del Kal iravTaxov xprjaOai, /cat ev pueaoo tcov del 2 viraTevovTcov irrl tov dpyiicov Bl<ppov KaOl^ecrdai. 6 y^rr)(f)i<jdfjLevoi Be ravTa StopOovv re irdvTa avTOV 3 Kal vojjioOeTelv oca fiovkoiyo rjtjlovv, Kal tou9 re vofJLOV? tov<; ypacf)r]crofJL€VOV<; \yir avTOV .Avyov- <7tou? eKeWev yBrj irpoo-rjyopevoy, Kal epLpbevelv^ o~<f>i<riv ofioaai 5 tfdeXov. o $e tcl p,ev aXka a>9 6 Kal dvayKala iBegaTo, tow? opKov? dJ^Kev^ 7 avTols* Kal yap ev rjBei otl, el jj,ev^<d f jTo yvcofirjs ji yfrr](j)iaatVTO f Trjprjaovalv 7 avTO kclv p,rj ojjLoacoaiy* eZ(Se fir}, ovBev avTOV, kclv p,vpla<; 7rl<TT€i<; cVaya^ ycoGLy irpoTipLrjcroyGiy? 11 AvyovaTOs fxev Br) TavT eiroleiy Kal tjsl [tcov dyopavofioov, ide\ovTr)<; vtto irevlas direine ttjv dpXV v ' *A7pt7T7ra9 Be &>9 totc is Trjv 'Fcofirjv 4k Tr}$ 'SiKeXlas TrepifyOels BtooKrjo-e Ta KaT€7relyovTa t 2 Tai9 Ya\aTidi<;~ r JTpo(jeTd')(dr}* ev re yap d\\rj\oi<; iaTaala^ov Kal virb tcov f YLeXT&v eKaKovvrji. . KaTaaTrjaas Be Kal eKdva es 'Iftrjplay/ fieTeaTj]^ ol yap KdvTajSpoi oi ^oypyrj6evTe<; Te ev tco iro- 1 try supplied by Xyl. (cf. Zon ; sis Trepraeriav), 2 aei Bk., ah\ M. 3 avrbv Rk., abra M. 4 4fl(X€V€lV Dind., 4fJLfJi€V€iy M. 5 o/j.6<tcu Xyl., '6/j.ocre M. 6 cos Bk., a>s are M. 7 rf\pT\<Tovaiv Reim., rripovaiv M. 8 o^.6aooaiv Rk., biioXoyhcruxriv M. 9 irporifxtiffovcnv Rk. , irpo^vtcrtaaiv M. 3 o8 BOOK LIV And inasmuch as there was no similarity between the b.c. 19 conduct of the people during his absence, when they quarrelled, and while he was present, when they were afraid, he accepted an election, on their in- vitation, to the position of supervisor of morals 1 for five years, and took the authority of censor for the same period and that of consul for life, and in consequence had the right to use the twelve rods always and everywhere and to sit in the curule chair between the two men who were at the time consuls. After voting these measures they begged him to set everything to rights and to enact what- ever laws he liked ; and the laws which should be proposed by him they called " leges Augustae " from that very moment, and desired to take an oath that they would abide by them. He accepted all the other measures, believing them to be necessary, but did not require the oaths from them; for he well knew that, if any measure they decreed should represent their judgment, they would observe it even without taking an oath, but if it should not, they w T ould pay no heed to it, even if they should offer ten thousand guarantees. Augustus, then, was engaged with these matters ; and one of the aediles voluntarily resigned his office by reason of poverty. As for Agrippa, as soon as he had settled whatever business was urgent in Rome, whither he had been sent from Sicily on the occasion mentioned, 2 he was then assigned to the provinces of Gaul ; for the people there not only were quarrel- ling among themselves, but also were being harassed by the Germans. After putting a stop to those troubles, too, he went over to Spain. It seems that the Cantabri who had been captured alive in the war 1 Praefectus moribus. 2 See chap 6, 5. 3°9 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY \£/jl<p x kcu irpadevje? tovq t€ hecnroras cr<j>cov o>9 ifcaaTOL aireKTeivaVy KaVirpb^ ttjv oiiceLavJ ijrav- 6\66vt€<; iroXXov? a-vvaireaTrjcrav, /calffier avTwv Xcopla fcaTdXaftovTes k al evTevyiadiievoi rots rcov y 3 'Pay/Jiaicov fypovpols eTrefiovXevov. eV ovv tovtov? 6 * AypLinras e-maTpaTevaas %%€ M v TL Kolfirpbs tol>9 (JTpaTicoTa$ epyov* Trpeaftyrepot yap ovk oXLyoi avTwv ovres teal rfj avve^eLa.TOiv TroXe/jucov T€T pVXQ0JJi€VOl, TOU9 T€ KaVTafipOV? ft)? KoX hv<J1TO- 4 XefjLTjTOVs j ZehioTes, ovk eireLOoyTO apra>. dXX' i/ceivov? {jtx€v}^Ta wEv)vo v6eTriGa <; he 7rapqfivdr]- aapLevos ra .Be) fcatr^ sTreXTrio-a?, 1 Sea Ta^ecov\jreid - apxv crac fwoiriae, frpo? Se Srj tov$ Kavrdftpov? iroXXa 7rpoo-€7TTCUo-€v zeal yap efiireipia irpaypbd- t(ov, are to?9 'Vco/jLaiots Se8ov\£vx6T€^ f tca\ ano- yvcoaet, tov fir] av ctl acoffrjvai dXovTes iftpcopTO. 5 T€\o? Se irore crvxyovs p,ev djroftaXcov rcov arpa- TicoTcbv, avxyov? (oej/cal ari/jicoo-as otl ^ttcovto (rd re yap aXXa teal aTpaToirehov oXov Avyovcrov iircovofxaa-fievov i/eciXvcrev ovtcos ert KaXelaOai), Tou? re ev ttJ 7]KiKia 7ro\e/XLOV<; Travras oXiyov hiefyGjeipe koX tou9 Xoiirovs Ttt T€ oirXa d<f>eiXeTo 6 koX €9 ra irehLa itc tcov ipv/xvcov KaTefiifiaaey. oi jjltjv ovre eireaTevXe ri rf) fiovXf) irepl a&Tcov, ovre tcl iirivifcia KaiTOi i/c TJ79 tov Aiyovo~TOV irpocr- Ta£e<tf9 y{r7]<f>io~0evTa irpocrrj/caTO, aXX ev re tov- 70^9 ifi€Tpia^ev fyenrep elooOei, Kal yvcofirjv ttotI ( biro tov viraTOV \V7rep tov aSe\<£oO avTov^poyrrj- 1 iireXirltrcts Bs. , kirtXvlaa s M. 310 BOOK LIV and sold, had killed their masters in every case, and b.c. 19 returning home, had induced many to join in their rebellion ; and with the aid of these they had seized some positions, walled them in, and were plotting against the Roman garrisons. It was against these people, then, that Agrippa led an expedition. But he had some trouble also with his soldiers ; for not a few of them were too old and were exhausted by the continual wars ; and fearing the Cantabri as men hard to subdue, they would not obey him. Never- theless, partly by admonishing and exhorting them, and partly by inspiring them with hopes, he soon made them yield obedience. In fighting against the Cantabri, however, he met with many reverses ; for they not only had gained practical experience, as a result of having been slaves to the Romans, but also despaired of having their lives granted to them again if they were taken captive. But finally Agrippa was successful ; after losing many of his soldiers, and degrading many others because they kept being defeated (for example, he gave orders that the entire Augustan legion, as it had been called, should no longer bear that name), he at length destroyed nearly all of the enemy who were of military age, deprived the rest of their arms, and forced them to come down from their fortresses and live in the • plains. Yet he sent no communication concerning , them to the senate, and did not accept a triumph, although one was voted at the behest of Augustus, but showed moderation in these matters as was his wont ; and once, when asked by the consul for his opinion about his brother, 1 he would not give it. At 1 Nothing of this sort is recorded elsewhere. The passage may be corrupt ; it has been proposed to read npb for virtp, " ahead of the consul's brother," i.e. out of his turn. 3" DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY 7 OVK eScOK€, TO T€ vhtttp TO Hap0€VlOV KaXoV- fievov to?9 lhloi$ TeXeatv eaayaycbv Aiiy ov&tov ' 7rpoo-r)y6pevo-€. teal ovtco ye ejeelvos 'eV clvtS) / e%af/>ez> < ^°" T€ o-7rdv€co<; 1 iroTe olvov yevofievr]?, teal T<bv avdpcoTTcov heiva hLaftocovTcov, IteavcoTaTa ej>7] tov ' A.y pLTTiTav it povevorjteevai &ctt€ fifj htyfry . 7tot€ clvtovs diroXeaBai* 12 Toiovtos fJLev hi) o5to? 6 avrjp rjv tcov he hrj aXXcov TIV6S OV% OTL TCL avTa avTa> irpdaaovTes , a\V oi fiev XyaTas o-vXXafxftdvovTes oi he irokeis GTao~La%ovaa<$ KaTaXXdacrovTes, teal iircopeyqvjo 2 tcov VLKTjTtjpLcov teal eTzepnrov avTa. 6 yap Aiiyop^_ cttos teal TavTa d<f)dovcos Ttal tt}V ye irpcoTrjv e^api^eTO, teal hr)pLoviais Ta<f)ac<; irXelo-Tov^ oaovs eTifia. Totyapovv eteelvoi fiev ev tovtois eXafjLirpy- vovto, 6 he 9 Ay p'nnras e? ttjv avTapylav Tpoirov \ 3 Tivd vtt avToy Trpotj^drj, o yap AvyovGTOS, C09 Ta re teovya depairela^ dteptfiovs ehelTo^leaX ihehiet firj, oca iv rot? tocovtois (fciXei crvfiftalveiv, eiri- /SovXevOfj (ffpaxv yap ti koX a/M/epbv tov Ocopa/ea, OP VTTO Tjj CTToXfjj 7ToXXdfCl<; Ka\ e\ aVTO TO 0~VV€- 4 hpiov jigrioov elyev> eiriteovpr)aeiv ol evo/jU^e), irpcoTOv fxev avTOS irevTe T779 irpoaTaaLa^ eTt], eTreihrjTrep o hetceTr}? xpovos i^ytecov rjv, TrpoaedeTO {rayja yap YIovttXLov Te teal Yvaiov AevTovXcov 2 viraTev ovtcov iyev€To) t eireiTa he teal t& y AyptTTira aXXa Te ef taov irrj eavTcp teal Trjv i^ovcriav ttjv hrj/jiap^/erjv 5 €? tov avTov xpovov ehootee. ToaavTa yap a<f>iaLv z €T7j TOTe iirapteeo-eiv ecjyrj' vo~Tepov yap ov ttoXXo) 1 (nrdvec&s Bk., airdvi6s M. 2 AevTOvhw Bk., \tvrov\ov M. 3 ar(pi<Tiv R. Steph., <r<f>itri M. BOOK LIV his own expense he brought into the city the water- b.c. 19 supply known as the Aqua Virgo, and named it the Augusta. The emperor took such great delight in this that once, when there was a great scarcity of wine and people were loudly complaining, he de- clared that Agrippa had in a most competent manner seen to it that they should never perish of thirst. Such was the character of this man ; but others both strove for triumphs and celebrated. them, not only for no exploits comparable to his, but merely for arresting robbers or for restoring harmony to cities that were torn by factious strife. For Augus- tus, at least in the beginning, bestowed these rewards lavishly upon certain men, and those whom he hon- oured by public funerals were very many. Accord- ingly, while these men gained lustre through such distinctions, Agrippa was promoted to the supreme power, one might say, by him. For Augustus saw that the public business required strict attention, and feared that he himself might, as often happens to men of his position, fall victim to a plot. (As for the breastplate which he often wore beneath his dre'ss, even when he entered the senate, he believed that it would be of but scanty and slight assistance to him.) He therefore first added five years to his own term as princeps, since his ten-year period was about to expire (this was in the consulship of Publius and b.c. is Gnaeus Lentulus), and then he granted to Agrippa many privileges almost equal to his own, especially the tribunician power for the same length of time. For that number of years, he said at the time, would be enough for them ; though not long afterward he 313 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Kai rd dXXa Trevre 1 t?/9 avTOKparopos r\ye.pjovla<$ irpoaeXafiev, ware avra Se/ea av6i$ yevkaOai* 13 Tipd^as he ravra to fiovXevTiKov e^Va^g' ttoXXol T€ yap Kai &9 ihoKovv avra> elvai (irXriOei he ovhev uyies eveoopa^),*. Kal^hia /a[(tov$) ou% otl TOV? \KCLKtq TLVl ilTLpprjTOVS, dXXa KCU TOU9 2 KoXcuceLq i/c<pav€i<z iiroielTO, /cat eVeiSr/ pbrjje tl$ €KO)V &(T7T€p 7T p6r€pOV^a7r7jXXdTT€TO f fJLTjT CLV fiOVOS ev airly tlvl yeveaOau iftovXeTo, ayjro? re rpid- kovtcl dvhpa? tovs dpiGTOV?, oirep irov z teal opKcp iiriCTTWcraTOf i^eXe^aro, Kai ifceivovs eKeXevae^ irpoo/jLoaavra^ top avrbv opjeovftcara irevTe, ttXtjv tcov avyyevtov, e? Tnvaicia} ypd^ravra^ eXeaOai. 3 kcli jxera tovto Ta? Trefnrdhas eicXrjpcoaev^ &(T0* eva eKdaTTjvjrbv Xa%6vra avrovre ftovXevaai /cat erepovs irevre iirl toU clvtolsI eyy pd^rai. eheL ttov icai to£»9 Tpid/covra ev re to?9 aipovfievois yirb rcov 4 €T€ptov fcal iv Tofc KXr)pou/j,evoi<; yeuecrOat. iireihri t€ Tives avrcov aTrehtf/jLovv, aXXoi dvT i/cet- vcov Xa^ovTes rd €7ri/3dXXovrd afyiGiv errpa^av, 4 to jiev ovv irpcoTov Tav6* ovtcos iirl irXeLovs rj/jiipas iyivero* iirel he eKOKoypyrjOr) Ttvd, ovt€ €7rl to £9 Tapiais Ta ypafi/juaTeia eV iiroirjo-aTO ovtc en T(p icXr)p(p Ta9 Treprrrdhas eireTpe^evTaXX! avT09 re Ta Xonrd dveXe^aTO Kai avTos tovs ivheovTa? TrpoaeiXeTO, coare €9 i^aKoalov<; tovs 14 irdvTas d7roheL^0r}vat, ifiovXevaaTO jxev yap rpia- 1 &A\a Ttevre Rk., TreWe &XXa, Reim., iroWa M. 2 (vewpa Rk., edopa M. 3 irou Pflugk, ttco M. 4 virb rwv Capp3, v<p y M. 314 BOOK LIV obtained the other five years of his imperial power in B .c. is addition, so that the total number became ten again. When he had done this, he purged the senatorial body. For the members seemed to him to be too numerous even now, and he saw nothing good in a large throng ; moreover, he hated not only those who were notorious for some baseness, but also those who were conspicuous for their flattery. And when, as on the previous occasion, 1 no one would resign of his own free will, and Augustus, in his turn, did not wish to incur blame alone, he himself selected the thirty best men (a point which he afterwards con- firmed by oath) and bade them, after first taking the same oath, choose five at a time, relatives not to be included, by writing the names on tablets. After this he made the groups of five cast lots, with the arrange- ment that the one man in each group who drew the lot should be a senator himself and should write down five other names according to the .same plan. The original thirty, of course, were to be included among those who were available for selection by the second thirty and for the drawing of lots. | And since some who were chosen were out of ! town, others were drawn in their place and dis- charged the duties that belonged to them. At first all this went on for several days in the way de- I scribed ; but when various abuses crept in, Augustus I no longer entrusted the lists to the quaestors and no longer submitted the groups of five to the I lot, but he himself thenceforth made the selection 1 and himself chose the senators who were still re- I quired in order to make the number of men ap- I pointed six hundred in all. It had, indeed, been his 1 Cf. lii. 42. VOL. VI. 315 L DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY fcoaiovs avrovs 'tear a rb dpyaloy TroirjaaL, teal rrdvv dyarrrfrbv vojm£cov elvai roaovrovs d^Lovs rov avvehpiov a<f>o>v eupedrjvar Svayepaydvrcov Be irdvrwv ofJLoicos (tc3 <ydp ttoXv irXeiovs rcov ififie- vovwtoV fv avra> robs Biaypa^rjaofxevovs eaeadaiy (fyofielaOai fidXXov avrovs jxr] ISicorevcr^aiv rj TTpoaSo/cdv otl teal ftovXevaova tv awe/Saive) rovs 2 e^ateoaLovs KareXe^aro. fcal ovBe^vrav8a egrjj), dWd teal^era rovro^ iireiBr) rives ovtc i irirnB eLOL teal Tore iyyeyftajLjjLevoL rjqav, real Klklvlos re ris 'PqyovXos, dy ay a terrier as on r rov re vleos) teal dXXcov iroXXcov, cS^ 1 ) KpjeigLgiov elvai rjj;LOv s Biei- Xey/jLevcov aTTaXrjXnrro, rr\v re iadrjra iv abrcp t&> 3 /3ov\evrr)pL(p Kajepprj^aro, teal\rb o-co/jlq yv/JLimctas rds re crrparelas tearr}piQ/j,qg'_aro teal rds ovXas irpoaeiveBei^e cnfiiai, teal 'ApritevXeios 21 Halms 3 iv /jl€v rots /3ovXevaovaiv &y [r&> irarpl itc- TreirrcoKorc Trapaxcoprjaai rfjs ftovXeias jd^i&v ItcereveVy e^eraa/mbv avOls a<pcov iTrqi ijaarg , teat 4 rivas diraXXd^as aXXovs dj^teareXe^ev,' iTreiBr) re ttoXXo I teal o)s Siejyeypdcjyaro, teat nyes avrbv [Bl alriasA ola! iv tq> roiovrw fyXeZ avjifialveiVy ws teal dBitecos direXTjXafievoL elypVy rore re 5 avroZs teal crvvOedaaaOai teal avvearidaaaO at rots j3ovXevovai t rfj avrfj atcevf) ypcofievocs, av ve- ycoprjae, teal is rb erteura rds dpyas alreZv/iTTjL^ 5 rpeijre. teal avrayv ot fiev irXeiovs erravr)X9ov 1 Siv supplied by R. Steph. 2 'ApriKvXeios Cary, 'ApTiKvXJjios M. 3 n.CUTOS Bk., 7T6TOS M. 4 avrhv St* alrias Bk., abrwv alrlas M. * T6 Bk., 76 M. 316 BOOK LIV plan to limit the senators to three hundred, as in b.c. is the early times, and he thought he ought to be well content if that number of men were found who were worthy of the senate. But the number he actually enrolled was six hundred, since all alike were dis- pleased with the other arrangement ; for it turned out that those whose names would be stricken off* the roll would be much more numerous than those who kept their places, so that the present senators were more afraid of being reduced to the ranks than hope- ful of being in the new senate. Indeed, he did not stop even when this was done, but subsequently took other measures. It seems that certain unsuitable persons were even then found on the lists ; and one Licinius Regulus, indignant because his name had been erased, whereas his son and several others to whom he thought himself superior had been selected by the lot, rent his clothing in the very senate, laid bare his body, enumerated his campaigns, and showed them his scars ; and Articuleius Paetus, one of those who were to remain senators, earnestly begged that he might retire from his seat in the senate in favour of his father, who had been rejected. Consequently Augustus purged the senate again, removing some and choosing others in their places. And since, even so, the names of many had been stricken out, and some of them, as usually happens in such a case, found fault with him on the ground that they had been unjustly expelled, he at that time accorded them the right to attend spectacles and celebrate festivals along with the senators, wearing the same garb as they, and for the future he allowed them to stand for the various offices. The majority of them came back in the course of time into the senate ; 317 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY %pbv<p €9 to avveSpiov, oXiyot Se rive 1 ; ev ra> pea<p) pyre t^9 yepovaLa? pyre rod Sypov vopi^6p f evoi i /careXeltyOyvav. x 1 5 [ Tovrcov ovv ovtq) yevopevcovi avyvol jie^ evOvs avyyoi ( Se \ /cal puerd rovro /cal i/celv(p /cal rep * Kypntrra eiri^ovXevaai, etr oiv dXyO&s eire /cal 2 -\|ret/S&)9, air tap evyov. ov yap eariv^ d/cpi/3£><; rd roiavra(roi$ e^co avrcov ovcriv elSevar iroXXd yap cov av 6 Kparusv 777)09 rip,coplav y &>9 /cal enrjJ3eJ3ov-^ Xevpevo?, yroi Si eavrov y /ca\\ Sid ry$ yepovaia<; j Trpa^rjt viroirreverai /car eirypeiav) /cap on p,d- 3 Xicrra Si/caiorara avp/Sf), yeyovevai. /cal Sid rovro^ /cal if/gi yvdpyv irepl ttclvtcov rfov toiovtot poircov i avrd rd Xeyopeva avyypd^ai, pySev x virep rd SeSypoaievpeva^irXyv rwv irdw <f>avepa>v,) pyre 7roXv7rpayp,ovcov pyO* vrroXeywv, pyr el Si/cai(o<; puyr el dSi/c(D<$ ri yeyove, pyr el 4 tyevS&s p^yre el dXyOcos etp yra i* /cal rovro pev pot /cal i /card r&v'^perd ravra ' ypa<f>yaropAv(ov elg^qdcd'^ ev Se^Sy ra> rore irapovr\jijA^ovar:o^ aXXov? p,ev riva<; eSuccuwjie, rbwSe Sy AeiriSov eplaei pev Sid re rdXXa /cal on 6 vib$ avrov /cal iirecfrcoparo iirifiovXevcov avra> teal e/ce/coXaaro, ov pevroi /cal diro/crelvai yOeXyorey, dXX'lev rpoirco 5 rivl^aXXore aXXp 1 jnpoeiTrjXdKi^ev. (e<; re yap ryv rroXiv) /cal d/covra avrov \€« ra>v dypcovj /carievai i/ceXeve, /cal h rd$ arvvoSovs del eaffyev, 07ra)9 on irXeiaryv /cal yXevaciav /cal vftpivfrrpo? re ryv 1 &\k<p R. Steph., &\Ko M. 318 BOOK LIV but some few were left in an intermediate position, b.c. is being regarded as belonging neither to the senate nor to the people. After these events, many immediately and many later were accused, whether truly or falsely, of plotting against both the emperor and Agrippa. It is not possible, of course, for those on the outside to have certain knowledge of such matters ; for what- ever measures a ruler takes, either personally or through the senate, for the punishment of men for alleged plots against himself, are generally looked upon with suspicion as having been done out of spite, no matter how just such measures may be. For this reason it is my purpose to report in all such cases simply the recorded version of the affair, with- out busying myself with anything beyond the pub- lished account, except in perfectly patent cases, or giving a hint as to the justice or injustice of the act or as to the truth or falsity of the report. Let this explanation apply also to everything that I shall write hereafter. As for the time of which we are speaking, Augustus executed a few men ; in the case of Lepidus, however, although lie hated the man, among other reasons, because his son had been detected in a plot against him and had been pun- ished, yet he did not wish to put him to death, but kept subjecting him to insult from time to time in various ways. Thus he would order him to come back to the city from his estate in the country, 1 whether he wished to do so or not, and would always take him to the meetings of the senate, in order that he might be subjected to the utmost to jeering and 1 At Circeii. 3*9 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY t?)? tcr%i5o9 /cal 7r/)05 ttjp r^9 d^ccbo-eco? jjbera^oKr)V} 6(j>Xta/cdvy' /cal oiire f i$ aXXo t5 C09 /cal a^Lw 01 Xoyov i^prjro, totc^ /cal ttjv y]rfj(j>ov vardra) t&v 6 VTrarev/coTcov ijrrjye. tou9 pev yap aXXov^iv rfj fcaOrjfcovay rd^€C\ iire^nj^i^e, tcov $' virarevKOTWv TTpwrov re TLva /cal hevrepov rplrov tc erepov /cal reraprov, tovs re Xoittovs o/jloicos, W9 ttov /ecu iftovKero* /cal tovto /cal ol vTrajoijiTroiovv. ovtco 7 fiev Srj top Airrthov fierex^^p^TO, /cal iirethrj ye 'Avticttios Aaftecop €9 tovs ftovXevaovTas^javTov, ore r\ Siayvcofirj 2 i/celvr) iy'iyveTo, icr&ypd^raTOy irpcoTOv fiev iirKop/crj/cevaL re avrbv €<f>ri /cal ti/jlw- eliromo? avrov " /cal tl heivov ireTToLr^Ka KaTaaytavdv tw o~vve- SpLw av&pa bv cry dpyikpzwv en /cal vvv irepiopas 8 ovra;" ov/cer ovhejxLav opyrjv ijTOt^ojaro* ttoX- Xd/cis yap /cal IBla /cal /coLvfj^rrj^ lepcocrvvrj? ravTTjs d%iovfJLevo<; ov/c iBi/caloocre %u>vto<; tov AeirLhov Xaftelv avrrjv. * Avt'kttios fiev ovv tovto tc ov/c 1 aTTo /caipov elireiv eSo^e, /cai ttotc Xoycovfiv Ty f3ovXfj\yiyvofJL€V(ov a>9 X P e ™ p e W T ° v Avy ovcrTOP^ix SfcaSo%^cT<^<x9 <f>povpelv } M^t' avTeiiretv toX- fiaxv fir)T€ Gvy/caradkcrOai vjrofiivcov, oti " pey/ccp /cal ov Svvafiai avTOv irpotcoiTricrai" 16 'OS' ovv Avyovo~To$ dXXa T€ ^o^oOejiicre^ /cal rot>9 he/cdaavTa*; Tivas hii Ta2$ ap^ai^i? 1 fSov\ev<rovTa.s R. Steph. , HovXtvaavras M. 2 ore 7} htayv(i>fxf\ Rk., *6rt *5i'at yv&firii M. 320 BOOK LIV insults, so that he might realize his loss of power B .c. 18 and dignity. In general he did not treat him as worthy of any consideration on his part, and on the occasions referred to called on him for his vote the last of all the ex-consuls. For while he was wont to put the vote to the other senators in the regular order, in the case of the ex-consuls he used to call on one first, another second, and others third and fourth, and so on, just as he pleased ; and the consuls also did the same. Thus it was that he used to treat Lepidus. And when Antistius Labeo wrote down the name of Lepidus among those who might be senators, at the time when the process of selection which we have described was being followed, the emperor first declared that he had perjured himself, 1 and he threatened to punish him. Thereupon Labeo replied : " Why, what harm have I done by keeping in the senate one whom you even now permit to be high priest?" At this Augustus desisted from his anger; for though he had often been asked, both privately and publicly, to take this priesthood, he did not feel that it was right to do so while Lepidus lived. 2 This reply of Antistius was regarded as a happy one, as was also another remark of his : when it was said in the senate, on one occasion, that the senators ought to take turns in guarding Augustus, Antistius, not daring to speak in opposition nor yet willing to assent, remarked, " As for me, I snore, and so cannot sleep at the door of his chamber." Among the laws that Augustus enacted was one which provided that those who had bribed anyone in ^ order to gain office should be debarred from office for | 1 Presumably because of the oath the thirty men had taken that they would select the best men. 2 Cf . xlix. 15, 3, and chap. 27, 2 inf. 321 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY tt€VT€ errj avTcbv elplje. 1 to£? T€ dydfJLOis teal tafc dvdvBpoi? fiapvrepa ra eTTirlpta iireTa^e, Kal I epnraXiv tov t€ ydfjiov kcll t^9 iraiBoTroiias dOXa 2 eOrjtcev. eTreiBrj re ttoXv irXeiov to dppevi tov I Orfkeos tov evyevovs r}v, iireTpe^re Kal igeXevdepas rot? eOeXovcri, ttXtjv tcov jSovXevovTcov, dyecrdai^ I evvopov T7jv T€KVOirodav avTcoy elvai KeXevaa?. 3 (Ko,v tovtco jca,Ta/3orja€(o<;\iv tco crvveBpLcp{TTepL T€ t% tcov yvvaiKcov Kal irepl t% tcov veavlcJKcov I dfcoa p,la<$[ irpbs diroXoyLav Btf Tiva tov firj pa$t(o<; I oY avrrjv xa? tcov ydficov crvvaXXaya<; iroielcdai, I yevofievrjs, Kal evayovjeov avTov Kal eKeivrjv eVa- J vopdcoaat xXevaapuco oti iroXXats yvvatglv e^p^TO* / 4 to fjuev irpcoTOV direKpivaTo civtois oti rd {/lev dvayKaioTCLTa BicoptcrTai, Ta Be Xoard dhvvaTOV. iaTiv ofjLoicos irapaBodrjvaL, eireiTa Be ifcftiaaOeU elirev oti " avTol 6<f)€LX€T€ tclls yap,€Tal<; Kal izapaivelv kcll tceXeveiv oca fiovXeade* oirep irov 5 Kal iyco iroico." aKovcravTes ovv tclvt* ifcelvot ttoXXco fidXXov eveiceivTO avTw, /3ovX6/jl€Voi ra? Trapaiveaeis a? tt) Atovia, irapaivelv ecjyrj paOeiv. Kal o? aKCov fiev, elire 8' ovv Ttva Kal irepl T779 itrOrjTos Kal irepl tov Xolttov koctjllov tcov t€ i^oBcov Kal t?)<; acocf)poavvr)<; avTcov,, /jltjo^ otiovv $ povTitr as oti firj Kal tco epyco avTa eiriaTovTO. 6 Kal eTepov'BJ tl toiovBc Tipx}Tevcov eyreTroirjKej^^ iiretBrj yap irpoariyaye TJ9 auTcp veaviaKOV yvvaiKa Ik fioi^eia^ yeyaprjKOTa, Kal irXelcrTa Sera KaTrj-^ 1 «7p£e R. Steph., tTpt* M. 2 Kara&o'fiacws R, Steph., KaTefr6f\<T*v M. 32 2 BOOK LIV five years. He laid heavier assessments upon the? b.c 18 unmarried men and upon the women without hus-l bands, and on the other hand offered prizes for marriage and the begetting of children. And since among the nobility there were far more males than females, he allowed all who wished, except the senators, to marry freedwomen, and ordered that their offspring should be held legitimate. Meanwhile a clamor arose in the senate over the disorderly conduct of the women and of the young men, this being alleged as a reason for their re- luctance to enter into the marriage relation ; and when they urged him to remedy this abuse also, with ironical allusions to his own intimacy with many women, he at first replied that the most necessary restrictions had been laid down and that anything further could not possibly be regulated by decree in similar fashion. Then, when he was driven into a corner, he said : " You yourselves ought to admonish and command your wives as you wish ; that is what I do." When they heard that, they plied him with questions all the more, wishing to learn what the admonitions were which he professed to give Livia. He accordingly, though with reluctance, made a few remarks about women's dress and their other adorn- ment, about their going out and their modest be- haviour, not in the least concerned that his actions did not lend credence to his words. Another in- stance of such inconsistency had occurred while he was censor. Some one brought before him a young man who had taken as his wife a married woman with whom he had previously committed adultery, and made ever so many accusations against the 323 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yoprjaep clvtov, ScrjiroprjOrj firfre irapthelp to TTpajfjua pLTjr iirLTifJLrjaal ti roXfirjaa^t feat jjloXis 1 7TOT6 6-^re dpepey/ccop (t TToXka" e<j>V> " koX heiva at (XTciaet^ rjpeyfcap, ware £k€lp(op fiev apbVTjpbovw- fiev, tov Se Srf Xoittov irpopocjfiep ottoos firjSev toi- 7 ovro ylyvr]TCu" cosjB' ovp fipifprj T.ipes iyyvco/jievoi ja<; jiev Ti{id<;\Ta)P yey apL7]/coT<op eKapirovvjo, to Sejepyop avrwv ov irapeixopro, Trpoaera^e firjSe- jilav iyyvrjv la^yetv fjp ovSe Svoip irotv SceXOovrcov ya fiiicr ei 2 tis , jovr eaji Se/ciriv TTavTws iyyvaaOai top ye ti air clvtt]*; diroXav- aopTw StoSefca yap 3 tclls tcopais e? ttjp tov ydfjuov & pap €Trj TfXrjprj, tcaddirep exirop, pofiL^eTCU. 17 TaVTCL T€ OVP 1(09 €/CaO~TCt &1€1WJ1O0€T€1, teal ipa iirl Tjj tov gitov hiahoaet prpoftdWcovrai ol} [ip t«?9 dpxafc del opres k'pa Hfcaaro? 5 ! ifc Tcop^rrpb Tpicop iTcoPyiaTpaTTjyrj/coTCOp}^ fcal (ijj avT(bp\eg^. 2 cape? ol \a%oi>T€? o~ito$oto)o~ip i/c BiaSo^(fj<;. top T€ TToXiap^OP TOP €9 Tfl? CLPO^a^ KdO lO~Tap,ePQP epa del alpeiaOai, zeal tcl €7rt] to, XtfivWeia e%L- TrjXa xjtto tov ^popov yeyopoTa tov$ lepeas avTO- yeipia e/cypdyjraa0aL ifce\€vo~ep, ipa fjurfhels eTe/w 1 fi6\is Pflugk, fxd\i<TTa M. * ya/jL-f)<r€i Zon., ya.yA\<n\t M. 8 yap supplied by R. Steph. 4 ol Bk , ko\ ol M. 5 cKao~ros Reim., %ko.<jtov M. 1 Cf. note on liii. 13, 2. 2 Apparently in a lost portion of his work. 324 BOOK LIV man, and Augustus was at a loss what to do, not b.c. is daring to overlook the affair nor yet to administer any rebuke. At length, though with difficulty, he recovered himself and said : " Our factious quarrels have borne many terrible fruits ; let us, then, forget them and give our attention to the future, that nothing of the sort may occur again/' Inasmuch, too, as certain men were betrothing themselves to infant girls and thus enjoying the privileges granted to married men, 1 but without rendering the service expected of them, he ordered that no betrothal should be valid if the man did not marry within two years of such betrothal,- — that is, that the girl must in every case be at least ten years old at her be- trothal if the man was to derive any advantages from it, since, as I have stated, 2 girls are held to have reached the marriageable age on the com- pletion of twelve full years. Besides these several enactments, Augustus further provided that, for the distribution of grain, one candidate, who must have served as praetor three years previously, should be nominated each year by each of the officials then serving, and that, from these nominees, four men should be chosen by lot to serve in succession as distributors of grain. 3 And he commanded that the office of prefect of the city, who was chosen for the Feriae, 4 should always be filled by the election of one man, and that the Sibylline verses, which had become indistinct through lapse of time, should be copied off by the priests with their own hands, in order that no one 3 Suetonius {Aug. 37) names among the new offices esta- blished by Augustus the " cur am . . . frumtnti populo dividundi." 4 See note on chap. 6 ; and cf. xli. 14, 4, and xlix. 16, 2. 3^5 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY 3 avra avaXegrjrai. rds re dp^a? amaai tov; Serca ; / fxvpiahcov ovaiav eypvvi Kal apyeri Ik tg>v voficavl \ Svva/nevois iwayyeXXecv eVer/sei/re. togovtov yap to fiovkevTi/cbv Tifjurifia rrjv Trpcorrjv elvat ejagev, €7T€CTa Kal 69 7T€VT€ KOI €lfCO(Tl jlVpldha^J aVTO Trporjyaye. Kai riari tcov ev fiiovvTwv iXaTTO), tot€ Jjl€V} tcov SeKa, avOis he tcov irevre Kai eiKocri, 4 K€KTrjji€Voi<; 1 eyaplaaTO ocov eveSec. Kal ( ha ravra\ rofc fiovXo/nevois tcov crTpaTrjycbv TpnrXd- criov tov irapa tov SrjjLLOcriov p(f>Laiv €9 tcl<; iravr)- yvpets ^StSofievov TrpocravaXLcrKeiv i<f>r)fcev. coaTe el Kal{TTpo<; rrjv aKplfieiav tcov aXXcov avrov vo/jlo- Oerrj/jbdrcov t}%6ovt6 rives, a\V vwo re tovtov, Kal qti TlvXdSrjv tlvcl 6pxv <TT V v ^ La gtogiv igeXrj- Xaftevov /cartfyayev, ovk€T eKeivcov i/JLe/nvrjvTq^ 5 oQevirep irdvv <70<£a>9 o_IIvKaS^9> eTririfiw/jLevos. vtt avrov eTreiSr) BaWXXw ofjLorex v( P T * 01 0VTl Kal tco ^AaiKrjva irpoorijKOVTL SiearaaLa^ev, elirelv Xeyejai qti t( avp^epei cro6, Kalcrap, irepl rjjxa^ tov hrtfiov dirohiaTpifBeaOaiV 18 Tavra fiev ev eKelvco tcj 'irei eyeverp' iirVSe Sr) Yatov 2 re QovpvLov Kal Yatov %iXavov viraTcov viov av6i<; o^AypLinras ayeiXero tov Aovkiov ovofiao-devTa, Kal avTov evOvs o^^vyoyarTos fieTa tov dBeX(f)OV tov Yatov eiroifjaaro, fir) dvafieivas crcfras dv8pco0rjvai, dXX* avToOev hiahdypv^ Try; 2 dpyrfi diroheL^a^y Xv r\TTOV eTtifiovXevrjTai. Tr]v T€ tt}<; Tifirjs Kal t^9 'ApQTrjs Travrjyvpivi 69 Ta9 vvv r)/jL€pas)/j,€T€aTr}cre 9 /eal( rafc tcl eiriviKia irkfi- 7rovcri^ epyovliiTrcov Xa(f>vpcovji<; ttjv tcov irpd^ecov 1 KCKT7)fx4vOtS Bk., K€KT7JfXfVO)V M. 2 Tdtov Bk., rov yatov M. 326 BOOK LIV else might read them. He permitted all to stand for office who possessed property worth four hundred thousand sesterces and were eligible by the laws to hold office. This was the senatorial rating which he at first established ; but later he raised it to one million sesterces. Upon some of those who lived upright lives but possessed less than the four hundred thousand sesterces in the first instance, or the million in the second, he bestowed the amount lacking. And because of this he allowed the praetors who so desired to spend on the public festivals three times the amount granted them from the treasury. Thus, even if some were vexed at the strictness of his other regulations, yet by reason of this action and also because he restored one Pylades, a dancer, who had been exiled on account of sedition, they remembered them no longer. Hence Pylades is said to have rejoined very cleverly, when the emperor rebuked him for having quar- relled with Bathyllus, a fellow-artist and a favourite of Maecenas 1 : "It is to your advantage, Caesar, that the people should devote their spare time to us." These were the occurrences of that year. In the b.c. 17 consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus, Agrippa again acknowledged the birth of a son, who was named Lucius ; and Augustus immediately adopted him together with his brother Gaius, not waiting for them to become men, but appointing them then and there successors to his office, in order that fewer plots might be formed against him. He transferred the festival of Honor and Virtus to the days which are at present theirs, commanded those who celebrated triumphs to erect out of their 1 Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 54. 327 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY fivrjfir)v iroielv 7rpo(T€Ta%€, rd re aat/covXdpia rd TTS/jLTTTCt €7r€T€\€Cr€. KCLl TOl>9 prjTOpCL? CLfXlcrOl 1 crvvayopeveLV, rj rerpairXdcriov oaov av Xdftojcriv 3 e/crivetv, e/ceXevae, < rots Be hifcd^ew del Xayyd- vovaiv direlirev es prjSevb? ol/caSe rbv eviavrbv e/celvov eaievai. iirei&T] re dcrTrov&el oi 2 fiovXevral e9 to avvehpLov crvvecfioircov, iirrjij^rjae rd? typbias rots ovfc eg evXoyov rivb? atria? vcrepi^ouai. 19 Ka£ puerd ravra i? rrjv TaXariav, Aov/ciov re Aopuriov /cal YlowrrXiov ^/clttlcovo? virarevovrwv, copjarjae, 7rp6(j>aaiv rov? rroXepbov? rov? /car e/ceivo 2 /ccvrjOevra? Xaftcov. eireiS?) ydp^ijrax&V^ 7ro\Xoi? etc rrj?j^iv rfj iroXei) %poviov Siarpi/3rj? /eyeyovei, teal o~v)(you? pev e^co n( rcov reraypevcovJirpdr- rovra? hiKaioyv^iXviret, avyytov he teal (peihopevo? rd vevopoOerrjpeva v(f>* eavrov Trapaftaivetv rjva- y fcd^ei "O, ifC&rjjjLfjaai rpdrrov rtvd /card rbv XoXcova 3 eyvco. /cai rive? /cal hid rrjv Tepevriav rrjv rov Mai/ctfvov yvval/ca a7ro8rfjj,f}<rai avrbv virerbrn)- crav > Xv erreihr] 7roXXd irepl avrcov ev rfj 'Pco/jtrj eXoyoiroielrOi dvev Opov rivb? ev rfi dXXoSrj/jiia avrfj (Tvvfj* ovrco yap ovv rrdvv airrj? jjga &are /cal dycovicraaOai irore avrrjv rrepl rov /cdXXovq 4 7rpo? rrjv Aioviav^ Trotfjcrai. irplv he rj, d(pop/iid- aOai, rbv rov Kvpivov vabv /caOiepcoaevie/c /catvrj? oi/cohopLrjo~a?. ehrov^e) rovro ore l£ /cal efihopurj- Kovra /cioaiv avrbv ejcoapLrjcrev, ocrairep rd irdvra errj 3 $ieJ3icD,(/cd/c rovrov^Xoyov rial rrapea^ev w? /cal i^e7rir7]he? avrb aU' ov[/card rv)(r)v\ aXXco? 5 Trpdgas, e/celvov re ovv rore eOeicoae, /cai povo- 1 afxurOl St., amcOel M. 2 ot supplied by Rk. 3 tr-n Dind., ir-qris VM. 328 BOOK LIV spoils some monument to commemorate their deeds, b.c. 17 and held the fifth celebration of the Ludi Saeculares. He ordered the orators to give their services as advocates without pay, on pain of a fine of four times the amount they received ; and he forbade those who were drawn as jurymen from time to time to enter any person's house during their year of service. And since the members of the senate showed a lack of interest in attending its sessions, he increased the fines for those who were late with- out a good excuse. Next he set out for Gaul, during the consulship b.c. 10 of Lucius Domitius and Publius Scipio, making the wars that had arisen in that region his excuse. For since he had become disliked by many as a result of his long stay in the capital, and now was offending many who committed some act contrary to his decrees by the punishments he was inflicting, and at the same time, by sparing many others, was being compelled to transgress his own enactments, he decided to leave the country, somewhat after the manner of Solon. Some even suspected that he had gone away on account of Terentia, the wife of Maecenas, and intended, inasmuch as there was much talk about them in Rome, to live with her abroad free from all gossip. So great, indeed, was his passion for her that he once made her enter a contest of beauty against Li via. Before setting out he dedicated the temple of Quirinus, which he had rebuilt. I mention this for the reason that he adorned it with seventy-six columns, which was the exact number of the years he lived, and thus caused some to declare that he had chosen this number deliberately and not by mere chance. So he dedi- cated this temple at that time, and also exhibited 329 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY ixayias dycova? Bid re tov Tifiepiov icaX Bid tov Apovcrov* <jv<yxt0pr)6h> Brj afyiGivfvTrb rfj<; fiovXijSy 6 €07)K€. teal ovtq) to fiev &gtv ra> Tavp<p /jlctcl tt}? oXXrj? 'IraXxa? Bioi/cecv iirirpeyfra^ (rov re yap 'AypiTTirav is ttjv ^vpiav avQi<z icrr-aX/cei, kcl\ tg> Maitcrjvq, Bid ttjv yvvaiKU; ovfceO* ojJLoi&s k'^aipe), tov Be Btj Tifiepiov fcatroi arpaTTjyovvra 7rapaXa/3cov i^copp^rjaev. eaTpaTrjyrjqe yap KaLirep t<x<? aTpaTrjyL/cas Tifids e^oov tcai ttjv ye dpyrjv avrov iracrav o^J^povqos eV. BoyjiaTos Sirjyayey. 7 H~eX06vTQ)v ovv avra>v to tfrjs NeoTrjTosjfieyapov virb ttjv €7TL0vaav vvktcl jKjvre/cayOrj, fcal Bid t€ tovto^koI Sid tolXXo^ ra irpoyevopueva (Xvkos t€ yap Bid ty}<; iepas 6Bov e<? ttjv dyopdv) egjreawy^ dvOptoTTOV? €<f)0€lp€ t Kal p,VpflT)K€<; OV 1 7TOppCO Tt}? ayopa? i/cipavecTaTa 2 pweaTpdcfcrjaav, XapLirds T€ Tis dirb pear) fift plas \i7rl ttjv dptcTOV; Bid irdcrrjs TTj^ vvktos TjveY07]) ev^d^virep ttjs eirayoBov tov 8 AvyovaTOV eiroirjaavTo. ( icdv toutg)/ koX . ttjv irevTaeTrjplBa ttjs dp^rj^ avTov BiecopTCurav, tov 1 Kyplinrov (iv yap tol$ TrevTe/caiSetca dvBpdaiv^ oh i/c ttj<; TrepiTpoirrj^ tfJSioycyjg-is avTrjs inri^aX- Xev, lepcoTo) -Bid tcov avviepecov dvaXco&avTOS. £0 IloWa fi€V ovv fcal aXXa /cara tovs yjpovovs ifceivovs eTapdy0rj. teal yap K.ajipbovvioi ica\ Ov-_ kvviot> 'AXm/cd yevrj, oirXa re dvTrjpavTO fcal viicrj0evTe<$ virb HovttXIov XiXlov eyeip(y07jaay^ 2 /cal oi TLavvovioi ttjv t€ *lo~Tplav peTa Nwpifccov 1 ov supplied by LeuncL 8 faQavicTara M, ifx<pavUrara V. 330 BOOK LIV gladiatorial combats, Tiberius and Drusus represent- b.c. 16 ing him in the matter after the senate had granted them permission. Then he committed to Taurus the management of the city together with the rest of Italy (for he had sent Agrippa again to Syria and no longer looked with equal favour upon Maecenas because of the latter's wife), and taking Tiberius, though praetor at the time, along with him, he set out on his journey. Tiberius, it appears, had become praetor in spite of his already holding the rank of a praetor ; and Drusus now performed all the duties of his office in pursuance of a decree. The night following their departure the temple of Iuventus 1 was burned to the ground. Other portents also had occurred : a wolf had rushed into the Forum | by the Sacred Way and had killed people, and not ) far from the Forum ants were conspicuously swarm- ing together ; moreover, a flame like a torch had shot from the south towards the north all night long. Because of all these signs prayers were offered for the return of Augustus. Meanwhile they held the quadrennial celebration of his sovereignty, Agrippa, represented by his fellow-priests, bearing I the expense ; for he had been consecrated as one of f the quindecimviri, upon whom the management of the festival devolved in regular succession. There were many other disturbances, too, during that period. The Camunni and Vennii, 2 Alpine tribes, took up arms against the Romans, but were I conquered and subdued by Publius Silius. The L Pannonians in company with the Norici overran 1 Aedes Iuventutis. 2 Other forms of this name are Vennones, Vennontes, and | Venostea. 33 1 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY KareSpa/jLOp, teal avrol re irpos T€ tov XiXiov teal tcov VTroaTpaTTjycov avTOv tcatecodevTes avdi<$ COflO- \6yy]aav, zeal to?9 Ncopiteoi? acrcot tyjq avrrj^ \ 3 BovXeia? iyivovTO. Tjireiv rfj AeX/xaTLaj zeal ra ^iv rfj 'Ifirjpia veo^ficoaavTa Bl 6\iyov tcaTeo'TT), teal 7] MateeBovla viro T€ tcov AevdeXrjTcov teal vnb tcov ^teo^BLatecov €7rop0r]dr). ev T€ tt) ©patey irpo- Tepov fiev Maptcos AoXXco? *~Pvjj,r)Td\/ey 1 Oeico re I tcov tov Kotvo? iraLBcov' teal €7rcTp67rcp ovtl ^orjOmp Bt](T(tov$ KaTeajpe^raTO, eiretTa Be Aov/eio$ Taio?, Xavpo/idTas ite tt)^ avTt)$ atTta? Kparrjo-a^ virep 4 Tov yf IaTpov GLTrecoaaTo, 6 Be Brj fJLeyujTOS tcov totc avpL^dvTcov TOt9 'Pcopaiois iroXe/xcov, oairep ttov teal tov Avy ova top ite 7*79 TroXeco? i£rjya<y€, 777009 tou9 KbXtovs eyeveTO. Xvyafifipol tc yap zeal OvanreTai teal TeyteTrjpoi* to fiev irpcoTov 'iv tjj o-(j>€T€pa\TCvd<; aitTCov crvXXafiovTe? dveaTavpcoaay^ 5 eireiTa Be teal tov 'Pfjvov Bia/3dvTe<z Ttjv re Tep- jxavLav teal ttjv YaXaTtav eXe7fKaTr)aav t to ts Itttukov to tcov 'Pcofiaicov eireXdov crfyiaw Jvrj- Bpevaav, teal <f>evyovcriv avTots iTTia-irofievot tco t€ AoXXlco apxovTi avTi)^ eyejvyov aveXiTiajpL teal 6 iviferjaav teal iteeivov. fiadjov ovv TavTa 6 Av- yovo~TO$ cop/xrjae fxev /eV avTOv<$\ ov jievTOi teal epyov ti TToXefiov ea^ev 01 yap /3dp/3apoi tov re AoXXiov 7rapao~teeva£6/j,€vov teal iieetvov aTpaTev- ovTa TTvOofievoi 69 T€ ttjv iavTcov dvey&pricrav teal 1 CTTOvBds liroir)o~avTO t o/jLrjpovs B6vt€$. v 21 Tcov fiev ovv ottXcov ovBev £ia Tav0/6 Avy oy- cttos eBerjdr), Ta Be Brj dXXa teaOuTTdjievos tovtqv 1 'PwjurjTaAw:?; R. Steph., fxaj* 7)tc£ A ktji VM {but 'PufirjT(i\Kr}S elsewhere). 2 TcyKrnpoi R. Steph., reyKprjTot VM.. 332 BOOK LIV Istria ; but the former, upon being discomfited by b.c. 16 Silius'and his lieutenants, both came to terms again themselves and caused the Norici to be subjected to the same slavery. The uprisings in Dalmatia and in Spain were quelled in a short time. Macedonia was ravaged by the Dentheleti and the Scordisci. In Thrace somewhat earlier,, Marcus Lollius, while aiding Rhoemetalces, the uncle and guardian of the sons of Cotys, had subjugated the Bessi. Later Lucius Gallus conquered the Sarmatians for the same reason and drove them back across the Ister. The greatest, however, of the wars which at that time fell to the lot of the Romans, and the one presumably which drew Augustus away from the city, was that against the Germans. It seems that the Sugambri, Usipetes, and Tencteri had first seized in their own territory some of the Romans and had crucified them, after which they had crossed the Rhine and plundered Germania and Gaul. When the Roman cavalry approached, they surprised them from ambush ; then, pursuing them as they fled, they fell in unexpectedly with Lollius, the governor of the province, and conquered him also. On learning of all this, Augustus hastened against them, but found no warfare to carry on ; for the barbarians, learning that Lollius was making preparations and that the emperor was also taking the field, retired into their, own territory and made peace, giving hostages. For this reason Augustus had no need of arms, but in arranging other matters he consumed the 333 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY re rbv iviavTOv tcaravaXcoo'e teal rbv varepov, ev w Map/co? re Aificov^ teal KaXTrovpvio? Hl&£xv\ 2 vTrarevaav. iroXka pev yap /caifv7rb rcov KeXTtwzv iroXXa r Se Val virb Alklvlov 1 t^z/o? kTveirovgyij)! 1 tcai fiOL Bofcel rovd^CoTi paXcara /to /o}to9 (rental TTpoarj/jLrjvar irXdro^ jiev yap ttoScjv eitcoai firjKO<; Se TpiirXdaiov e%oi>, teal yvvattel frXrjv T779 #6^X779) ioLKos, 69 t?)z> yr)v iavrb itc rov wKeavov) i^cofcei- 8 \ev. 6 Se St) Alklvlov fro puev apxaLOvSTaXdr^ rfv, aXou9 Se> 69 TOU9 *Va)p,aiov<$ /cal SovXeyaas tc5 Kaiaapi virb fxev itceLvov fjXevOepcoOr), vtto Se rot) Auyovcrrov iirLrpoiTO^ t??9 TaXarias /carecrT'r). 4 o5to9 o5f irXeove^La fiev f3apftapircf) d^iwaei Se 'PcopLa'Cicf} %p<w/4€JW, to tcpelrrov wore^ avrov vopbLdOev tcaOrjpei, irav Se To( v eV rw jirapovTiy ia^vpbv rj(f>dvi%€, teal avyva p,ev teal 7r/?09 ra avaytcaia) t^9 7rpoo-T(*Tayp,€vr)$ oi 3 Siateovia? e'fe- Tropi^e, <TV%ya Se /cal iavra> T0Z9 tc olk€lol$ 7rapg£- 5 6X676. /eal 69 toctoVtoV 76 Ka/coTpoTrLas % ix<gz prjerev axrre, eireihrj T^LvsxJ ( ^4 >0 P a X Kar ^ p/rpfalmap avTOL? iyiyvovTO, recrcrapeateaiBetea avrovs* TTOirj- aaiy Xeyoov rbv purjva rovrov rbv Aetcefiftpipv teaXov- \ JjL€vop Setearov ovroo? elvai, teal Selv Sta tovtoI avrov? /cal tou9 Svo tov$ vardrovs, 5 S>v rbv p^v evhetcarov rbv Se ScoBetcarov wvojigXe, vopL^etv, teal ra, xptfpLara to, iTTifiaXXovralavToZs eafyepetv. 6 Slcl pi€V ovv ravTa ra aofylapiaTa etcivhvvevvev 01 yap YaXdrat rov Avyovarov Xaj36p,evoi Seivci 1 AtKtvlov Xiph., KtKivvlov VM (and similarly just below). 2 iwen6v7)VTO Rk., itrcwol^VTO VM. 8 01 M cod. Peir.j avra V. 4 avrovs Reim., aura V, ai/rks M cod. Peir., robs (xrjvas Xiph. 5 vardrovs Dind., avyovarovs VM cod. Peir. 334 BOOK LIV whole of this year, as well as the next, in which b.c. 15 Marcus Libo and Calpurnius Piso were consuls. For not only had the Gauls suffered much at the hands of the Germans, but much also at the hands of a certain Licinus. 1 And of this, I think, the sea-monster had given them full warning before- hand ; twenty feet broad and three times as long, and resembling a woman except for its head, it had come in from the ocean and become stranded on the shore. Now Licinus was originally a Gaul, but after being captured by the Romans and be- coming a slave of Caesar's, he had been set free by him, and by Augustus had been made procurator of Gaul. This man, then, with his combination of bar- barian avarice and Roman dignity, tried to overthrow every one who was ever counted superior to him and to destroy every one who was strong for the time being. He not only supplied himself with plenty of funds for the requirements of the office to which he had been assigned, but also incidentally collected plenty for himself and for his friends. His knavery went so far that in some cases where the people paid their tribute by the month he made the months fourteen in number, declaring that the month called December was really the tenth, and for that reason they must reckon two more (which he called the eleventh and the twelfth 2 respectively) as the last, and contribute the money that was due for these months. It was these quibbles that brought him into danger; for the Gauls secured the ear of Augustus and protested indignantly, so that the 1 Licinus appears to be the proper spelling of the name, although we find Licinius even in some Roman writers. 2 Bekker plausibly suggested 'EvStKejAppiov and AwlicKtfx&ptQV, t.e. Undecember and Duodecember. 335 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY iiroli^dav, ware teal iteelvov \tcl fjieviavvd'^deaOaL 1 crater i f ja 8e} teal irapatTelaOar ayvoetv re Tiva eXeye, teal Trpoo-eiroieZTo erepa fxr) Triarevetv, teal eanv a teal crvve/epVTrrev, alaxyvofievos on rotov- 7 TOt) iiriTp6iT(p ifcexprjTO* dXXo Se roiovSe ti Te^yaadfjievo^ teal irdvv irdvrcov avrcbv t eareye - Xacre v. iireiBr} yap ^a\€7T(w? oi tov AvyoyaTOV expvra jjaOero Ka l KoXaaOrjcrecrOai e/^eXXey^e^ re TTjv OLKtav avrhv e&jiycvye, fcal ttoXXovs fiky teal dpyvplov teal ^pvaLov 07]o~avpov<; iroXXa tSe f /cal 8 rdXXa acop7)8bv avvv€V7)p,iva 2 a\JT(b Setfa?, " e%e- TrtT^Se?," e(^)?7, " Tavra, & heGTrora, fcal virep o~ov ) Kol irrrep twv aXXcov 'FcopiaLcov- jjOppiaa, iva fir) togovtcov xprj/jbdrayv iytepaTeis oi kiriywpwi 6We? an oar cba iv, apbeXet kol ir^pyad aoi irdvra avra Kai oibwfjLi. Kal A fiey ovtcds, &>? teal birep tov Avyov<nov\ TrjV tcov ftapftdpcov layhv eKyeyey pitca) ^, icrcoQrjy 22 ApoOcrp? 8jf iv tovtg> teal Ttfiepios rdBe €7rpa^au. *¥juzoLoIicovvt€<; jxera^v tov re Ncopitcov teal FaXaTias, { rrpos rah " KXirecn Tat? ^717)09 rfj 'IraXca Tat? TpiSevrivais, t?}? t€ TaXaria^ T.rjs irpoaopov cr<j>Lo-L 7roXXci tcaT€7 pe^ov teal etc TTj<; 'IraXia<i z \ap7rayd<; hroiovvTo, tou? re pheb tcov 'Vcofjiatcov rj teal tcov crv/j,/j,dxcDv avrcbvi Bid t?}? 2 a<f)€T€pas yr}<; xpeo fievovs iXvpualvovTO. teal ravra fxev teal avvrjOrj 7ra)? Tot? ovte ivairovSois iroielv ihoteoyv, irdv 8e Srj to dppevfrcov dXiaKOfxeveovJ o\>x on (to (f>atv6fM€vov dXXa teal (to (iv Tat? 1 (rvvdxOeo-dal Xiph., &x 9tff ^ VM. 2 avvvevyixtva Sylburg, o-ureye^r^eVa V t avvy€V€fjL7jfi4va M cod. Peir. 3 'IraXias Bk., iVaAfSos VM. 336 BOOK LIV emperor in some matters shared their vexation and b.c. 15 in others tried to excuse Licinus. He claimed to be unaware of some of his extortions and affected not to believe others, while some matters he actually concealed, feeling ashamed to have employed such a procurator. Licinus, however, devised another scheme as follows, and laughed them all to scorn. When he perceived that Augustus was displeased with him and that he was likely to be punished, he brought the emperor into his house, and showing him many treasures of silver and gold and many other valuables piled up in heaps, he said : " I have gathered all this purposely, master, for you and for the rest of the Romans, lest the natives, by having control of so much money, should revolt. At any rate, I have kept it all for you and now give it to you." Thus Licinus was saved, by pretending that he had sapped the strength of the barbarians in order to serve Augustus. Drusus and Tiberius in the meantime were engaged in the following exploits. The Rhaetians, who dwell betwxen Noricum and Gaul, near the Tridentine Alps 1 which adjoin Italy, were overrunning a large part of the neighbouring territory of Gaul and carrying off plunder even from Italy ; and they were harassing such of the Romans or their allies as travelled through their country. Now these acts of theirs seemed to be about what was to be expected of nations which had not accepted terms of peace ; but they went further and destroyed all the males among their captives, not only those who had already come into the world, but also those who were still in the women's wombs, the sex of 1 1 The Alps around Tridentum (Trent). 337 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY yaarpdcrtv ere ra>v yvvaiK&v ov [AavTeiai*; tmtiv 3 avevpLcncovres, efydeipov. hi ovv ravra)) o__ Ai/^ yov<rro<; irpwTov puev top Apovcrov eV avrovs €7T€/jLy}r€' kclL 09 tov9 irpoairavTrjcravrd^ oi avTwv irepl ra Tpiievrlva opt] hid ra%eW e.T pffyqT q. axrre Kal Tipbds arpciTrjyi/ca^ eVt tovtw \aj3elv. enreira eireihr) {jrrjs /*€Vj 'IraXias J airefcpov- aOqaav, tt} 8e Srj Yakarla teal £>9 ivjbce.ivro, rbv 4 Tiftiptov irpoacvjreqTeiXev. iaf3a\6vTe<$ 1 o5z^ e*9 tt?z/ %Gopav TToXkaxpOev dfia dpu^ojepoi, avTO^ re Kal hid rcov V7ro<JT parity (ov, Kal o ye Ti/3ipto$ Kal hid tt)<; Xcjuvrjs TrXolois KOfiiadefcy diro re tovtov KaT€7r\r}£av avrovs a>9 eKaarois o~<j)io~i a-VjXfJLi- yvvvres, tovs re del e? yelpa? dfyiKvovfxevovs ov %a\€7TW9, are StecrTracrfievais rah hvvd/jLecri XP *' /juevovs, Kareipydaavro, )cal tou9 \onrovs dcrOeve- tTTepovs re eK tovtov Kal ddvpbOTepov? yevop,evov<$ 5 el\ov. €7retS?7 re eiro\vdvhpovv Kal ihoKovv tl vecoTepietv, to tc KpaTicnov Kal to 7r\et<rTOi>CT?)9 fjXiKias avTtov igrjyayov, KaTaXnrovTes too~ovtovs OGOi tt]v jxev y&pav oiKelv lkclvoI veoy^o-ai he tc dhvvaTOi rjaav. 23 JKdv Tft> a\)T(p tovtw erei Ov^hios TImXiqu direOa veVi dvrjp dWa)<z p,ev ovoev fivrjiirj^ dgiov Ttapaq-yoiLevos (Kal^ydp e% direXevOepcov 2 eyeyovei Kal ev to?9 inTrevaiv i^rjTa^eTO Kal Xafnrphv ovBev elpydo-aTo) y eirl he hi) t& irXovTco tt} t€ cojuotijti bvojiacTTOTaTo*; yevoiievo^^ (octs Kal €9 IcTOpla^ 2 \6yov eo~e\9elv. ouro9 yap tcl fiev aWa oaa €7rpaTT€, Si ox~kov av Xeyopueva yevoiTo, fivpaivgs; 1 4(tBol\6vt(S M, ttrpdWovres V. 2 cnr(\cvdcpwv VM cod. Peir., air€\€v64pov Xiph. 338 BOOK LIV whom they discovered by some means of divination. b.c. 15 For these reasons, then, Augustus first sent against them Drusus, who speedily routed a detachment ol them which came to meet him near the Tridentine mountains, and in consequence received the rank of praetor. Later, when the Rhaetians had been re- pulsed from Italy, but were still harassing Gaul, Augustus sent out Tiberius also. Both leaders then invaded Rhaetia at many points at the same time, either in person or through their lieutenants, and Tiberius even crossed the lake 1 with ships. In this way, by encountering them separately, they terrified them and not only easily overwhelmed those with whom they came into close quarters at any time, inasmuch as the barbarians had their forces scattered, but also captured the remainder, who in consequence had become weaker and less spirited. And because the land had a large population of males and seemed likely to revolt, they deported most of the strongest men of military age, leaving behind only enough to give the country a population, but too few to begin a revolution. This same year Vedius Pollio died, a man who in general had done nothing deserving of remem- brance, as he was sprung from freedmen, belonged to the knights, and had performed no brilliant deeds ; but he had become very famous for his wealth and for his cruelty, so that he has even gained a place in history. Most of the things he did it would be wearisome to relate, but I may mention that he kept in reservoirs 1 The Lacus Venetus (Lago di Garda). 339 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY Be BeBtBayptevas avQ pcoirov? eaOtetv iv Be%apt€val<; rp€(f>cov tow? BovXov? avTats 0&5 eOavdrov impe- fiaXXe. 1 real wore tov Avyovarov earrtcov, eir €7r€iSr} & olygxpo? /cvXt/ca /cpvcrTaXXtvrjv Karia^ev, ' 6? Ta5 fivpatvas avrov, /jttjBe tov BatTvpiova alBe- 3 adefc, i/ji/3\r]0f}vcu Trppo-eja^ev, 6j)vv Av^yoya-TO^, 7rpoa7r€cr6vTO<; ol tov 7ratBb<; /cat iKerevaavTos avrov, ra ptev irpwra ireLOetv tov TLcoXtcoya eiretpaTO ptrjBev tolovtov Bpaaat, ft>5 ov% virtf- Kpvaev avjcp, " <f>€pe" €$77, " iravra TaXXa i/circo- fiara, o<ra 2 ttotI TOtovTOTpoira rj /cat erepd rtva 4 evTtpta /ce/CTTjaai, iva avrois ^prja-wptat^ /cat avra /coptiadevTa avvi pt/3fjvat i/ceXevaev. tB<bv Be tout efceivos aXk&s ptev rfaxciXXev, ovre Bkjov evbs €Tt 7roT7)plov/7rpb^ to 77X7)60$ t&v aXXoov toov aTroXcoXoTcov opyrjv €p£6>j/, our av rbv Btd/covov 5>v ye Kal 6 AvyovaTOS iireirotrj/cet Tiptcdprja-ao-Oat 5 Bvvdptevo<;, r)vvytav /cat a/co)V tfyaye. toiovtos ovv Btj Tts 6 HcoXtcov &v ireXevTrjaev aXXots re TroXXot? 7roXXa /cat tw AvyovaTcp tov T6 /cXrjpov avxybv ptepos /cat tov 3 Yiav aLXvirov, to ypptov to fieTa^v T/75 T€ Nea5 7ro\ea)5 /cat t&v TlovreoXcov ov, KaTaXtirddv, to* tc Brjpto} irepi/caXXe? epyov 6 olfcoBoptrjOr^vat /ceXevaas. q_ovv Avy qvctto s( T7]v ol/ctav avTOv e<$ eBa<f)0$, h irpofydaet t^5 e/cetvov /caTacr/cevfjs, Sirco? firjBev ptvrjptocrvvov iv ttj iroXet ^XV> xaTafiaXcov irepto~T(pov w/coBofirjaaro, /cat ov 1 irap€&a\\€ cod. Peir. Xiph. Zon., irapeQaKe VM. 2 oaa— t£ noivy (chap. 24, 7) omitted by V, whose archetype L had lost one folio at this point. 3 rbv M Xiph., rb Xyl. 340 BOOK LIV huge lampreys that had been trained to eat men, b.c. 15 and he was accustomed to throw to them such of his slaves as he desired to put to death. Once, when ne was entertaining Augustus, his cup-bearer broke a crystal goblet, and without regard for his guest, Pollio ordered the fellow to be thrown to the lampreys. Hereupon the slave fell on his knees before Augustus and supplicated him, and Augustus at first tried to persuade Pollio not to commit so monstrous a deed. Then, when Pollio paid no heed to him, the emperor said, " Bring all the rest of the drinking vessels which are of like sort or any others of value that you possess, in order that I may use them," and when they were brought, he ordered them to be broken. When Pollio saw this, he was vexed, of course ; but since he was no longer angry over the one goblet, considering the great number of the others that were ruined, and, on the other hand, could not punish his servant for what Augustus also had done, he held his peace, though much against his will. This is the sort of person Pollio was, who died at this time. Among his many be- quests to many persons he left to Augustus a good share of his estate together with Pausilypon, 1 the place between Neapolis and Puteoli, with instructions that some public work of great beauty should be erected there. Augustus razed Pollio's house to the ground, on the pretext of preparing for the erection of the other structure, but really with the purpose that Pollio should have no monument in the city ; 1 The modern Posilipo, between Naples and Pozzuoli. The Greek name Pausilypon means " grief-assuaging," thus corresponding to such modem names as Sans Souci, Hearts- ease, etc. 341 DIOS ROMAN HISTORY to ovofxa to toO U(o\ia)vo<; dWd to ttj<: Kiovias etreypa^ev. - , 7 Tovto fikv ovv varepov eTTolrjae, rore SeJiroXei? ev re rfj YaXaTia /ecu iv rfj 'Ifiypiq arv)(ya<; clttwkmjg, kcu Kv&fCTjvols ttjv IkevOepiav diretoyKe, Uct(f>Loi<; re aeiafMp irovrjaaai real ^prjfxaTa i%apj,- aaro teal ttjv irokiv Avyovcrrav /cdXelu Kara 8 Soy/id iirer peyfre. ravra Be eypatyji ov% ore ov 1 ical aKkais TroXeal TroWais real (rrpoTepov) /cat I fiera tovto] feed avro$ o AvyQMG T Q < * ifi ojAoiais avfufiopals /ecu o±B ovkevTcu iireKOvprjafLV, a>v el tis airavrav fxvrjfiovevoi, direpavTov av T$Jepyop T^9 avyypa<j>r}<; yeygijo' aXV otl fcal Ta? €7T(u- vvjjiia^ TCU9 TToXecriv r) yejwvaiayiv fiipeij TifMrj^ evefie, teal o&x &anep vvv qvrol eavroh e/caa-TOi KCtTa\6yov<; ovo/mdrcDv ov$ av iffeXrjacoaLv &>9 Tt\rj6ei iroiovvrai. 24 To> 6° eTTiyiyvofjievcp €T€L WLap/co? fiev Kpdaaos KaX Yvaios Kopvij\io<; virdrevaav, ol S' dyopavojioi ol fcovpovXioi, direnrovTes ttjv apyrjv otl itjaLalcov afytai twv opviffcov yeyofievcov JjpvvTO,* ^aJSi? avTrjv |'£<y Ttbv 7raTpiC0V { iv €T€pq iK/c\r)aia\ dve- 2 \a/3ov. j5 t€ ajoa r}_ TiavKeio? i/cayQsq, /cal to Trvf^air avTrfz) 7roo9 to 'EaTLcaov afyueejo, wcttc teal tcl lepd (£9 T€ to TlaXaTiov^ virb toov aX\(ov denrapOevwv (17 yap it pea fiev ova a avTcov eVe- Tv<f>\coTo) dvaKOfiLaOrjvaL /cal 69 ttjv tov iepecos 3 tov Ai09 oiKiav T€0rjvai. 23L. fxev ^ovv aTpa! jxeTa TOVTO OVOJACLTl JJLCV VTT AlfJLlXloV, €9 OV TO TOV 1 ov supplied by Bs. M by Xyl. ). 2 flpyvro Rk., ylpavTo M. 342 BOOK LIV and he built a colonnade, inscribing on it the name, b.c. 15 not of Pollio, but of Livia. However, he did this later. At the time we are considering he colonized numerous cities in Gaul and in Spain, restored to the people of Cyzicus their freedom, and gave money to the Paphians, who had suffered from an earthquake, besides allowing them, by a decree, to call their city Augusta. I re- cord this, not that Augustus and the senators, too, did not aid many other cities also both before and after this occasion, in case of similar misfortunes, — indeed, if one should mention them all, the work in- volved in making the record would be endless, — but my purpose is to show that the senate even assigned names to cities as a mark of honour and that the inhabitants did not, as is usually done now, make , out for themselves in each instance lists of names according to their own pleasure. The next year Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Corne- B - 14 lius were consuls ; and the curule aediles, after resigning their office because they had been elected under unfavourable auspices, received it again, con- trary to precedent, at another meeting of the as- sembly. The Basilica of Paulus was burned and the flames spread from it to the temple of Vesta, so that the sacred objects there were carried up to the Palatine by the Vestal Virgins, 1 — except the eldest, who had become blind, — and were placed in the house of the priest of Jupiter. The basilica was I afterwards rebuilt, nominally by Aemilius, who was 1 Cf. xlii. 31, 3. 343 DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY TroiriaavTOS irore avrrjv yevos eXr^vSsi, (ra> Se epycp\kjir6 T€ tov Avy ovcttov) teal ( vtto tcov tov II avXov (fitXcov av<ptco8ofir)07)* Tore Be 01 re Tlav- vovioi vecoTeplaayTes avdis i^eipcoOrjaav, teal ai *A\7rei9 ai TrapaOaXaaaLBioi „\jtto Aiyvcov tcov fcofirjrcov teaXovfievcov iXev&epa}? en teal rore ve- 4 fjiofxevai ibovXcoOrjcrav. xa^je^ev T <p Roairopcp ja> Kififiepicp vejo^pAaavTa teaTecTTT). %tepi/3awio<; yap T£9 tov re MiOptSdrov 67701/09 elvai icaX [irapa tov Avyovarov p-rjv fiaaiXeiaVy eireiBrjirep q^^AaavBpqs ejedvjjteei, elXrffyevai Xeyow, ttjv yvvaltea avrov Avvajiiv re teaXov/jtevrjv teal srrjv apXV v \ 7ra P a T °v avSpb^s] €7rtT€TpafifjL€VT]r, r^TOv T€ QapvaKov^l&yaTrip teal tov M.t6ptBdTOV eyjyovos aXrjO&s rjv, yyayeTO, teal tov QbaiTopovlSia xeipby 5 iTroieiTO. iry6_ofjLevo^ ovv TavTa 6 AypiTriTa<i tov UoXe/xcova €7r avTov, tov tov IIo^TOf tov 717309 tt) KainraBoielq 0W09 ftacnXevovTa, eirefi^e' teal 09 %/cpL/3d>vL0V fiev OVK6TL irepiovTa teaTeXa^e ^/jbhOovTq^ yap oi Hoairopiot ttjv €7ri/3oXr}v~ avTOv 7rooa7T€/cT€ivav avTov), glvtlgtclvtcov Be oL eteeivcov Beei tov fir} fiao-iXeveo-Oai avTcp Sodrjvat, 69 %e£/?a9 6 acj)iaiv rfXde. teal ivL/erj cre </£6i4 oi firjv teal T rape- GTJ}GaTQ 0~(f>a<S TTplv TOV ' AypLlTTTaV 69 XlVC07T7}V iXBelv «9 teal eV avTobs aTpaTevaovTa. ovtco Be tcl t€ oirXa KajeOevTO teal tw TLoXe/xcovc TiapeBo- Otjaav fi re yvvT) rj .Auz/a/u? ayv^terjaev avT&t tov 7 AvyovcTOv BrjXov otl TavTa Stteacooo-avTOS. j teal ( eV aurofc Ovaiai jieP tg> tov ' Ay pirnrov ovofiaTL iyevovTO, ov fievTOi teal to, eirivlteia teatTOi 'yfrj^n- crOevTa avTcp iire/jL(f)0r}' ovts yap eypa-jrev dpyr^v 1 iinfitXty Rk., iiripovKfy M. 344 BOOK LIV the descendant of the family of the man who had b.o. u formerly erected it, but really by Augustus and the friends of Paul us. At this time the Pannonians re- volted again and were subdued, and the Maritime Alps, inhabited by the Ligurians who were called Comati^ 1 and were still free even then, were reduced to slavery. And the revolt among the tribes of the Cimmerian Bosporus was quelled. It seems that one Scribonius, who claimed to be a grandson of Mithri- dates and to have received the kingdom from Augustus after the death of Asander, married Asander's wife, named Dynamis, who was really the daughter of Pharnaces and the granddaughter of Mithridates and had been entrusted with the regency by her husband, and thus he was